This paper has presented the applications of Information Communication Technology and election management. The study has reviewed several challenges and bottleneck encountered in the electoral democratic system in Nigeria election. During the study, the use of electronic technology adoption in the electoral process has actually reduced human involvement in election process; this is due to irregularities and incessant increase in violence among electorates, party agents and other stakeholders. The relevance of this paper is to address the integration of ICT as well as electronic digital devices in carryout electrons in Nigeria. The research was conducted in the rural areas of the South-Eastern Nigeria States, it was discovered that about 60% of the respondent stated that the use of electronic technology in the deployment to rural areas has inadequate trained personnel in effective handling of the gadgets, issues on the use of card reader malfunctioning was also sported out. It was recommended that the electoral bodies should sensitized, make adequate available of electronic devices for efficient and effective election management in Nigeria.
The adoption and challenges of electronic voting technologies within the sout...IJMIT JOURNAL
Literature has shown that countries such as Brazil and India have successfully implemented electronic
voting systems and other countries are at various piloting stages to address many challenges associated
with manual paper based system such ascosts of physical ballot paper and other overheads, electoral
delays, distribution of electoral materials, and general lack of confidence in the electoral process. It is in
this context that this study explores how South African can leverage the opportunities that e-voting
presents. Manual voting is often tedious, non-secure, and time-consuming, which leads us to think about
using electronic facilities to make the process more efficient. This study proposes that the adoption of
electronic voting technologies could perhaps mitigate some of these issues and challengesin the process
improving the electoral process. The study used an on-line questionnaire which was administered to a
broader group of voters and an in-depth semi-structured interview with the Independent Electoral
Commission officials. The analysis is based on thematic analysis and diffusion of innovations theory is
adopted as a theoretical lens of analysis. The findings reveal that relative advantage, compatibility and
complexity would determine the intentions of South African voters and the Electoral Management Bodies
(IEC) to adopt e-voting technologies. Moreover, the findings also reveal several other factorsthat could
influence the adoption process. The study is limited to only voters in Cape Town and these voters were
expected to have some access to the internet. The sample size limits the generalizability of the findings of
this study.
— Short Message Service (SMS) is the text communication service component of phone, web or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. The usage SMS as data application in the world is enormous, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. This paper develops an SMS voting system that can be used in conducting a trustworthy and generally acceptable electoral conduct based on the legislation of a particular country. It is base on a level structure and a national SIM card module used for only electoral process. The SIM card can be used for either the Internet voting system or the SMS voting. The method is cheap and fast and guarantees prompt election result.
IRJET- Advanced Technology in Secured Online Voting SystemIRJET Journal
The document proposes an online voting system for India to replace the current manual paper ballot system. It discusses problems with the existing system such as it being time-consuming, prone to errors, and lacking transparency. The proposed system would allow voters to cast votes online using resources like personal computers or systems arranged by the government. It would speed up the voting process and reduce risks of corruption. The system is designed with voter and administrator modules. The voter module enables login, viewing candidates, and casting a secure vote. The administrator module manages voter and candidate registration, vote counting, and announcing results. The goal is to facilitate voting and draw the process into the digital era.
The impact of e politician on the adoption of e-service perceptions from a sa...ijmpict
The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of information technology (IT) by elected
municipal representatives, for constituency work, emboldens the adoption of e-service in municipals of a
developing country. The research data was obtained through the completion of a questionnaire by a
sample of respondents who serve as authorities of IT in South African municipals. The findings from both
descriptive and inferential data analysis of collected data confirm that the use of IT by elected municipal
representatives for constituency work impacts the adoption of e-service in municipals. Furthermore, the
use of IT by elected municipal representatives for constituency work correlated with both e-service laws
and e-service security. This study contributes to a better understanding of choices needed when planning
for the adoption of e-service initiatives in municipals of developing countries. Given that 87.2% of
respondents are aware of a high access to telephone mobile, a further research is needed to clarify why
most elected municipal representatives of a developing country choose not to exploit IT for their
constituency work, and similarly why municipals of a developing country do not exploit IT to provide
services.
This document provides an overview of e-governance and its application in developing countries. It defines e-governance as using information and communication technologies to improve government effectiveness, efficiency, and transparency. The document presents a four-phase e-governance model moving from information provision to full transactional capabilities. It also discusses technology impacts and provides two case studies of e-governance projects in Ghana and Tanzania aimed at better coordination and use of information for decision-making. Key challenges for developing countries include lack of infrastructure, skills, funding, and digital divides.
Use of Information Communication Technologies Among Female Block Extension Ag...IOSRJAVS
Block Extension Agents are the extension workers who are specifically females and who carry out Gender sensitive issues for female farmers in Nigeria. They have the objective of seeing to the extension needs of the female farmers. The study assessed the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) among Block Extension Agents (BEAs) in South-East Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample for the study. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The mean age of the respondents was 40 years. All the BEAs sampled had formal education where more than half of them (51.04%) had first degree (B.Sc/B.Agric). The mean working experience of the respondents was 10 years. The mean income level of the respondents was N 33,875 per month. The extension agents claimed that twenty-five ICT facilities were available to them in varying degree. The attitude of the respondents towards the use of ICT facilities was positive (mean score=3.11). The extent of use of ICTs by the BEAs was low (mean score=1.45) which can be attributed to the low degree of availability of the ICTs than to their attitude towards the use of the ICT facilities. The BEAs identified thirteen (13) pressing problems that hindered their use of ICTs in varying degree and their major constraint (89.58%) as very limited access to the internet. It is recommended that the ADPs should provide such desirable working conditions that will encourage the BEAs to put in more years of their productive service to the ADPs; Workshops, conferences and seminars should be organized to train the BEAs in the use of ICTs which will improve efficiency in their work. ICT facilities should be made available to BEAs to enhance their productivity.
Electronic Voting: Challenges and Prospects in Nigeria’s Democracytheijes
One basic feature of democracy is that it cuts across all divides of people in the act of election. It also encourages individual freedom according to the rule of law; hence people may behave and express themselves as they choose. This paper examines the development and implementation of and Electronic Voting System (EVS) that enables voters to cast their votes online and also enables the officials to register voters and print out the results of the votes casted. It equally provides security such that voters can only vote once with their identification details. The system therefore eliminates common fraud, speed up the processing of results, increase accessibility and make voting more convenient for the citizenry.
The adoption and challenges of electronic voting technologies within the sout...IJMIT JOURNAL
Literature has shown that countries such as Brazil and India have successfully implemented electronic
voting systems and other countries are at various piloting stages to address many challenges associated
with manual paper based system such ascosts of physical ballot paper and other overheads, electoral
delays, distribution of electoral materials, and general lack of confidence in the electoral process. It is in
this context that this study explores how South African can leverage the opportunities that e-voting
presents. Manual voting is often tedious, non-secure, and time-consuming, which leads us to think about
using electronic facilities to make the process more efficient. This study proposes that the adoption of
electronic voting technologies could perhaps mitigate some of these issues and challengesin the process
improving the electoral process. The study used an on-line questionnaire which was administered to a
broader group of voters and an in-depth semi-structured interview with the Independent Electoral
Commission officials. The analysis is based on thematic analysis and diffusion of innovations theory is
adopted as a theoretical lens of analysis. The findings reveal that relative advantage, compatibility and
complexity would determine the intentions of South African voters and the Electoral Management Bodies
(IEC) to adopt e-voting technologies. Moreover, the findings also reveal several other factorsthat could
influence the adoption process. The study is limited to only voters in Cape Town and these voters were
expected to have some access to the internet. The sample size limits the generalizability of the findings of
this study.
— Short Message Service (SMS) is the text communication service component of phone, web or mobile communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. The usage SMS as data application in the world is enormous, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. This paper develops an SMS voting system that can be used in conducting a trustworthy and generally acceptable electoral conduct based on the legislation of a particular country. It is base on a level structure and a national SIM card module used for only electoral process. The SIM card can be used for either the Internet voting system or the SMS voting. The method is cheap and fast and guarantees prompt election result.
IRJET- Advanced Technology in Secured Online Voting SystemIRJET Journal
The document proposes an online voting system for India to replace the current manual paper ballot system. It discusses problems with the existing system such as it being time-consuming, prone to errors, and lacking transparency. The proposed system would allow voters to cast votes online using resources like personal computers or systems arranged by the government. It would speed up the voting process and reduce risks of corruption. The system is designed with voter and administrator modules. The voter module enables login, viewing candidates, and casting a secure vote. The administrator module manages voter and candidate registration, vote counting, and announcing results. The goal is to facilitate voting and draw the process into the digital era.
The impact of e politician on the adoption of e-service perceptions from a sa...ijmpict
The purpose of this study is to establish whether the use of information technology (IT) by elected
municipal representatives, for constituency work, emboldens the adoption of e-service in municipals of a
developing country. The research data was obtained through the completion of a questionnaire by a
sample of respondents who serve as authorities of IT in South African municipals. The findings from both
descriptive and inferential data analysis of collected data confirm that the use of IT by elected municipal
representatives for constituency work impacts the adoption of e-service in municipals. Furthermore, the
use of IT by elected municipal representatives for constituency work correlated with both e-service laws
and e-service security. This study contributes to a better understanding of choices needed when planning
for the adoption of e-service initiatives in municipals of developing countries. Given that 87.2% of
respondents are aware of a high access to telephone mobile, a further research is needed to clarify why
most elected municipal representatives of a developing country choose not to exploit IT for their
constituency work, and similarly why municipals of a developing country do not exploit IT to provide
services.
This document provides an overview of e-governance and its application in developing countries. It defines e-governance as using information and communication technologies to improve government effectiveness, efficiency, and transparency. The document presents a four-phase e-governance model moving from information provision to full transactional capabilities. It also discusses technology impacts and provides two case studies of e-governance projects in Ghana and Tanzania aimed at better coordination and use of information for decision-making. Key challenges for developing countries include lack of infrastructure, skills, funding, and digital divides.
Use of Information Communication Technologies Among Female Block Extension Ag...IOSRJAVS
Block Extension Agents are the extension workers who are specifically females and who carry out Gender sensitive issues for female farmers in Nigeria. They have the objective of seeing to the extension needs of the female farmers. The study assessed the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) among Block Extension Agents (BEAs) in South-East Agro-Ecological Zone of Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample for the study. Data were collected with the aid of a structured questionnaire. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. The mean age of the respondents was 40 years. All the BEAs sampled had formal education where more than half of them (51.04%) had first degree (B.Sc/B.Agric). The mean working experience of the respondents was 10 years. The mean income level of the respondents was N 33,875 per month. The extension agents claimed that twenty-five ICT facilities were available to them in varying degree. The attitude of the respondents towards the use of ICT facilities was positive (mean score=3.11). The extent of use of ICTs by the BEAs was low (mean score=1.45) which can be attributed to the low degree of availability of the ICTs than to their attitude towards the use of the ICT facilities. The BEAs identified thirteen (13) pressing problems that hindered their use of ICTs in varying degree and their major constraint (89.58%) as very limited access to the internet. It is recommended that the ADPs should provide such desirable working conditions that will encourage the BEAs to put in more years of their productive service to the ADPs; Workshops, conferences and seminars should be organized to train the BEAs in the use of ICTs which will improve efficiency in their work. ICT facilities should be made available to BEAs to enhance their productivity.
Electronic Voting: Challenges and Prospects in Nigeria’s Democracytheijes
One basic feature of democracy is that it cuts across all divides of people in the act of election. It also encourages individual freedom according to the rule of law; hence people may behave and express themselves as they choose. This paper examines the development and implementation of and Electronic Voting System (EVS) that enables voters to cast their votes online and also enables the officials to register voters and print out the results of the votes casted. It equally provides security such that voters can only vote once with their identification details. The system therefore eliminates common fraud, speed up the processing of results, increase accessibility and make voting more convenient for the citizenry.
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in KenyaEditor IJCATR
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the critical technological factors influencing the performance of eGovernment projects in Kenya. It provides background on eGovernment and discusses challenges in its implementation in developing countries. The study found that of the technological predictors of eGovernment projects in Kenya, only system integration, processes and usage of the eGovernment system had statistically significant positive relationships with project performance. Other factors like standards, security, privacy, and access had positive but insignificant relationships with performance.
eGov initiatives in Nepal (with focus on local governments)Ekendra Lamsal
This document discusses electronic governance (eGov) initiatives in Nepal. It provides an overview of Nepal's eGov policies, including the eGov Master Plan (2010), Government Enterprise Architecture, and Government Interoperability Framework. It describes some current eGov technologies used in Nepal, like web portals, phones, biometrics. It also summarizes some eGov systems used at the national and local levels. Overall, it advocates for increasing ICT capacity, using ICT to improve service delivery, and addressing challenges like isolated systems and lack of interoperability. It also discusses open source software use in the government.
How to Implement Computerized id cards in Afghanistan?Roohul Amin
This document discusses the implementation of a computerized national identity card system in Afghanistan to replace the traditional manual ID card system. It outlines some of the challenges in fully implementing electronic ID cards (e-ID) across the country, such as the large budget required, needing to collect population data and visit war-affected provinces, and lacking necessary expertise. It also questions what role the new government should play and how to overcome issues like a dispersed population with low technology adoption due to decades of war and weak infrastructure. The document examines the benefits electronic IDs could provide for services like e-governance but notes the current system still allows for duplicate IDs without an integrated national database.
In this study, the researcher evaluated the challenges of e-governance implementation in
Nigerian aviation industry, using Dana Airline. The objectives of the study are; to examine the
factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in the selected airline in
aviation industry in Nigeria; and to examine if the factors identified in the implementation of egovernance
have significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry
in Nigeria. Recorded population of the study is 850, and the study used Yaro Yamane formula
at 95% confidence level to obtain a sample size of 272. Cronbach alpha was employed to obtain
a reliability instrument that yielded an index coefficient of 0.843, which made the instrument
reliable. In line with the design of this study, the data that were collected for this study were
analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The objectives posed for the study were
answered using mean, standard deviation, and sample independent t-test statistics. The
hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance. Based on the findings of the study, it was
concluded that ICT infrastructure is the most factor that hinders the implementation of egovernance
in Nigerian aviation industry. This means that without proper ICT infrastructure, it is
impossible to implement the e-governance in aviation industry in a developing country like
Nigeria. In the absence of proper awareness among the users of the e-governance system, it is
impossible to set up an effective e-governance system. Non-acceptability of IT systems, Low
financial capability, Lack of electricity, High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access, Lack of
training facilities and Lack of planning are all factors that hinder the effective implementation of
e-governance in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study also concluded that the
factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have significantly affected
the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study therefore
recommends among others based on the findings of the study that it is paramount to have a
proper ICT infrastructure to implement e-governance; government should take appropriate steps
to enhance the awareness among the users of e-governance by organizing seminar meeting and
other enlighten the users in the proper application of e-governance.
Distributed algorithm for electronic voting systemCasper Chingwe
This document outlines a proposal for developing a distributed algorithm for an electronic voting system in Zambia. The aims are to reduce queues during voting, allow people to vote from any polling station, and enable citizens abroad to vote from embassies. The requirements include verifying voter identification and ensuring each voter only votes once while maintaining anonymity. Research questions focus on whether the system would reduce queues and costs while increasing accessibility compared to other algorithms. Related work examines similar systems used in other countries. An overview of the proposed methodology, user cases, network infrastructure, and schedule is provided.
Current trend in internet access and utilization using mobile devices among p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the current trends in accessing the internet using mobile devices and utilization patterns among pharmacy lecturers in South-South universities in Nigeria. It found that 3G modems and laptops were the most commonly used mobile devices for internet access. The study also found that lecturers most frequently accessed the internet at home on a daily basis for research activities like accessing electronic journals and databases using search engines like Google. In general, the trend was for lecturers to access the internet using 3G modems connected to laptops.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in development in India. It provides background on India's economy and digital landscape. It then summarizes how ICT has been applied to improve education, agriculture, governance, disaster management, economic well-being, and rural health in India through examples such as mobile phone money transfer systems, e-commerce, and telemedicine. Challenges to ICT development are also outlined.
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-governmentEditor IJCATR
Security is one of the most important issues in E-government projects. E-government applications will be increasingly used
by the citizens of many countries to access a set of services. Currently, the use of the E-government applications arises many
challenges; one of these challenges is the security issues. E-government applications security is a very important characteristic that
should be taken into account. This paper makes an analysis over the security as required for E-government and specify the risks and
challenges that faces E-government projects in Sudan. Finally, the study has proposed security model for Sudanese E-government. The
proposed security model for the Sudanese electronic government is a four layers' model that is divided into sub layers. Each layer will
mitigate group of threats related to an e-services. The model is not generic; it cannot be applied by other countries. It is precisely
designed for Sudanese situation
1) According to a survey conducted in Sri Lanka, only 10% of the population is computer literate, with the highest rate of 20% in the Colombo district. 2) On average, only 4 out of 100 households possess a computer, with availability highest in urban areas. 3) Internet access is even lower, with availability in only 7 out of 1,000 households on average.
The document discusses two indexes developed by the ITU to measure the development of ICT - the ICT Development Index and the ICT Price Basket Index. The indexes aim to measure and track ICT progress over time, examine differences among countries, and assess how countries can utilize ICT for growth. The ICT Development Index comprises indicators on access, use and skills, while the ICT Price Basket Index focuses on fixed telephone, mobile, and broadband internet prices. Analysis of the indexes reveals a digital divide, with ICT access largely unaffordable in many African countries.
E-government Implementation in Kenya, an evaluation of Factors hindering or p...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses factors that influence the successful implementation of e-government projects in Kenya. It analyzes a survey conducted with officials and citizens to evaluate seven factors related to e-government success and failure based on Heeks' Factor Model.
The survey found that key success factors for e-government in Kenya included having a good strategy, strong internal and external support, competent employees, and adequate funding. Meanwhile, the main failure factors were weak ICT infrastructure, poor project management, and inadequate consideration of user needs in system design. The study provides recommendations to policymakers on addressing weaknesses and promoting strengths to improve e-government implementation.
Mobile, Secure E - Voting Architecture for the Nigerian Electoral Systemiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
University Mobile Enrollment System: A Nigeria Perspectiveiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Towards a trusted e election in kuwait requirements and principlesIJMIT JOURNAL
Kuwait is a democratic country that has used paper ballots for its parliament elections for many years.
Although many people are content with the paper ballot, a survey shows that it has drawbacks, which have
made some people lose confidence in the system and would prefer a replacement electronic system.
However, the survey also shows that voters are cautious about electronic voting and are not ready for a full
internet-enabled system. The aim of this paper is to propose a step-by-step approach for introducing
electronic voting system and to define a set of requirements that an e-voting system, which is planned to be
used instead of paper-based voting system in Kuwait, should satisfy.
1) Information technology has significantly impacted various domains in Nigerian society, particularly banking through electronic payments and banking which has eliminated long queues.
2) Substantial investments between 53-64% of 10 million naira were made by companies between 1995-1997 to acquire and update IT facilities, mostly in hardware and infrastructure.
3) IT adoption has contributed to increased capacity utilization by enabling faster communication and processing of transactions through email and websites between users and suppliers.
Despite huge sums of money being spent by the federal government of Nigeria in adopting various techniques for a free and fair election in the country, numerous problems are still militating against it. These problems include:- wide rigging of elections, multiple registrations and voting, late arrival of ballot boxes, stealing of ballot boxes, under-aged voting, illegal voting by non-Nigerian nationals, rioting and fighting at election venues due to insufficient number of security personnel, disenfranchisement of those in Diaspora as well as the physically handicapped by virtue of election distances to them, prolonged delay in accreditation of voters for election, cancellation of votes due to improper voting, prolonged counting of votes and delay in determining the result of an election, etc. This work showed how e-voting through the use of mobile phones and PCs would totally eradicate all these problems as people would no longer go to election venues to cast their votes, rather they would be at the comfort of their homes and offices to exercise their franchise using any of these electronic devices effortlessly. E-voting requires a web application program – at the back end – that would be written by computer experts and deployed on a web server so that clients – that is, PCs and mobile phones of voters – can be used to query it on constant basis during elections.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in managing schools in Zimbabwe. It provides background on the introduction of computers to replace manual systems in schools in the 1980s and donations of hardware in the 1990s and 2000s. The study aimed to investigate the role of ICT in primary and secondary school management in Harare Province. Literature reviewed discussed advantages like improved efficiency, data storage and reporting, and streamlined processes. Challenges mentioned included lack of consideration for organizational needs during implementation, difficulty interfacing with other systems, and lack of senior management interest limiting ICT use. The document provides context and objectives for a case study on the impacts of ICT on school administration in Zimbabwe.
The document discusses the design and development of a mobile phone voting system in South Africa. It aims to provide a more accessible and efficient alternative to the traditional paper-based voting system. The proposed system allows voters to use their mobile phones to register and cast their votes through a mobile application. The application was tested in a case study with 124 participants. Results found 88% found it easy to use and 92% found it easy to learn. The mobile voting application proved suitable, accessible, efficient and feasible for elections.
Embedded Computer Application Software for Secured Voter Card Transfer: An Ap...Eswar Publications
Voter registration helps to facilitate the credibility of the electoral process by preventing multiple voting as each
person is only allowed to register once. One out of many causes of disenfranchisement of register voter is the failure to transfer their Voter Registration from one place to another when the case arises. That scenario has led to multiple registrations which is a criminal offense in Nigeria context. This research work is to address the difficulty involved in Voter Card Transfer. We design embedded application software proposed to be integrated into the INEC existing website. A flowchart was designed using the procedure for Voter Register Transfer in the INEC website. The prototype of the application was coded with C++. It was tested to meet the demands and objective of the study.
This document proposes a mobile e-voting system for Nigeria's electoral process. It describes a two-level hierarchical architecture including national and state infrastructure. Voters would use electronic voting terminals equipped with smartcard readers to authenticate and cast votes. Votes would be transmitted over a virtual private network on existing mobile networks to centralized tallying servers at the state and national levels. The system aims to improve voter participation and reduce issues like ballot stuffing that have challenged previous elections in Nigeria. Security features like public key infrastructure and voter authentication smartcards are incorporated to protect vote integrity and transparency.
The Critical Technological Factors OF E-Government in KenyaEditor IJCATR
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the critical technological factors influencing the performance of eGovernment projects in Kenya. It provides background on eGovernment and discusses challenges in its implementation in developing countries. The study found that of the technological predictors of eGovernment projects in Kenya, only system integration, processes and usage of the eGovernment system had statistically significant positive relationships with project performance. Other factors like standards, security, privacy, and access had positive but insignificant relationships with performance.
eGov initiatives in Nepal (with focus on local governments)Ekendra Lamsal
This document discusses electronic governance (eGov) initiatives in Nepal. It provides an overview of Nepal's eGov policies, including the eGov Master Plan (2010), Government Enterprise Architecture, and Government Interoperability Framework. It describes some current eGov technologies used in Nepal, like web portals, phones, biometrics. It also summarizes some eGov systems used at the national and local levels. Overall, it advocates for increasing ICT capacity, using ICT to improve service delivery, and addressing challenges like isolated systems and lack of interoperability. It also discusses open source software use in the government.
How to Implement Computerized id cards in Afghanistan?Roohul Amin
This document discusses the implementation of a computerized national identity card system in Afghanistan to replace the traditional manual ID card system. It outlines some of the challenges in fully implementing electronic ID cards (e-ID) across the country, such as the large budget required, needing to collect population data and visit war-affected provinces, and lacking necessary expertise. It also questions what role the new government should play and how to overcome issues like a dispersed population with low technology adoption due to decades of war and weak infrastructure. The document examines the benefits electronic IDs could provide for services like e-governance but notes the current system still allows for duplicate IDs without an integrated national database.
In this study, the researcher evaluated the challenges of e-governance implementation in
Nigerian aviation industry, using Dana Airline. The objectives of the study are; to examine the
factors that hinder the effective implementation of e-governance in the selected airline in
aviation industry in Nigeria; and to examine if the factors identified in the implementation of egovernance
have significantly affected the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry
in Nigeria. Recorded population of the study is 850, and the study used Yaro Yamane formula
at 95% confidence level to obtain a sample size of 272. Cronbach alpha was employed to obtain
a reliability instrument that yielded an index coefficient of 0.843, which made the instrument
reliable. In line with the design of this study, the data that were collected for this study were
analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The objectives posed for the study were
answered using mean, standard deviation, and sample independent t-test statistics. The
hypothesis was tested at 5% level of significance. Based on the findings of the study, it was
concluded that ICT infrastructure is the most factor that hinders the implementation of egovernance
in Nigerian aviation industry. This means that without proper ICT infrastructure, it is
impossible to implement the e-governance in aviation industry in a developing country like
Nigeria. In the absence of proper awareness among the users of the e-governance system, it is
impossible to set up an effective e-governance system. Non-acceptability of IT systems, Low
financial capability, Lack of electricity, High-cost, low-reliability of Internet access, Lack of
training facilities and Lack of planning are all factors that hinder the effective implementation of
e-governance in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study also concluded that the
factors/challenges identified in the implementation of e-governance have significantly affected
the performance of selected airlines in aviation industry in Nigeria. The study therefore
recommends among others based on the findings of the study that it is paramount to have a
proper ICT infrastructure to implement e-governance; government should take appropriate steps
to enhance the awareness among the users of e-governance by organizing seminar meeting and
other enlighten the users in the proper application of e-governance.
Distributed algorithm for electronic voting systemCasper Chingwe
This document outlines a proposal for developing a distributed algorithm for an electronic voting system in Zambia. The aims are to reduce queues during voting, allow people to vote from any polling station, and enable citizens abroad to vote from embassies. The requirements include verifying voter identification and ensuring each voter only votes once while maintaining anonymity. Research questions focus on whether the system would reduce queues and costs while increasing accessibility compared to other algorithms. Related work examines similar systems used in other countries. An overview of the proposed methodology, user cases, network infrastructure, and schedule is provided.
Current trend in internet access and utilization using mobile devices among p...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the current trends in accessing the internet using mobile devices and utilization patterns among pharmacy lecturers in South-South universities in Nigeria. It found that 3G modems and laptops were the most commonly used mobile devices for internet access. The study also found that lecturers most frequently accessed the internet at home on a daily basis for research activities like accessing electronic journals and databases using search engines like Google. In general, the trend was for lecturers to access the internet using 3G modems connected to laptops.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document discusses the role of information and communication technologies (ICT) in development in India. It provides background on India's economy and digital landscape. It then summarizes how ICT has been applied to improve education, agriculture, governance, disaster management, economic well-being, and rural health in India through examples such as mobile phone money transfer systems, e-commerce, and telemedicine. Challenges to ICT development are also outlined.
Design and Implementation Security Model for Sudanese E-governmentEditor IJCATR
Security is one of the most important issues in E-government projects. E-government applications will be increasingly used
by the citizens of many countries to access a set of services. Currently, the use of the E-government applications arises many
challenges; one of these challenges is the security issues. E-government applications security is a very important characteristic that
should be taken into account. This paper makes an analysis over the security as required for E-government and specify the risks and
challenges that faces E-government projects in Sudan. Finally, the study has proposed security model for Sudanese E-government. The
proposed security model for the Sudanese electronic government is a four layers' model that is divided into sub layers. Each layer will
mitigate group of threats related to an e-services. The model is not generic; it cannot be applied by other countries. It is precisely
designed for Sudanese situation
1) According to a survey conducted in Sri Lanka, only 10% of the population is computer literate, with the highest rate of 20% in the Colombo district. 2) On average, only 4 out of 100 households possess a computer, with availability highest in urban areas. 3) Internet access is even lower, with availability in only 7 out of 1,000 households on average.
The document discusses two indexes developed by the ITU to measure the development of ICT - the ICT Development Index and the ICT Price Basket Index. The indexes aim to measure and track ICT progress over time, examine differences among countries, and assess how countries can utilize ICT for growth. The ICT Development Index comprises indicators on access, use and skills, while the ICT Price Basket Index focuses on fixed telephone, mobile, and broadband internet prices. Analysis of the indexes reveals a digital divide, with ICT access largely unaffordable in many African countries.
E-government Implementation in Kenya, an evaluation of Factors hindering or p...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses factors that influence the successful implementation of e-government projects in Kenya. It analyzes a survey conducted with officials and citizens to evaluate seven factors related to e-government success and failure based on Heeks' Factor Model.
The survey found that key success factors for e-government in Kenya included having a good strategy, strong internal and external support, competent employees, and adequate funding. Meanwhile, the main failure factors were weak ICT infrastructure, poor project management, and inadequate consideration of user needs in system design. The study provides recommendations to policymakers on addressing weaknesses and promoting strengths to improve e-government implementation.
Mobile, Secure E - Voting Architecture for the Nigerian Electoral Systemiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
University Mobile Enrollment System: A Nigeria Perspectiveiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Towards a trusted e election in kuwait requirements and principlesIJMIT JOURNAL
Kuwait is a democratic country that has used paper ballots for its parliament elections for many years.
Although many people are content with the paper ballot, a survey shows that it has drawbacks, which have
made some people lose confidence in the system and would prefer a replacement electronic system.
However, the survey also shows that voters are cautious about electronic voting and are not ready for a full
internet-enabled system. The aim of this paper is to propose a step-by-step approach for introducing
electronic voting system and to define a set of requirements that an e-voting system, which is planned to be
used instead of paper-based voting system in Kuwait, should satisfy.
1) Information technology has significantly impacted various domains in Nigerian society, particularly banking through electronic payments and banking which has eliminated long queues.
2) Substantial investments between 53-64% of 10 million naira were made by companies between 1995-1997 to acquire and update IT facilities, mostly in hardware and infrastructure.
3) IT adoption has contributed to increased capacity utilization by enabling faster communication and processing of transactions through email and websites between users and suppliers.
Despite huge sums of money being spent by the federal government of Nigeria in adopting various techniques for a free and fair election in the country, numerous problems are still militating against it. These problems include:- wide rigging of elections, multiple registrations and voting, late arrival of ballot boxes, stealing of ballot boxes, under-aged voting, illegal voting by non-Nigerian nationals, rioting and fighting at election venues due to insufficient number of security personnel, disenfranchisement of those in Diaspora as well as the physically handicapped by virtue of election distances to them, prolonged delay in accreditation of voters for election, cancellation of votes due to improper voting, prolonged counting of votes and delay in determining the result of an election, etc. This work showed how e-voting through the use of mobile phones and PCs would totally eradicate all these problems as people would no longer go to election venues to cast their votes, rather they would be at the comfort of their homes and offices to exercise their franchise using any of these electronic devices effortlessly. E-voting requires a web application program – at the back end – that would be written by computer experts and deployed on a web server so that clients – that is, PCs and mobile phones of voters – can be used to query it on constant basis during elections.
The document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in managing schools in Zimbabwe. It provides background on the introduction of computers to replace manual systems in schools in the 1980s and donations of hardware in the 1990s and 2000s. The study aimed to investigate the role of ICT in primary and secondary school management in Harare Province. Literature reviewed discussed advantages like improved efficiency, data storage and reporting, and streamlined processes. Challenges mentioned included lack of consideration for organizational needs during implementation, difficulty interfacing with other systems, and lack of senior management interest limiting ICT use. The document provides context and objectives for a case study on the impacts of ICT on school administration in Zimbabwe.
The document discusses the design and development of a mobile phone voting system in South Africa. It aims to provide a more accessible and efficient alternative to the traditional paper-based voting system. The proposed system allows voters to use their mobile phones to register and cast their votes through a mobile application. The application was tested in a case study with 124 participants. Results found 88% found it easy to use and 92% found it easy to learn. The mobile voting application proved suitable, accessible, efficient and feasible for elections.
Embedded Computer Application Software for Secured Voter Card Transfer: An Ap...Eswar Publications
Voter registration helps to facilitate the credibility of the electoral process by preventing multiple voting as each
person is only allowed to register once. One out of many causes of disenfranchisement of register voter is the failure to transfer their Voter Registration from one place to another when the case arises. That scenario has led to multiple registrations which is a criminal offense in Nigeria context. This research work is to address the difficulty involved in Voter Card Transfer. We design embedded application software proposed to be integrated into the INEC existing website. A flowchart was designed using the procedure for Voter Register Transfer in the INEC website. The prototype of the application was coded with C++. It was tested to meet the demands and objective of the study.
This document proposes a mobile e-voting system for Nigeria's electoral process. It describes a two-level hierarchical architecture including national and state infrastructure. Voters would use electronic voting terminals equipped with smartcard readers to authenticate and cast votes. Votes would be transmitted over a virtual private network on existing mobile networks to centralized tallying servers at the state and national levels. The system aims to improve voter participation and reduce issues like ballot stuffing that have challenged previous elections in Nigeria. Security features like public key infrastructure and voter authentication smartcards are incorporated to protect vote integrity and transparency.
Highly Secured Online Voting System (OVS) Over Networkijbuiiir1
Internet voting systems have gained popularity and have been used for government elections and referendums in the United Kingdom, Estonia and Switzerland as well as municipal elections in Canada and party primary elections in the United States. Voting system can involve transmission of ballots and votes via private computer networks or the Internet. Electronic voting technology can speed the counting of ballots and can provide improved accessibility for disabled voters. The aim of this paper is to people who have citizenship of India and whose age is above 18 years and of any sex can give their vote through online without going to any physical polling station. Election Commission Officer (Election Commission Officer who will verify whether registered user and candidates are authentic or not) to participate in online voting. This online voting system is highly secured, and its design is very simple, ease of use and also reliable. The proposed software is developed and tested to work on Ethernet and allows online voting. It also creates and manages voting and an election detail as all the users must login by user name and password and click on his favorable candidates to register vote. This will increase the voting percentage in India. By applying high security it will reduce false votes.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
This document summarizes a research paper on developing an advanced e-voting application using the Android platform. It describes the key components of the proposed system including user registration, login, vote casting and encryption. The system aims to allow voters to securely cast their votes from anywhere using their smartphones. It also discusses the security measures used such as encrypting votes and sending login passwords via email to authenticate users. The paper concludes that the proposed system could make the voting process more convenient and efficient compared to traditional methods.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application
that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of
convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project
provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means
the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling
booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the
system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and
disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin
can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
This document summarizes a research paper on developing an advanced e-voting application using the Android platform. It describes the key components of the proposed system including user registration, login, vote casting and encryption. The system aims to allow voters to securely cast their votes from anywhere using their smartphones. It outlines the registration process, login authentication, and encryption of votes to ensure security. Finally, it provides an overview of the system design and workflow, highlighting the benefits of the e-voting application in making the voting process more convenient and efficient.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application
that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of
convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project
provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means
the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling
booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the
system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and
disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin
can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of
convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
ADVANCED E-VOTING APPLICATION USING ANDROID PLATFORMijcax
The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application
that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of
convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project
provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means
the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an evoting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all
the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed evoting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling
booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the
system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All
the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and
disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin
can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.
EVALUATING CITIZENS' PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS E-VOTING IN LOCAL GOVE...ijmpict
The implementation of Electronic Voting (eVoting) at the local level presents numerous advantages. It
affords citizens the opportunity to participate in the planning and decision-making processes that directly
affect their local communities. Furthermore, eVoting systems promote inclusivity and equality among the
citizenry. Moreover, the adoption of eVoting can enhance transparency and subsequently bolster citizens'
trust in their government. However, it is essential to underscore that the successful implementation of
eVoting is a notably intricate endeavor. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate citizens'
perceptions and attitudes regarding the implementation of eVoting in municipal elections. This research
aims to ascertain the feasibility of introducing eVoting in municipal elections and to identify the key factors
contributing to its successful implementation. To accomplish this, the findings of a study conducted
between May and July of 2023, which involved the participation of residents of the Municipality of
Thessaloniki are presented and analyzed. According to the findings, the eVoting paradigm, if all the
necessary measures are taken and all the necessary conditions for its proper implementation are met, is an
important and useful tool, which can promote e-Democracy and consequently democracy in local
communities.
EVALUATING CITIZENS' PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS E-VOTING IN LOCAL GOVE...ijmpict
The implementation of Electronic Voting (eVoting) at the local level presents numerous advantages. It
affords citizens the opportunity to participate in the planning and decision-making processes that directly
affect their local communities. Furthermore, eVoting systems promote inclusivity and equality among the
citizenry. Moreover, the adoption of eVoting can enhance transparency and subsequently bolster citizens'
trust in their government. However, it is essential to underscore that the successful implementation of
eVoting is a notably intricate endeavor. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate citizens'
perceptions and attitudes regarding the implementation of eVoting in municipal elections. This research
aims to ascertain the feasibility of introducing eVoting in municipal elections and to identify the key factors
contributing to its successful implementation. To accomplish this, the findings of a study conducted
between May and July of 2023, which involved the participation of residents of the Municipality of
Thessaloniki are presented and analyzed. According to the findings, the eVoting paradigm, if all the
necessary measures are taken and all the necessary conditions for its proper implementation are met, is an
important and useful tool, which can promote e-Democracy and consequently democracy in local
communities.
This document describes a proposed secure electronic voting system that uses radio frequency identification (RFID) for voter authentication and an enhanced least significant bit (LSB) audio steganographic technique to protect cast votes. The system aims to address security issues in electronic voting like spoofing, impersonation, and ballot integrity breaches. It was tested and evaluated using psychoacoustic and histogram analyses, showing an effective level of security across pre-election, election, and post-election phases. When electoral processes use strong security methods, citizens can have more confidence in elections for improved electronic decision making, especially in developing countries with significant digital divides.
Design and Development of Secure Electronic Voting System Using Radio Frequen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The republic of Kenya comprises of eight (8) provinces now forty-seven counties. The country is located in East Africa and shares land borders with the Republics of Somalia in the East, Uganda in the West, Tanzania in the South and Ethiopia and Sudan (now South Sudan) in the North. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Kenya are the kikuyu, Luhya, and Kalenjins. In terms of religion Kenya is roughly split into 80% Christians while the rest are Muslims.
In Kenya, general elections are carried out every after five years where a head of state the President and The National Assembly representatives are elected. They are elected by the people. The national Assembly has about 220 members representing respective constituencies.
In the Local Governments they have the chairman and the Counselor. The counselors are all elected by the people of the state in the respective wards.
That is to say, in any given general elections, Kenyans vote for the president, the members of the National Assembly and the counselors.
Most African Electoral bodies IEBC not an exception right from their inception to date, even with latest advancements in technology, still use a primitive paper based methods during voting; this system is characterized by manual form filling to chose leaders and transfer of the information from manual data capture forms to computerized datasheets, this has led to an excessive number of mistakes making their way into the final vote counts hence leading to confusion at the time of announcing the results. The main advantage of paper-based systems is that ballot papers are easily human auditable. The disadvantages outweigh the advantages for instance the need to print ballot papers is a slow, expensive, inflexible, environmentally hostile process, visual impairments, or literacy limitations and also last minute changes to the voter register are difficult to accommodate among others.
Smart Voting System Using Java ServletsIRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed smart voting system created using Java servlets. The system aims to provide online voting to eliminate issues with traditional paper-based voting methods. It would allow voters to cast their ballots from anywhere using authentication to verify voter eligibility. The system architecture involves roles for administrators to manage voter profiles and ballots, and for voters to register and vote within their constituencies. If implemented, the smart voting system could improve access, efficiency, and transparency in elections.
This document describes a proposed online voting system that aims to address issues with traditional paper-based voting. The system would allow voters to cast ballots online securely using their Aadhar card digital ID. It discusses the existing paper-based system and issues like voter fraud. The proposed online system would use a centralized database to authenticate voters via their Aadhar ID and other details before allowing them to vote. The system is designed to provide security, convenience and accessibility compared to traditional methods. It also aims to save time and resources over paper-based systems.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOMETRIC VOTING TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIAN ELECTORAL SYSTEM...Amani Kanu
This document is a research project submitted to the National Open University of Nigeria in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science. The project examines the effectiveness of biometric voting technology, specifically the use of card readers, in the Nigerian electoral system using the 2015 general election as a case study. It consists of five chapters that introduce the background and objectives of the study, review relevant literature, describe the research methodology, present the results and findings, and provide a conclusion and recommendations. The study aims to evaluate the impact of card readers on election credibility in Nigeria and identify any challenges experienced with their use.
This document describes a proposed e-voting system using blockchain and PHP technology. It discusses some of the issues with current electronic voting systems, such as centralization of data and lack of accessibility. The proposed system aims to provide a more secure and decentralized e-voting platform. It would allow voters to cast their votes remotely using their mobile phones or computers. The system uses blockchain to securely record votes in an immutable ledger. It also uses PHP technology and smart contracts to authenticate voters and ensure votes can only be cast once. The document outlines the objectives, scope, literature review, proposed method, algorithms, and system architecture of the e-voting system.
The use of fingerprints in a voting system for registration and authentication
application has its limitations. Among these limitations are mismatches caused by
disparity in fingerprint trait and templates of voters taken at the point of registration
and at the point of authentication (voter’s accreditation). Manual labour, aging,
variations in user interaction (i.e. pressure on the scanner), environmental changes
and injuries are a few of the factors that can cause these disparities. The iris is more
resistant to these factors that cause disparity in biometrics. In this designed model, the
iris was used in place of fingerprints as the biometric measure to register and
authenticate voters. An iris scanner obtains the voter’s iris image, segments and
digitizes it. The digitized iris image of the voter is used as a training data and stored
in the template. This template is stored together with the voter’s particulars in a
database. An algorithm design using the C# (C sharp) language issues a PIN for the
voter’s authentication. At the point of authentication, the PIN of the voter is keyed in.
The iris scanner obtains the voter’s iris image, generates a template of the iris and
with the aid of the system’s embedded algorithm, compares the details of the voter’s
pin and iris trait with the one in the database for a match. A match grants the voter
the pass to vote. A mismatch denies the voter access to the voting system. This
implemented Iris Recognition Technology drastically reduces the chances of
mismatches for genuine voters and denies imposters in the voting system due to its
reliability and robustness as revealed by the tests carried out on the designed model.
IRJET - Precaution of Trolling Intrusions in Online Ballot System using Optic...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a new online voting system for India that uses optical cryptology and QR codes to securely authenticate voters and prevent election tampering. The existing paper-based system has problems like voter fraud and errors in counting votes. The proposed system would allow voters to cast their ballots online conveniently using their mobile phones by scanning QR codes linked to their credentials. This could help modernize India's elections and reduce issues like those seen in recent paper-based elections. The system aims to be accessible for voters while also increasing security through the use of optical cryptology techniques to encrypt voter authentication codes.
Similar to Application of ICT and Electronic Technology in Election Management: Challenges in Rural Areas in South-Eastern Nigeria (20)
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/ai-in-customer-support/#How-does-AI-work-in-customer-support
This presentation is about Food Delivery Systems and how they are developed using the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and other methods. It explains the steps involved in creating a food delivery app, from planning and designing to testing and launching. The slide also covers different tools and technologies used to make these systems work efficiently.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
Application of ICT and Electronic Technology in Election Management: Challenges in Rural Areas in South-Eastern Nigeria
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Application of ICT and Electronic Technology in
Election Management: Challenges in Rural
Areas in South-Eastern Nigeria
Njoku O. Donatus1
, Amaefule I. A2
, Nwandu C. Ikenna3
, Jibiri Ebere
Janefrances4
1,3
Department of Computer Science, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Computer Science, Imo State University, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
4
Department of Information Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.
Abstract— This paper has presented the applications of
Information Communication Technology and election
management. The study has reviewed several challenges
and bottleneck encountered in the electoral democratic
system in Nigeria election. During the study, the use of
electronic technology adoption in the electoral process has
actually reduced human involvement in election process;
this is due to irregularities and incessant increase in
violence among electorates, party agents and other
stakeholders. The relevance of this paper is to address the
integration of ICT as well as electronic digital devices in
carryout electrons in Nigeria. The research was conducted
in the rural areas of the South-Eastern Nigeria States, it
was discovered that about 60% of the respondent stated
that the use of electronic technology in the deployment to
rural areas has inadequate trained personnel in effective
handling of the gadgets, issues on the use of card reader
malfunctioning was also sported out. It was recommended
that the electoral bodies should sensitized, make adequate
available of electronic devices for efficient and effective
election management in Nigeria.
Keywords— Electronic Voting, Election Management,
Electoral, Electronic Technology, ICT
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s globalization, Information Communication
Technology (ICT) has taken the centre stage as nothing
can be organized and executed with greater success
without its use. This has motivated its use in electoral
process in many countries all over the world. It has also
been proven to be more efficient and reliable in achieving
viable, credible and free election than the traditional (or
manual) way of voting. Nigeria has keyed into the use of
ICT in its election management because of the need to
have viable, credible and free election.
Recently, elections in almost part of the world are
geared towards using electronic technology. The use of
electronic technology (or machine) in election
management is called electronic voting (e-voting). Several
types of electronic technology have been adopted into the
electoral process by electoral administrator [5]. In this type
of election management system (EMS), the electoral
process can be carried out by electronic digital (computer)
equipment. This requires less human involvement or
intervention. These electoral processes are highlighted and
include voter, party and candidate registration; candidate
support signatures verification; production of ballots;
electoral logistics; identification of voter; voting in polling
units or stations; counting of votes; transmission of results;
preliminary and final presentation of results of data [5].
Election management in a few countries have been
able to reach or attain this level of automation. Oftentimes,
election management body of a country combines manual
processes and electronic technology to form a suitable
hybrid system. This is influenced by a wide range of
factors which could be considered as peculiar system for
any given country.
Electoral democracies the world over, are adopting
the electronic voting (e-voting) and transmission of result.
It is a common knowledge that the adoption of e-voting
and transmission system in the management of election is
to improve efficiency and credibility in the administration
of electoral process [1]. Electronic voting is a type of
voting in which voters are required to use electronic device
to make and record their ballot choice [3]. Electronic
voting and election management refers to the use of
electronics devices or technologies for the organization,
administration, and execution of electoral tasks so as to
improve and automate the entire election process.
The Nigeria democracy like some other democracies
practised in developing countries still “Young and fragile.”
This requires greater care and transparency to nurture it to
full grown and developed democracy with strong
democratic intuition and structure. Nigeria has been able to
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join other nations in the use of electronic technology in its
electoral process. This is occasioned by the fact that
manual voting process has been characterized by
widespread malpractices like violence, corruption and
results falsification [2]. The use of ICT and electronic
technology in EMS is due to the fact that elections in many
countries especially in developing countries like Nigeria
lack credibility. This because the electoral process are
marred by rigging and violence [2]. As a result of this,
many electoral reforms have sprung up in recent time in
order to curtail or eliminate the inadequacy and weakness
encountered in election management.
Majority of the settlers in rural areas are not
conversant with the present day electronic technology and
internet facilities. As a result of this, devices such as
digital capturing camera, finger print scanner, laptop etc.
are not fully deployed to rural areas for use during election
period. This has led to the wastage of resources,
encouraged rigging, violence and all other forms of
election malpractices in rural areas. As reported in [4], e-
governance suffered because the people living in rural
areas could not adopt the technology and as such e-voting
system was not able to yield fruitful result in rural areas in
Nigeria during election exercise, though with e-
governance in place, e-voting could be fully implemented.
II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The irregularities and widespread violence that occur
during and after election occasion by rigging and election
malpractices is a serious issue of great concern to election
management body, government and other stakeholders. In
order to address these, Information Communication
Technology (ICT) and electronic technology has been
employed in the electoral processes mostly in developed
democracies. The adoption of ICT and electronic
technology into the electoral process, its usefulness
notwithstanding, still suffers some setbacks occasioned by
poor or erratic power supply, malfunctioning, unskilled
personnel, mass illiteracy, and election fraud using
electronic voting. However, many research studies have
been presented in literature based on the use of ICT and
electronic voting in election management. Amongst these,
only few have been considered the use of computer in
election process in Nigeria with focus on rural areas. This
study is presented to add to the gap existing in research
works on the application of ICT and electronic technology
in election management system in rural areas with focus
on South Eastern Nigeria.
III. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
In the research works of [6] and [7], the use of ICT in
electoral processes was presented through the use of digital
devices but not in Nigeria. Also, in the work of [8],
election violence control was considered. This study
examines the attendant issues arising in the application of
ICT and electronic technology in election management in
rural areas in South-Eastern Nigeria.
IV. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
To The main objective of this research is to study the
issues arising in the application of ICT and electronic
technology in election management in South-Eastern
Nigeria. The other specific objectives are:
I. To examine electronic voting system deploy all
electoral activities, during and after election.
II. To study election management in using ICT
facilities in rural areas in South-Eastern Nigeria.
To establish the various issues facing the application of
ICT and electronic technology in election management and
proffer useful suggestion for improvement.
1. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDY
There are many related literature on the management of
election (which focused on the Nigerian electoral process).
Some of the works previously done that relate to this study
are reviewed in this section.
On the study of design and possible implementation of
electronic voting system, some of the works based on
Nigerian electoral processes are presented. The research
study carried out by [9] based on electronic voting, its
challenges and prospect in Nigeria democracy, examined
the development and implementation of electronic voting
system (EVS) that supports voters to cast votes online and
also for election administrators to register voters and print
out the votes casted. Kuye et al [10] in the same vein
developed a window based programme in their study on
design and analysis of electronic voting system in Nigeria.
The study aimed to computerise the Nigeria voting system.
Also a paper on technological framework for transparent
E-voting solution in the Nigeria electoral system was
presented in [11]. It maintained that traditional voting is
time consuming and often times subjected to irregularities.
Also, card readers with biometric authentication
technology which has been widely employed in view to
achieving transparent results are subject to high level
electoral fraud because of human control. Thus the desired
result is yet to be achieved. It then presented a framework
that consists of different electronic voting systems in a
way that conform to the Nigerian electoral system so build
confidence and trust in electoral process.
Some research works have looked at problems
facing electronic voting in Nigeria. Ahmad et al [12]
studied issues and challenges of transition to e-voting
technology in Nigeria. It stated that country like Nigeria
with enormous challenges of transparent voting system has
adopted e-voting as an alternative to weaknesses that have
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characterized the Nigerian voting system. It then
maintained that with Nigerian moving into electronic
voting and with few literature available on the enormous
challenges facing the voting system, there is need to avail
policy makers and democratic practitioners the factors
affecting the electoral process. This will make them to play
by the rules so as to have an acceptable and yet reliable
voting system. In the study presented in [2] on challenges
of ICT and election management in rural areas in Nigeria,
the challenges surrounding the application of ICT devices
in election process in South western part of the country
were examined. According to [1], it is essential to pilot the
electronic systems or gadgets by the electoral commission
so as to build confidence in the performance. It
recommended that earlier piloting of the e-voting
technology in election management with the involvement
of stakeholders the better the chances of building trust and
confidence during elections. According to [13], in order to
have an established and sustained credible electoral
process, an essential ingredient that all election
management body must adopt to is planning and needs
anticipation. This is true because proper planning and
anticipation of electoral needs will eliminate certain lapses
that may likely hinder the smooth conduction of election.
2. ELECTION MANAGEMENT, ICT, AND
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY
The elections in Nigeria (national, state, or local
government area elections) cover a wide area of
geographical land mass. This area of land is habited by
people with different living environments and with a
varying literacy and educational level among the
electorates. These people of course have different access to
technology. Hence it is appropriate to categorize
electorates based on their access to ICT and the voting
electronic technologies. The following categories are
formulated based on the voting populace:
a) Urban or rural dwellers
b) Accessible or inaccessible internet area
c) An internet (technologically) or non-internet
(non-technologically) inclined electorate.
In this paper the focus is on rural dwellers. This is
where the majority of the electorates resides. These areas
are mostly referred to as remote areas. An area where it is
not easy to have access to internet and modern electronic
technology, and may not be internet connected. Majority
of the electorates in this area are not internet or
technologically inclined. So even when the electronic
gadgets are provided and there is available internet service,
their purpose for election often times suffers setback or are
not utilized to the fullest. This is a challenge to the election
management body and stakeholders.
The term ICT devices have been used in some
literature to mean the same thing as electronic voting
technology. This may seem appropriate, but it has
considered separately this paper for clarification purpose.
Information Communication Technology (ICT) involves
sharing of information through a medium using electronic
device. On the other hand, an electronic voting technology
is a device or gadget that can function in isolation or as a
standalone without internet service but will give greater
efficiency, credibility and transparency if connected to the
internet so that data/information can be shared in real time
(that is ICT).
Generally, based on the particular electronic voting (e-
voting) system implemented, two main types are possibly
identified. These are:
i. Electronic voting in which physical supervision is
carried out by election administrators or
representative of government. That is a situation
in which the electronic voting devices are located
at the polling units; and this requires no internet
(or ICT) services because data/information are
shared or transferred in real time with any
network.
ii. In a situation where the registration or voting
result is required to be received by election
management body with their not being physically
present owing to the remote location of the place
where election is being held, an internet services,
private computer network, or telephone lines can
be used to transmit results from the polling station
to election authority. This is known as remote e-
voting or simply called i-voting.
Since the use of ICT and electronic technology in
election management has been adopted in Nigerian
electoral process, it is expected of the electorates to be able
to recognize and identify the electronic voting devices and
their functions. These electronic-voting devices must be
made availing by the independent Electoral Commission
(INEC) at the various registration centres and/or polling
units depending on the level or stage. Table 1 below is a
list containing the Election management levels employing
ICT medium and electronic technology.
Table.1: A List of Election Management Stages using ICT
medium and Electronic Technology
Election
Management
Level
ICT Services
(On-line service)
Electronic
Technology
E- Registration Internet services
(e.g. Websites, e-
mail), computer
network
e-voter
registration
system, optical
scan, data
capturing
device, printer
module, laptop
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computer
E-Campaign Internet services,
Telephone lines
(mobile network),
Radio and
Television
networks
Graphic device,
Mobile phones,
Radio set,
Television,
computer
system,
electronic pool
book
E-Voting Telephones,
private computer
networks,
Internet
Optical Scan,
punched cards,
voting systems,
voting kiosks
E-Counting Vote counting
server
Optical mark
recognition,
optical character
recognition,
punch card
counting
machines,
electronic ballot
boxes
E-Compilation Internet services,
computer
network
Mobile phones,
computer
system, Storage
devices
E-Result Internet services,
mobile network,
computer
network, radio
and television
networks
Radio,
television,
electronic
publication,
electronic
magazine
The e-voting system in Nigeria has not been fully
automated to the level of online voting providing internet
services for connectable household devices and remote
location. It is presently limited to e-voting in which there
is physical supervision by INEC representatives. That is
electronic voting systems are located at the various polling
stations in the area where election is held.
3. METHODOLOGY
This research was conducted considering the rural areas in
South-Eastern Nigeria following some of the recent re-run
elections for State and Senatorial Constituencies in Imo
State, Local Government Area (LGA) Chairmanship and
Councillorship elections in Ebonyi State, Gubernatorial
election in Anambra State, and the most recently
conducted senatorial election in Anambra State. So, out of
the five states that make-up the South-Eastern region of
Nigeria, which are: Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, and
Imo; only four states were considered. The sampling
method was used to sample and cover the four states
considered. The process of data gathering used was based
on participant’s observation and oral conversation. This
was conducted among randomly chosen or selected
participants considering age, class, sex, and status. One
hundred (100) participants within the four states were
considered. The information collected was properly
studied and analysed. The respondents were sectioned in
percentage according to their response to the question put
forward to them.
4. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Though Nigeria has not fully moved into online voting
where ICT will play a centre role, it has only employed
internet services in voters’ registration. This study finds
out that even where ICT is used and electronic technology
deployed to manage election in rural areas, certain
problems arise.
Firstly, the problem of personnel handling the
electronic devices: About sixty percent (60 %) of the
respondents orally interviewed stated that the use of
electronic technology in voting is marred by the problem
of inadequate number of personnel to handle the gadgets.
Even where adequate personnel are present, the available
gadgets are few compared to the number of voters at the
polling units. Also, most of the personnel deployed to
rural areas to handle these gadgets are not properly trained
to effectively operate them. That is, they lack the expertise
required to operate the gadgets. This problem can lead to
manipulation of votes, and the outcome is rigging of
election.
Secondly, due to the remote nature of some parts of
the rural areas where elections are held, the respondents
(50 %) reported that politicians deployed hired thugs to
snatch or destroy the e-voting facilities meant for
elections. This act largely impact negatively on the success
of the election. The result of this is rigging or inconclusive
election. This also can lead to voters’ apathy and loss of
interest in participating in election because fear of being
harassed or intimidated by thugs.
Thirdly, there is generally problem of unstable power
supply in Nigeria. The ICT facilities and electronic devices
needs constant power to operate efficiently. Forty percent
(40 %) of the respondents reported that most of the voting
machines stops during the voting process due to battery
run down. And when this happens in most cases, no
available power supply to recharge battery or power the
system. This can create loss of confidence on the
credibility, integrity, and reliability of the system and the
entire process.
Also, the issue of card reader malfunctioning: the
response of forty five percent (55 %) of the respondents
orally interview showed that the electronic card readers
deployed to conduct elections in rural areas are oftentimes
not properly in good working state or are not well
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programmed for the task. This act seems deliberate as most
often when compared to elections in urban areas where
this is uncommon. This problem occasioned by poor
election management, gives room for manipulation of
votes and rigging of elections most times in rural areas.
It was again observed from the response of thirty five
percent (35 %) of the respondents that they were not given
any pilot training nor were they exposed to the devices.
This has resulted to the interference of the election
officials to assign somebody or themselves to guide or
support some of the electorates on how to go about using
the electronic devices to cast their votes during the voting
process. They claimed that oftentimes, the choice of the
electorate on whom to vote is being influenced. It is
obvious that a situation like this makes an election to be
unfair and the right of the electorate to vote the person of
his choice has been denied. In fact, the credibility and
transparency of such an election is lost.
Generally, the study revealed that the success of the
use of electronic technologies in the management of
elections in rural areas is seriously and largely hindered
due to the problem of malfunctioning of the voting
devices. There is the problem of inability of the personnel
deployed to properly operate the gadgets to enable
maximum number of voters to be accredited and cast their
votes. This will make many eligible voters who came out
to cast their vote to be disenfranchised. Also, the fact that
most of the rural areas, usually very remote from the city,
have poor network or internet coverage. Hence, the result
of the voting process cannot be tracked or checked online
or in real time and this brings delay in data collation and
result announcement.
5. RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to properly manage the e-voting system in Nigeria
rural areas so as to reduce most of the issues that have
impacted adversely in election process, they following are
worthy of note.
1. There should be proper sensitization and pilot
training organize for rural dwellers with respect to
the use of the electronic technologies.
2. The election authority should ensure that the
personnel deployed to handle the electronic
device have adequately acquire the expertise
training on its operation and usage.
3. The government in collaboration with mobile
network providers should ensure that rural areas
are equipped with stable and reliable internet
access facilities.
4. An adequate and reliable power supply should be
provided in rural areas.
5. Also, adequate security should be provided during
election in rural areas to ensure the safety of life,
the electronic devices and other election materials
used.
6. The electronic voting systems deployed to rural
areas should be properly checked to ensure they
are in good working condition.
7. There should be enough personnel trained by the
election management body to handle election in
rural areas.
V. CONCLUSION
So far, the application of ICT and electronic technology in
election management with focus on rural areas in South-
Eastern Nigeria has been presented. The proper
management of election in Nigeria so as to have a viable,
free and fair election has been an issue of serious concern
to election authority and stakeholders. In order to reduce or
eliminate the irregularities that have marred the traditional
voting system, the election management body decided to
employ electronic voting system for proper conduct of
election. This, it was believed, would make the election
more transparent, reliable, credible, free and fair.
However, it use in the conduction of election mostly in
rural areas suffers some setbacks despite the fact that the
application of this technology has somewhat improved
confidence in the voting system. This paper has studied
some of the issues surrounding the use of the electronic
technology in rural areas in South-Eastern Nigeria. It
revealed from the response of the respondents who were
randomly selected and orally interviewed in rural areas
covered that poor power supply, lack of expert personnel
deployed to handle the devices, malfunctioning, inability
of some electorates to use the gadget proper for voting,
and insecurity are some of the problem being faced in
using electronic technologies in the conduct of election in
rural areas. This generally leads to poor election outcome
and loss of confidence in the entire process by the
electorates. Hence, the purpose of deploying such devices
in election management seems to have been defeated.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to acknowledge everyone that has made
meaningful contributions to the success of this paper.
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