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Samkit jain
CLASS: ix
 Theearliest recordedbeginnings of geometry canbe traced
to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt in the 2nd millennium
BC. Early geometry was a collection of empirically discovered
principles concerning lengths, angles, areas, andvolumes,
which were developed to meetsome practical need
in surveying, construction, astronomy, and various crafts.
 Theearliest known texts on geometryare the Egyptian Rhind
Papyrus (2000–1800 BC)and Moscow Papyrus (c.1890 BC),
the Babylonian clay tablets such as Plimpton 322 (1900 BC).
Forexample, the MoscowPapyrus gives a formula for
calculating the volume of a truncated pyramid, or frustum
Geometry Geometry is abranchofmathematicsconcernedwith questionsof shape,size,relative positionof figures,and
the propertiesof space.A mathematicianwhoworksin thefield ofgeometry is called a geometer.
 Geometryaroseindependentlyin a numberofearlyculturesas apracticalwayfordealing withlengths, areas,
andvolumes.Geometry beganto seeelements offormalmathematicalscience emerging in theWestasearlyas
the 6thcenturyBC.Bythe 3rdcenturyBC, geometry wasputintoanaxiomaticformbyEuclid,whose
treatment,Euclid'sElements,set astandardformanycenturiestofollow.Whilegeometryhas evolved
significantlythroughoutthe years,therearesomegeneral conceptsthataremoreor lessfundamentalto
geometry.Theseinclude theconcepts ofpoints,lines, planes,surfaces,angles, andcurves,as well as themore
advancednotionsofmanifoldsandtopologyor metric.
Geometry in Daily Life
o Geometry is considered an important field of study
because of its applications in daily life.
o For example, a sports car move in a circular path and it
applies the concepts of geometry.
o Stairs are made in your homes inclined at 60o, with each
stair designed at 90 degrees.
o A Simple cloth hanger has 2 x 30o angles + 1 x 120o angle =
180o angle.
o A ceiling fan has its 3 blades at 120o angles to make 360o
while in motion.
o Any object when thrown at 45o angle, covers maximum
distance.
o In addition, geometrical shapes are also used by the
artists. The most interesting example is that nature speaks
of geometry and you can see shapes in all things of nature.
Geometry in Photography
 The reasonthat45degree lighting is soimportant
is thatit’sthe perfectangletocreate modeling on
the humanform.
 The termmodeling refersto showingthree
dimensionalitythroughthe useoflight.
 Whenyouhavelight coming fromwherethe
camerais,thatthreedimensionalityis lostbecause
shadowsaren’tseen on theface.
 Putthe light offthe cameraandyouget shadows,
which gives you3D,and45degrees is theperfect
angletomaximizethis effect.
Camera
Subject
Arches are used to withstand
maximum weight.
Structural designs to withstand
forces of nature
Geometry in
Nature
Symmetry of a Leaf Geometry of LunarEclipse
Geometry inCycles
(Racingbikesaremadeusing best geometrytogive maximum efficiency)
 The Ridley frames are built with the
longest head tubes in the industry.
 The stem issitting directly above the head
tube, translation; comfort, stability,
control.
 In addition to longer head tubes, Ridley
hasrevolutionized frame geometry by
introducing the first 1.5inch bottom
headset.
 This enables maintaininglight low weight
on alltheir frames
How Is Geometry Used in Real Life?
 Geometryhasmanypracticalusesin everydaylife,such asmeasuring circumference, areaandvolume,
when youneed tobuildor createsomething. Geometric shapesalso playanimportantrolein common
recreationalactivities, such asvideo games,sports,quilting andfooddesign. Withoutgeometry,
engineers andarchitectswouldn'tbeableto design andconstructhouses,buildings, carsandtoolsthat
makelife easierandmoreenjoyable.
MATERIALS, DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
Geometry allows youto determine how muchmaterial youneed to complete a project. For example, youmust calculatethe
perimeter of youryardto determine how muchfencing youneed or calculatethe surface area of yourwalls to determine how
muchpaint youneed. Engineers, architects and builders use geometry to calculatearea and volume before they install in-
groundpools or build houses and otherstructures. Geometric awareness, such as theuse of shapes, lines and figures, is
necessary to create layouts and designs for school projects, suchas poster board displays or electronic presentations.
VIDEO GAMES AND OTHER RECREATIONAL
ACTIVITIES
Videogamesusegeometry tohelp viewers experiencedepthandmovement.
"Interactionsbetween geometricshapes,such ascircles, squares,trapezoidsand
ovals,arethe basicfoundationofall videosgames,"accordingtothe Math
WorksheetCenter.Otherrecreationalactivities, such asbuilding kites,
constructingskateboardrampsorcreating LegoandLincolnLog structures,
require geometry.Geometry allowsyoutodeterminehowshapesandfigures
fittogetherto maximizeefficiencyandvisual appeal.
SPORTS, ATHLETIC FIELDS AND EQUIPMENT
Withoutgeometry,youwouldn'thavesports,athleticfieldsorequipment thatenable competitionandchallenge
participantstoachieve the desired goals.Forexample,asabasketball,soccer,hockeyorfootballkicker,youuse
geometryto determinehowmuch arcyouneed toscorefromacertaindistance.Hockey-equipmentdevelopers
mustdeterminehow muchangleto puton theendofa stickandhowlong tomaketheshaft.Geometry allows
youtomarkoffathleticfields,such asrectanglesforfootball,soccer andhockeyandmorecomplexdiamond
shapesforbaseballorsemicircle shapesfortrackandfield.
FUNCTIONAL FOOD DESIGNS
Geometric shapes are a significant part of food design. For example,
scoop-shaped pasta is designed to hold sauce; square-shaped pasta --
such as ravioli -- encases meat, vegetables, sauce or cheese; and ridged
pasta soaks up sauce. Hard-shell tacos hold meats, vegetables, cheese
and sauces so they don't spill out. Geometric cookie cutters allow you
to make cookies in the shape of circles, squares, stars, bells, snowmen
and other designs. Geometry allows you to cut cakes and pies into
equal-sized portions in a variety of shapes, such as triangles, squares
or rectangles.
QUALITY QUILTING
Quilting requires geometry to ensure that your linens have
symmetry and visual appeal. A quilting block is made of shapes
-- for example, 16 smaller squares, each consisting of two
triangles. With geometry, you can align and organize the
smaller blocks and corresponding triangles to create desired
patterns.
Why is Geometry Important in Everyday Life?
Mathematicalthinking andreasoning begins forstudentslong
beforeit is taughtthroughanysortofschooling. Beginning as
infants,humansareattractedtopatterns,designs andshapes.
Parentsreinforcethisbyoftenpurchasingtoysor mobileswith
brightlycoloredshapes,picturesordesigns. Babiesareattractedto
theseitemsbeforetheyareableto reach,graspormanipulatethem
in anyway. Later,toysaremanipulatedin such awayastoprovide
furtherhandsonlearning todevelop thesetypesof skills. These
shapesanddesigns arethevery foundationallevel ofthe
mathematicalfieldofgeometry.
Geometryis everywhere. Angles, shapes,lines, line segments, curves, andotheraspectsofgeometry areevery
single placeyoulook,even onthispage. Lettersthemselves areconstructedoflines, line segments, andcurves!
Takeaminute andlookaroundtheroomyouarein, takenoteof thecurves,angles, linesandotheraspectswhich
createyourenvironment. Noticethatsomearetwo-dimensionalshapeswhile othersarethree-dimensional
shapes. Theseman-madegeometrical aspectspleaseusin anaesthetic way.
An Angle is formed when two rays cometogetherat the same point
(endpoint). The distance between the two rays is measured in
degreesusing a tool known as a protractor. Angles can be found on
the human body as well as in the many structures we have createdfor
living and working. Onyour body, each joint as it is movedcreates
different sized angles based on how far apart the bodyparts are
located.
Shapes are unique representations with specificproperties to define them.
Shapes can be two- or three- dimensional. There are numerous defined
shapes. Shapes include things suchas polygons, which include squares, circles,
rectangles, triangles, etc., quadrangles, which include parallelograms, rhombus,
trapezoids, etc…solids, which includecylinders, pyramids, prisms, etc.Each item
in our tangible world is created by combining shapes of some sort together.
A lineis the path, which is always straight, and extends out infinitely (forever). Aline will not
necessarily extend forever, but in orderfor it to be considered a line, it has the potential to, if
continued on, to neverend. Lines arerepresented by a straight line with arrows on both ends,
indicating that it could extend forever. Line segments are similar to lines, in that they are
always straight, but they donot extend out forever, instead they endat specific points, known
as endpoints. Line segments aretypically represented by a straight line with two dots at each
end, representing the end points. Theseend points aregenerally given a label such as line
segment AB.
Nature also has an abundance of geometry. Patterns can be found on
leaves, in flowers, in seashells and many other places. Even our own
bodies consist of patterns, curves and line segments. It is through the
observation of nature that scientists have begun to explore and explain
the more basic principles now accepted as scientific truths. These
observations and realizations have lead to the progression of new
learning in both science and geometry. This began with the simple
repetitive patterns such as the orbiting of the planets or the back and
forth motion of a pendulum.
Application of geometry in real life

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Application of geometry in real life

  • 2.  Theearliest recordedbeginnings of geometry canbe traced to ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt in the 2nd millennium BC. Early geometry was a collection of empirically discovered principles concerning lengths, angles, areas, andvolumes, which were developed to meetsome practical need in surveying, construction, astronomy, and various crafts.  Theearliest known texts on geometryare the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (2000–1800 BC)and Moscow Papyrus (c.1890 BC), the Babylonian clay tablets such as Plimpton 322 (1900 BC). Forexample, the MoscowPapyrus gives a formula for calculating the volume of a truncated pyramid, or frustum
  • 3. Geometry Geometry is abranchofmathematicsconcernedwith questionsof shape,size,relative positionof figures,and the propertiesof space.A mathematicianwhoworksin thefield ofgeometry is called a geometer.  Geometryaroseindependentlyin a numberofearlyculturesas apracticalwayfordealing withlengths, areas, andvolumes.Geometry beganto seeelements offormalmathematicalscience emerging in theWestasearlyas the 6thcenturyBC.Bythe 3rdcenturyBC, geometry wasputintoanaxiomaticformbyEuclid,whose treatment,Euclid'sElements,set astandardformanycenturiestofollow.Whilegeometryhas evolved significantlythroughoutthe years,therearesomegeneral conceptsthataremoreor lessfundamentalto geometry.Theseinclude theconcepts ofpoints,lines, planes,surfaces,angles, andcurves,as well as themore advancednotionsofmanifoldsandtopologyor metric.
  • 4. Geometry in Daily Life o Geometry is considered an important field of study because of its applications in daily life. o For example, a sports car move in a circular path and it applies the concepts of geometry. o Stairs are made in your homes inclined at 60o, with each stair designed at 90 degrees. o A Simple cloth hanger has 2 x 30o angles + 1 x 120o angle = 180o angle. o A ceiling fan has its 3 blades at 120o angles to make 360o while in motion. o Any object when thrown at 45o angle, covers maximum distance. o In addition, geometrical shapes are also used by the artists. The most interesting example is that nature speaks of geometry and you can see shapes in all things of nature.
  • 5. Geometry in Photography  The reasonthat45degree lighting is soimportant is thatit’sthe perfectangletocreate modeling on the humanform.  The termmodeling refersto showingthree dimensionalitythroughthe useoflight.  Whenyouhavelight coming fromwherethe camerais,thatthreedimensionalityis lostbecause shadowsaren’tseen on theface.  Putthe light offthe cameraandyouget shadows, which gives you3D,and45degrees is theperfect angletomaximizethis effect. Camera Subject
  • 6. Arches are used to withstand maximum weight. Structural designs to withstand forces of nature
  • 7. Geometry in Nature Symmetry of a Leaf Geometry of LunarEclipse
  • 8. Geometry inCycles (Racingbikesaremadeusing best geometrytogive maximum efficiency)  The Ridley frames are built with the longest head tubes in the industry.  The stem issitting directly above the head tube, translation; comfort, stability, control.  In addition to longer head tubes, Ridley hasrevolutionized frame geometry by introducing the first 1.5inch bottom headset.  This enables maintaininglight low weight on alltheir frames
  • 9. How Is Geometry Used in Real Life?  Geometryhasmanypracticalusesin everydaylife,such asmeasuring circumference, areaandvolume, when youneed tobuildor createsomething. Geometric shapesalso playanimportantrolein common recreationalactivities, such asvideo games,sports,quilting andfooddesign. Withoutgeometry, engineers andarchitectswouldn'tbeableto design andconstructhouses,buildings, carsandtoolsthat makelife easierandmoreenjoyable. MATERIALS, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Geometry allows youto determine how muchmaterial youneed to complete a project. For example, youmust calculatethe perimeter of youryardto determine how muchfencing youneed or calculatethe surface area of yourwalls to determine how muchpaint youneed. Engineers, architects and builders use geometry to calculatearea and volume before they install in- groundpools or build houses and otherstructures. Geometric awareness, such as theuse of shapes, lines and figures, is necessary to create layouts and designs for school projects, suchas poster board displays or electronic presentations.
  • 10. VIDEO GAMES AND OTHER RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES Videogamesusegeometry tohelp viewers experiencedepthandmovement. "Interactionsbetween geometricshapes,such ascircles, squares,trapezoidsand ovals,arethe basicfoundationofall videosgames,"accordingtothe Math WorksheetCenter.Otherrecreationalactivities, such asbuilding kites, constructingskateboardrampsorcreating LegoandLincolnLog structures, require geometry.Geometry allowsyoutodeterminehowshapesandfigures fittogetherto maximizeefficiencyandvisual appeal. SPORTS, ATHLETIC FIELDS AND EQUIPMENT Withoutgeometry,youwouldn'thavesports,athleticfieldsorequipment thatenable competitionandchallenge participantstoachieve the desired goals.Forexample,asabasketball,soccer,hockeyorfootballkicker,youuse geometryto determinehowmuch arcyouneed toscorefromacertaindistance.Hockey-equipmentdevelopers mustdeterminehow muchangleto puton theendofa stickandhowlong tomaketheshaft.Geometry allows youtomarkoffathleticfields,such asrectanglesforfootball,soccer andhockeyandmorecomplexdiamond shapesforbaseballorsemicircle shapesfortrackandfield.
  • 11. FUNCTIONAL FOOD DESIGNS Geometric shapes are a significant part of food design. For example, scoop-shaped pasta is designed to hold sauce; square-shaped pasta -- such as ravioli -- encases meat, vegetables, sauce or cheese; and ridged pasta soaks up sauce. Hard-shell tacos hold meats, vegetables, cheese and sauces so they don't spill out. Geometric cookie cutters allow you to make cookies in the shape of circles, squares, stars, bells, snowmen and other designs. Geometry allows you to cut cakes and pies into equal-sized portions in a variety of shapes, such as triangles, squares or rectangles. QUALITY QUILTING Quilting requires geometry to ensure that your linens have symmetry and visual appeal. A quilting block is made of shapes -- for example, 16 smaller squares, each consisting of two triangles. With geometry, you can align and organize the smaller blocks and corresponding triangles to create desired patterns.
  • 12. Why is Geometry Important in Everyday Life? Mathematicalthinking andreasoning begins forstudentslong beforeit is taughtthroughanysortofschooling. Beginning as infants,humansareattractedtopatterns,designs andshapes. Parentsreinforcethisbyoftenpurchasingtoysor mobileswith brightlycoloredshapes,picturesordesigns. Babiesareattractedto theseitemsbeforetheyareableto reach,graspormanipulatethem in anyway. Later,toysaremanipulatedin such awayastoprovide furtherhandsonlearning todevelop thesetypesof skills. These shapesanddesigns arethevery foundationallevel ofthe mathematicalfieldofgeometry. Geometryis everywhere. Angles, shapes,lines, line segments, curves, andotheraspectsofgeometry areevery single placeyoulook,even onthispage. Lettersthemselves areconstructedoflines, line segments, andcurves! Takeaminute andlookaroundtheroomyouarein, takenoteof thecurves,angles, linesandotheraspectswhich createyourenvironment. Noticethatsomearetwo-dimensionalshapeswhile othersarethree-dimensional shapes. Theseman-madegeometrical aspectspleaseusin anaesthetic way.
  • 13. An Angle is formed when two rays cometogetherat the same point (endpoint). The distance between the two rays is measured in degreesusing a tool known as a protractor. Angles can be found on the human body as well as in the many structures we have createdfor living and working. Onyour body, each joint as it is movedcreates different sized angles based on how far apart the bodyparts are located. Shapes are unique representations with specificproperties to define them. Shapes can be two- or three- dimensional. There are numerous defined shapes. Shapes include things suchas polygons, which include squares, circles, rectangles, triangles, etc., quadrangles, which include parallelograms, rhombus, trapezoids, etc…solids, which includecylinders, pyramids, prisms, etc.Each item in our tangible world is created by combining shapes of some sort together.
  • 14. A lineis the path, which is always straight, and extends out infinitely (forever). Aline will not necessarily extend forever, but in orderfor it to be considered a line, it has the potential to, if continued on, to neverend. Lines arerepresented by a straight line with arrows on both ends, indicating that it could extend forever. Line segments are similar to lines, in that they are always straight, but they donot extend out forever, instead they endat specific points, known as endpoints. Line segments aretypically represented by a straight line with two dots at each end, representing the end points. Theseend points aregenerally given a label such as line segment AB. Nature also has an abundance of geometry. Patterns can be found on leaves, in flowers, in seashells and many other places. Even our own bodies consist of patterns, curves and line segments. It is through the observation of nature that scientists have begun to explore and explain the more basic principles now accepted as scientific truths. These observations and realizations have lead to the progression of new learning in both science and geometry. This began with the simple repetitive patterns such as the orbiting of the planets or the back and forth motion of a pendulum.