The document compares two common types of horizontal end suction centrifugal pumps: ANSI and API. ANSI pumps are designed to American National Standards Institute standards, while API pumps meet requirements of the American Petroleum Institute for refinery service. API pumps can handle higher pressures and temperatures than ANSI pumps. The major difference between the two is in casing design - API casings are rated for higher pressures and temperatures and bolt the back cover directly to the casing for a tighter seal. API pumps are generally preferred over ANSI pumps for applications involving more aggressive liquids at higher operating conditions.
However, ANSI pump standard has gone through several changes. It was originally adopted and there is lots of talk about combining it with the present API standard to create a single standard for centrifugal pumps in the United States.
Cooling Tower:-By Using More Efficient Equipment Increase EfficiencyMayursinh Solanki
This Project Is Done Over ONGC Hazira Plant At Phase-I Cooling Tower.In This Slide Show,We Want To Give You Some New Ideas About Equipment Like Fills,Drift Eliminator,Storage Tank,ect.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
However, ANSI pump standard has gone through several changes. It was originally adopted and there is lots of talk about combining it with the present API standard to create a single standard for centrifugal pumps in the United States.
Cooling Tower:-By Using More Efficient Equipment Increase EfficiencyMayursinh Solanki
This Project Is Done Over ONGC Hazira Plant At Phase-I Cooling Tower.In This Slide Show,We Want To Give You Some New Ideas About Equipment Like Fills,Drift Eliminator,Storage Tank,ect.
Gas Lift Design: Comparative Study of Continuous and Intermittent Gas Lift (C...Nicodeme Feuwo
This document was produced as part of my final year project of training to obtain a petroleum engineering diploma.
The aim of this project is to make a comparative study between continuous and intermittent gas lift systems based on real data from an oil well in Algeria, and to choose the system best suited to increase the production of the well.
This study was carried out by a manual design using the method of “fixed pressure drop” for the continuous gas lift system and “fallback gradient” method for intermittent gas lift system.
We were able to determine at the end of this study that the system best suited to the current conditions of our well would be the intermittent gas lift system and we also proposed that it should be combine with the "plunger lift " system in order to increase the efficiency of the intermittent gas lift system by eliminating problems linked to the phenomenon of" fallback " thus increase the production of our wells.
Evaluating performance of centrifugal pump through cfd while modifying the su...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluating performance of centrifugal pump through cfd while modifying the su...eSAT Journals
Abstract
For operating the pump there are many factor affect pump working which include their speed, suction head, exhaust head,
properties of liquid, and physical arrangement etc. cavitations, vibration, reduced efficiency, and lowered capacity could cause
serious trouble like Suction Head available, Excessive suction lift, shallow inlet submergence. Category of connection and
arrangement are the suction conditions.The conventional suction geometry is not efficient for higher capacity of pump and thus
reduced discharge on the delivery side. Intake manifold is being designed for this work. The previous configuration would be
studied using CFD techniques while pursuing the objective of arriving at the most efficient geometry for the given application.
Key Wors: centrifugal pump, discharge, CFD
This is complete description of Hydraulic Accessories used consisting
1.Hydraulic Reservoir or tank- construction, mountings, Design
2.Heaters & coolers- Types
3.Sealing- introduction, classification, each type with diagram, materials, seal selection factors,
4.Piping- intro, sizing of pipe, Pipe Schedules, Threads, Fittings, materials, connectors,
5. Hoses- materials, selection criteria,
6. Accumulators- types, information of each type with diagram,
7. Hydraulic fluids- properties, types
8. Filters- types, specifications, materials
I hope you find this useful.
please comment if have any questions and like this.
Introduction, classification, principle of working and constructional details of vane pumps, gear pumps, radial and axial plunger pumps, screw pumps, power and efficiency calculations, characteristics curves, selection of pumps for hydraulic Power transmission.
The fuel system is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine. The fuel must be available to the engine under all conditions of engine power, altitude, attitude, and during all approved flight maneuvers . Fuel systems differ greatly from aircraft to aircraft due to the relative size and complexity of the aircraft in which they are installed.
The slide-pack covers a large variety of artificial lift methods. Explanations are supported by breakdown of pros and cons, calculations and questions. Questions will shed light of roughly how to decide which method(s) to use in a specific case.
Evaluating performance of centrifugal pump through cfd while modifying the su...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Evaluating performance of centrifugal pump through cfd while modifying the su...eSAT Journals
Abstract
For operating the pump there are many factor affect pump working which include their speed, suction head, exhaust head,
properties of liquid, and physical arrangement etc. cavitations, vibration, reduced efficiency, and lowered capacity could cause
serious trouble like Suction Head available, Excessive suction lift, shallow inlet submergence. Category of connection and
arrangement are the suction conditions.The conventional suction geometry is not efficient for higher capacity of pump and thus
reduced discharge on the delivery side. Intake manifold is being designed for this work. The previous configuration would be
studied using CFD techniques while pursuing the objective of arriving at the most efficient geometry for the given application.
Key Wors: centrifugal pump, discharge, CFD
This is complete description of Hydraulic Accessories used consisting
1.Hydraulic Reservoir or tank- construction, mountings, Design
2.Heaters & coolers- Types
3.Sealing- introduction, classification, each type with diagram, materials, seal selection factors,
4.Piping- intro, sizing of pipe, Pipe Schedules, Threads, Fittings, materials, connectors,
5. Hoses- materials, selection criteria,
6. Accumulators- types, information of each type with diagram,
7. Hydraulic fluids- properties, types
8. Filters- types, specifications, materials
I hope you find this useful.
please comment if have any questions and like this.
Introduction, classification, principle of working and constructional details of vane pumps, gear pumps, radial and axial plunger pumps, screw pumps, power and efficiency calculations, characteristics curves, selection of pumps for hydraulic Power transmission.
The fuel system is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine. The fuel must be available to the engine under all conditions of engine power, altitude, attitude, and during all approved flight maneuvers . Fuel systems differ greatly from aircraft to aircraft due to the relative size and complexity of the aircraft in which they are installed.
The slide-pack covers a large variety of artificial lift methods. Explanations are supported by breakdown of pros and cons, calculations and questions. Questions will shed light of roughly how to decide which method(s) to use in a specific case.
מרכז הסיוע "עצת נפש" הוא ארגון המושיט יד לגברים צעירים ומבוגרים, הורים, מורים ואנשי חינוך, המתמודדים מול סוגיות של תקיפה מינית, נטיות הפוכות הומוסקסואליות, אובססיות ודחפים מיניים והתמכרותיים, התמכרות לפייסבוק ולאינטרנט.
התקשרו לעצת נפש. כי יש מי שיעזור. 02-6541899
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A vertical pump is often better than a horizontal one in energy-related applications since it results in reduced downtime and better site-specific preventative maintenance programs.
What Makes Propeller Pumps Tick: Delving Into Fluid DynamicsFlowmore Pumps
Propeller pumps work effectively in a wide range of applications that call for the flow of a large amount of water at a low discharge pressure because of their sturdy and heavy-duty design.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Industrial Benefits of Using Horizontal PumpsFlowmore Pumps
The popularity of horizontal split case pumps has increased recently, mostly because of their much lower cost as compared to long-stroke and vertical pumps.
These pumps are single-stage, profoundly successful, and cost-productive. Notwithstanding these pumps being produced using different materials and accessible.
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A Helpful Guide to Understanding Vertical Turbine PumpsFlowmore Pumps
The vertical turbine pump is one of the most solid, effective, and adaptable pumps available whenever applied and installed appropriately. So for what reason are such countless specialists and designers hesitant to apply this kind of hardware?
Key Process Considerations for Pipeline Design BasisVijay Sarathy
Prior to venturing into an oil & gas pipeline project, the project team would require a design basis, based on which the project is to proceed. Oil & Gas Pipeline design begins with a route survey including engineering & environmental assessments. The following document provides a few key considerations for process engineers to keep in mind, the factors that matter when preparing a pipeline design basis from a process standpoint.
Vertical Extended Shaft Sump Pump Manufacturer and Supplier in IndiaSujal Enginnering
Vertical sump pump is a type of centrifugal pump designed specifically for pumping liquids from deep reservoirs, underground borewells, deep sumps, and tanks.
These modern workhorses, while not quite as adaptable as numerous different plans, have been known to keep on working consistently, even many years, without disappointment.
Introduction to Different Types of End Suction PumpsFlowmore Pumps
End suction pumps are perhaps the most well-known type of pumps. Practical and solid, they are reasonable for the scope of pumping applications. They are quite often single-stage pumps, meaning they have just a single impeller.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
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[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
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1. I
n the world of pumps, there are two types of
horizontal end suction centrifugal pumps that
are more commonly used than all the others put
together. They are the ANSI pump that is designed
and built to the standards of the American National
Standards Institute, and the API pump that meets
the requirements of the American Petroleum
Institute Standard 610 for General Refinery Service.
Over the years, ANSI designs have become the
preferred style of end suction pumps, not only for
chemical process applications, but also for water
and other less aggressive services. The ANSI
Standard provides for dimensional interchangeabil-
ity of pumps from one manufacturer to another.
The API pump is almost the exclusive choice
for applications in the oil refin-
ery industry, where it handles
higher temperatures and pressure
applications of a more aggressive
nature. While this specification
also deals with some vertical
shaft models, this article will
focus on the more widely used
horizontal designs. These single
stage pumps are designed with a
radially split casing to accommo-
date a back pullout arrangement
for ease of maintenance. The
major difference between the
two styles is reflected in the casing pressure design
ratings, which are as follows:
ANSI Pump Rating = 300 PSIG at 300° F
API Pump Rating = 750 PSIG at 500° F
In view of these figures, it is apparent that the
API pumps should be considered for higher pres-
sure and temperature services than the lighter duty
ANSI pump.
The Liquids
In considering the various types of liquids han-
dled by these pumps, the fluids in the petrochemi-
cal industry are frequently classified as
Hydrocarbons, Aggressive Chemicals and Mild
Chemicals.
Hydrocarbons are petroleum-based products
that are frequently classified as light, intermediate
or heavy. At atmospheric pressure and temperature,
light hydrocarbons tend to vaporize, intermediate
hydrocarbons are liquid, and
heavy hydrocarbons are highly
viscous or even solid.
Aggressive Chemicals include
strong acids, alkalines or oxidiz-
ing agents that are destructive to
both equipment and the environ-
ment. They are also dangerous to
plant personnel if allowed to leak.
Mild Chemicals are generally
easy to handle, and are not detri-
mental to either equipment or
the environment.
Many of these liquids can
produce toxic fluid exposure and vapors if they are
allowed to leak out of a pump. Vapor release is a
common danger with hydrocarbons that vaporize at
atmospheric conditions or other chemicals that may
be exposed to very high operating temperatures.
MARCH 2004 www.pump-zone.com PUMPS & SYSTEMS3636
ANSIvs
API?By Ross C. Mackay,
Contributing Editor
Which process
pump is right
for your
application?
Taking these fac-
tors into account,
you can finish up
with a profitable
and reliable
operating system.
2. If a vapor release is exposed to a spark, the vapor
cloud may even explode or catch fires.
Consequently, in handling these liquids, we
must be extremely aware of much more than envi-
ronmental damage and pumping efficiency. We
must also be very conscious about personal safety.
Therefore, the choice between the ANSI pump and
the API pump must take into account the specific
fluid properties, as well as the operating conditions.
The main difference between these choices is
predominantly a result of the differences in casing
design.
Volute Cases
Both pump styles have a radial split casing, and
most ANSI pumps and some API pumps employ a
single volute design of the interior passages. This is
particularly evident in the smaller sizes that involve
low-flow rates and lower specific speeds of the
impeller. As shown in Figure 1, the area of the volute
increases at a rate that is proportional to the rate of
discharge from the impeller, thus producing a con-
stant velocity at the periphery of the impeller. This
velocity energy is then changed into a pressure ener-
gy by the time the fluid enters the discharge nozzle.
Figure 1. Single volute case
The peculiar shape of the volute also produces
an uneven pressure distribution around the
impeller, which in turn results in an imbalance of
the thrust loads around the impeller and at right
angles to the shaft. This load must be accommodat-
ed by the shaft and bearings, and much has been
discussed on this problem in recent years. This load
is at its maximum when the pump is run at the
shutoff condition, and gradually decreases as the
flow rate approaches the Best Efficiency Point
(BEP). If the pump operates beyond the BEP, the
load increases again, but in the opposite direction
on the same plane. Examination of the resultant
shaft deflection problems has indicated that the
radial plane on which the out-of-balance load acts
is approximately 60° counterclockwise from the
cut-water of the volute.
Figure 2. Double volute case
Most of the larger API pumps are produced
with a double volute design to reduce these loads on
high-flow and high-head units. (See Figure 2.) This
is accomplished by balancing the opposing out-of-
balance loads from each volute. While the cost of
this is a slight reduction in efficiency, it is consid-
ered a small price to pay for the increased reliabili-
ty that ensues.
Another casing feature found in many API
pumps is the top suction/top discharge arrange-
ment, which has also been used in a slightly differ-
ent configuration in a vertical inline pump design.
In this arrangement with a horizontal pump, the
suction nozzle is located at the top of the casing
adjacent to the discharge nozzle, rather than on the
end. On the vertical inline design, the suction noz-
zle is once again on the side, but now it is opposite
to the discharge nozzle, thus creating the “inline”
appearance.
PUMPS & SYSTEMS www.pump-zone.com MARCH 2004 3737
3. The drawback of this design is, for most of
these pumps, that the NPSH required is often con-
siderably greater than it would be in the end suction
arrangement. More NPSH is needed in order to
accommodate the friction losses in the tortuous
path from the suction flange to the
eye of the impeller.
Back Cover
Arrangements
One of the major differences
between the ANSI and API pump cas-
ings is in the manner in which the back
cover is secured to the casing.
In the ANSI design shown in
Figure 3, the back cover and gasket
are held against the pump casing by
the bearing frame adaptor, which is
most frequently supplied in cast iron.
This usually results in a gap between
the mating faces of the frame adaptor
and the pump casing that has the
potential to permit uneven torquing
of the bolts. In the event of a higher-
than-normal pressurization of the casing by the
process system, this may cause a fracture of the
adaptor
The API design in Figure 4 bolts the back cover
directly to the casing and uses a confined controlled
MARCH 2004 www.pump-zone.com PUMPS & SYSTEMS3838
Circle392onReaderServiceCard
Figure 3. Typical ANSI pump
4. compression gasket with
metal to metal fits. The
adaptor is bolted indepen-
dently to the back cover and
does not play a part in the
pressure boundary of the
pump casing.
Mounting Feet
Another difference be-
tween the two pump styles is
the configuration of the
mounting feet.
All ANSI pump casings
are mounted on feet project-
ing from the underside of
the casing and bolted to the
baseplate. If these pumps are
used on high-temperature applications, the casing
will expand upwards from the mounting feet and
cause severe thermal stresses in the casing that will
detrimentally affect the reliability of the pump.
Operation at lower temperatures will not be affect-
ed by this feature.
On the other hand, API pumps are mounted at
the horizontal centerline of the casing on feet pro-
jecting from each side of the casing and bolted to
pedestals that form part of the baseplate. This
arrangement provides the API pump with the
advantage of being able to operate with pumpage at
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Figure 4. Typical API pump
March04PUMPS&SYSp26-41 2/17/04 10:45 AM Page 39
5. elevated temperatures. As the pump comes up to
temperature in such cases, any expansion of the
metal will be above and below the casing centerline,
and will exert minimal amounts of stress to the cas-
ing, thus contributing to optimum reliability of the
pump.
The ability to handle higher temperature ser-
vices is also evident in the bearing housings of the
API pumps, which tend to be much more robust in
design and also accommodate cooling jackets with
a greater capacity of cooling water.
Materials of Construction
Pump manufacturers can provide ANSI and API
pumps in a wide assortment of mate-
rials, the selection of which depends
on the operating stress and effects, as
well as the type of wear from the
product being pumped. The most
common materials used in these cen-
trifugal pumps are:
• Cast iron
• Ductile iron
• Bronze
• Carbon and low alloy steels
such as 4140
• Chrome steels such as 11%,
12% or 13%
• Martenistic stainless steels in
the 400 series
• Precipitation hardening stain-
less steels like 17-4 PH
• Austenitic stainless steels like
the 300 series or alloy 20
• Duplex stainless steels such as
CD4MCu
• Other more exotic alloys such
as Hastelloy, Titanium, etc.
Repair Considerations
It is important to remember,
before any repair procedures are
performed on any pump compo-
nent, that the material of construc-
tion must be accurately identified
by means of the appropriate tests.
Prior to any repairs being conduct-
ed on a pump casing, it is also
advisable to consider the economic
advantage of the repair under con-
sideration.
Smaller and medium-sized
ANSI pumps are designed with a
high degree of interchangeability
and produced in volume. Conse-
quently, it can frequently be more
cost effective to replace the entire
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In order to achievelow NPSHR - values, an endsuction design incorporating anenclosed impeller with a largeeye and injection bores isstandard
6. pump rather than a combination of the impeller,
casing and back cover. In addition, both the indi-
vidual parts and complete pumps are available fairly
quickly. This can make it more cost effective to
replace rather than repair the parts, unless the wet
ends are made of the more exotic alloys. It is clear,
in the case of non-metallic pumps (which may also
conform to ANSI standards), that the components
must be replaced, as they general-
ly cannot be repaired.
API pumps, however, are gen-
erally more economical to repair
than to replace. These units are
usually installed in more rugged
duties and hazardous applications
in refineries or other petrochemi-
cal industries, and are conse-
quently more durable and more
expensive. Delivery periods are
also frequently longer, and the
parts more costly than their ANSI
equivalents—particularly the cases
and impellers.
This makes it very tempting
to source these parts from an
after-market supplier rather than
the Original Equipment Manu-
facturer (OEM). It should be
noted, though, that the major
parts of a centrifugal pump (i.e.
the casing, the impeller and the
back cover) are all cast from pat-
terns involving intricate hydraulic
designs, which are of a proprietary
nature. These parts are also the
ones that provide the hydraulic
performance of the pump. While
the parts might be available from
after-market suppliers at slightly
lower prices than they are from
the OEM, that cost saving will
fade into insignificance if the
pump does not meet its hydraulic
performance. Your OEM can
accept the responsibility for the
subsequent hydraulic perfor-
mance of these replacement parts.
By taking these factors into
account, you can finish up with
reliable pumps that have been
properly selected to provide a prof-
itable and reliable operating system.
P&S
Contributing Editor Ross Mackay has over 40
years in the pump industry—many of them working
with both ANSI and API pump applications. Today,
he specializes in helping companies increase their
pump reliability and reduce operating and mainte-
nance costs through consulting and education. He can
be reached at 1-800-465-6260 or through his web site
at www.rossmackay.com
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