This document provides a detailed literature review for a research proposal on isolating and characterizing antibiotic-producing microorganisms from soil samples near industrial areas. The review covers soil microbial communities and interactions, common types of antibiotic-producing microbes found in soil like Actinomycetes and Bacillus species, methods for isolating pure cultures of microbes, and techniques for identifying isolated microbes and determining their antibiotic activity. The proposed research aims to screen soil samples for new antibiotics that could have applications in industry and medicine.
The document summarizes a study on using ultraviolet (UV)-blocking greenhouses to reduce pesticide use for vegetable production. The study tested different combinations of UV-blocking and UV-transmitting nets and plastics in greenhouse structures. Results showed that greenhouses with lower UV intensity had significantly fewer invading thrips and lower virus infection in tomatoes. Specifically, greenhouses with UV-blocking nets and plastics had 96-100% lower virus infection rates compared to non-UV blocking structures. The findings suggest that UV-blocking greenhouse materials can effectively reduce immigration of sucking pests and transmission of viruses, providing an option for pesticide-free vegetable production.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...wilhelm mendel
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been reported as the versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with the hospital infections worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on multidrug resistant clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. aerogenes. The MDR isolates of E. aerogenes (i.e., LS 45 and LS 54) were divided into two groups, i.e., control and treated. Samples were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system, on day 10 after the biofield treatment. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed 14.28% alteration out of twenty eight tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The cefotetan sensitivity changed from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamase (IB), while piperacillin/tazobactam changed from resistant to IB in the treated LS 45. Improved sensitivity was reported in tetracycline, i.e., from I to susceptible (S) in LS 45, while chloramphenicol and tetracycline sensitivity changed from R to I in treated LS 54. Four-fold decrease in MIC value was reported in piperacillin/tazobactam, and two-fold decrease in cefotetan and tetracycline in the biofield treated LS 45 as compared to the control. MIC results showed an overall decreased MIC values in 12.50% tested antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol (16 μg/mL) and tetracycline (8 μg/mL) in LS 54. The biochemical study showed an overall 45.45% negative reaction in the tested biochemical in both the treated isolates as compared to the control. A change in biotype number was reported in MDR isolates (LS 45 and LS 54), while in LS 54, altered biotype number, i.e., 0406 0374 as compared to the control (7770 4376), with identification of the new species as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with brown color as special characteristic. The study findings suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on clinical MDR isolates of E. aerogenes has the significant effect on altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, decreasing the MIC values, changed biochemical reactions, and biotype number.
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
Bio stimulation & Bio remediation Through Rhizosphere TechnologyVIVEK YADAV
This document discusses bio-stimulation and bioremediation through rhizosphere technology. It defines plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bacteria that live in soil and around plant roots that promote plant growth. PGPR can increase plant growth directly through nutrient fixation, solubilization, and phytohormone production or indirectly through stimulating the plant's immune system and reducing stress. The document explores the various modes of action PGPR use to promote plant growth including altering plant hormone levels, increasing nutrient availability, and protecting against pathogens. It also examines using PGPR to remediate contaminated soils and provides examples of field studies demonstrating the effects of different PGPR on increasing the yield of crops like fenugreek
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Bioactivity screening of soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
1) Soil bacteria were isolated from three soil samples and screened for bioactivity against human pathogens.
2) A total of 36 soil bacteria isolates were obtained, of which 14 showed antibacterial activity against pathogens like S. aureus, S. feacalis, E. coli, K. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, P. aureginosa and S. typhi in preliminary screening.
3) The 3 most active isolates were grown in culture media to produce bioactive metabolites, which were extracted and found to have prominent antimicrobial effects against the test pathogens.
The document summarizes a study on using ultraviolet (UV)-blocking greenhouses to reduce pesticide use for vegetable production. The study tested different combinations of UV-blocking and UV-transmitting nets and plastics in greenhouse structures. Results showed that greenhouses with lower UV intensity had significantly fewer invading thrips and lower virus infection in tomatoes. Specifically, greenhouses with UV-blocking nets and plastics had 96-100% lower virus infection rates compared to non-UV blocking structures. The findings suggest that UV-blocking greenhouse materials can effectively reduce immigration of sucking pests and transmission of viruses, providing an option for pesticide-free vegetable production.
Assessment of Antibiogram of Multidrug-Resistant Isolates of Enterobacter aer...wilhelm mendel
Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) has been reported as the versatile opportunistic pathogen associated with the hospital infections worldwide. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on multidrug resistant clinical lab isolates (LSs) of E. aerogenes. The MDR isolates of E. aerogenes (i.e., LS 45 and LS 54) were divided into two groups, i.e., control and treated. Samples were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), biochemical study, and biotype number using MicroScan Walk-Away® system, on day 10 after the biofield treatment. The antimicrobial sensitivity assay showed 14.28% alteration out of twenty eight tested antimicrobials with respect to the control. The cefotetan sensitivity changed from intermediate (I) to inducible β-lactamase (IB), while piperacillin/tazobactam changed from resistant to IB in the treated LS 45. Improved sensitivity was reported in tetracycline, i.e., from I to susceptible (S) in LS 45, while chloramphenicol and tetracycline sensitivity changed from R to I in treated LS 54. Four-fold decrease in MIC value was reported in piperacillin/tazobactam, and two-fold decrease in cefotetan and tetracycline in the biofield treated LS 45 as compared to the control. MIC results showed an overall decreased MIC values in 12.50% tested antimicrobials such as chloramphenicol (16 μg/mL) and tetracycline (8 μg/mL) in LS 54. The biochemical study showed an overall 45.45% negative reaction in the tested biochemical in both the treated isolates as compared to the control. A change in biotype number was reported in MDR isolates (LS 45 and LS 54), while in LS 54, altered biotype number, i.e., 0406 0374 as compared to the control (7770 4376), with identification of the new species as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia with brown color as special characteristic. The study findings suggest that Mr. Trivedi’s biofield energy treatment on clinical MDR isolates of E. aerogenes has the significant effect on altering the sensitivity of antimicrobials, decreasing the MIC values, changed biochemical reactions, and biotype number.
Metabolomics Analysis on Antifungal Activities Produced by Penicillium oxalic...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
—In-vitro antagonist tests such as disc diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were conducted against C. gloeosporioides. 1 H-NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to identify possible compounds produced. Glucose crude extract exhibited the highest percent inhibition of radial growth (PIRG) with 75% and the lowest MIC value with 78 µg mL-1. For metabolomics, different metabolites produced were clustered according to the carbon sources used and gave a representative impression of the metabolites produced by P. oxalicum T3.3. The study has shown the potential of using a combination of 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis and their correlation with MIC in differentiating the effect of carbon sources used based on the identification of possible metabolites contributing to their differences. Findings from this work may potentially provide the basis for further studies on both antimicrobial activities against plant pathogen and elucidation of the metabolite compounds produced by P. oxalicum T3.3.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after Biofield T...Mahendra Kumar Trivedi
Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial sensitivity patternof P. fluorescens. P. fluorescens cells were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the AmericanType Culture Collection (ATCC 49838) number.
Bio stimulation & Bio remediation Through Rhizosphere TechnologyVIVEK YADAV
This document discusses bio-stimulation and bioremediation through rhizosphere technology. It defines plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as bacteria that live in soil and around plant roots that promote plant growth. PGPR can increase plant growth directly through nutrient fixation, solubilization, and phytohormone production or indirectly through stimulating the plant's immune system and reducing stress. The document explores the various modes of action PGPR use to promote plant growth including altering plant hormone levels, increasing nutrient availability, and protecting against pathogens. It also examines using PGPR to remediate contaminated soils and provides examples of field studies demonstrating the effects of different PGPR on increasing the yield of crops like fenugreek
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Bioactivity screening of soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
1) Soil bacteria were isolated from three soil samples and screened for bioactivity against human pathogens.
2) A total of 36 soil bacteria isolates were obtained, of which 14 showed antibacterial activity against pathogens like S. aureus, S. feacalis, E. coli, K. aerogenes, P. vulgaris, P. aureginosa and S. typhi in preliminary screening.
3) The 3 most active isolates were grown in culture media to produce bioactive metabolites, which were extracted and found to have prominent antimicrobial effects against the test pathogens.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
wheat article samar final reprint 2014 okSamar Adel
This study investigated biochemical, histological, and molecular changes in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars inoculated with the stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Disease severity, symptoms, and electrolyte leakage were lower in resistant cultivars, while chlorophyll concentrations were higher. Resistant cultivars over-accumulated the Yr18 resistant gene and had higher reactive oxygen species and lower antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible cultivars were colonized extensively by the fungus with many hyphae and haustoria, while resistant cultivars restricted fungal growth and development.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
i) Breeding crops for resistance to insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses like drought is important to reduce yield losses and costs of control measures.
ii) Mechanisms of resistance include non-preference, antibiosis, tolerance, avoidance, and physiological or biochemical traits like hairiness, toxins, or proline accumulation.
iii) Sources of resistance come from cultivated varieties, germplasm collections, and related wild species, and screening is done under field or controlled conditions.
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rhizoremediation of Xenobiotics polluted soilVrushaliWagh5
Rhizoremediation is a technology that uses plant-microbe interactions to remove pollutants from soil. It involves using microorganisms in the rhizosphere to break down pollutants like xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to living organisms. The document discusses using rhizoremediation to clean up soil contaminated with specific xenobiotics like 2,4-D and carbofuran. It outlines the objectives, methodology, and possible outcomes of using rhizoremediation to remediate soils polluted with these compounds.
1) Tritrophic interactions involve plants defending against herbivores through direct defenses like trichomes or toxic chemicals, and indirect defenses like emitting volatile compounds to attract natural enemies of the herbivores.
2) Plant traits like trichome density, leaf size, and compactness can impact the ability of rice pests and natural enemies to search for food. Broader leaf width makes it easier for leaf folder larvae to feed and find protection.
3) Rice plants emit volatile compounds in response to damage from insects like stem borers and fall armyworms that attract natural enemies like parasitic wasps to the herbivores.
This study investigated the biochemical resistance mechanisms of Jatropha curcas against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a leaf blight and necrosis pathogen. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 Jatropha accessions before and after inoculation with the pathogen. The study found that resistant accessions activated the synthesis of defensive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and salicylic acid. They also increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible accessions showed decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased lipid peroxidation. Principal component analysis separated resistant from susceptible accessions based on their biochemical parameter profiles, indicating resistance is associated with the induction of defensive biomolecules and oxidative enzymes.
Tritrophic Interactions Mediated By Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles: Their...Mudasir msr
1) The document discusses herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and their role in tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies of herbivores.
2) Case studies show that β-glucosidase from caterpillar oral secretions can induce the production of HIPVs in cabbage plants that attract parasitic wasps. Volatiles induced from lima bean plants by different herbivores involve different hormone signaling pathways.
3) Within-plant signaling experiments demonstrate that HIPVs can be systemically transported within the same plant via air to prime indirect defenses in undamaged parts, such as increased extrafloral nectar secretion. Neighboring
This document reviews the use of neem extracts as biopesticides. It discusses how neem extracts affect only target pests, are biodegradable, increase soil fertility, and are cost effective. The document then provides an overview of different types of biopesticides including entomopathogenic fungi, viral biopesticides, bacterial biopesticides, plant-incorporated-protectants, and pheromonepesticides. It highlights how neem is one of the most widely used botanical biopesticides due to its effectiveness against over 350 pest species and discusses its pesticidal properties.
Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall ...Premier Publishers
Sea cucumbers have been known around the world for their medical benefits. In this study, unadulterated doses of crude extracts from body wall and Cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. Doses of crude body wall methanol extract (MIC, <218.75 /><218.75 /><437.50 />< 0.05) antifungal property against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared to Clotrimazole (10 μg/ml ), Fluconazole (25 μg/ml), and Ketoconazole (10 μg/ml).
in vitro screening of larvicidal and insecticidal activity of methanolic extr...IJEAB
The aim of this work was to evaluate the larvicidal and insecticidal activity of the selected plants namelyArtocarpus altilis, Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus. The leaves of Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus heterophyllus and roots of Piper betle were subjected to methanolic solvent extraction for the isolation of various bioactive constituents. The evaluation of larvicidal activity was carried out using late third instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The insecticidal activity of extracts was studied against adult Bruchus pisorum, Tribolium castaneum, Sitophilus oryzae and was evaluated by direct contact application method .Nucleic acids and protein contents are regarded as important biomarkers of the metabolic potential of cells, as these play the main role in regulating the different activities of cells. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractshad a reducing effect on the nucleic acid and protein content in the larvae in a dose dependent manner whereas Artocarpus altilis extract did not exhibit any significant larvicidal activity. Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllusextractsshowed good insecticidal activity whereas A.altilis extract showed poor insecticidal activity. The results of the present study clearly indicate that Piper betle and Artocarpus heterophyllus extracts can be developed as ecofriendly larvicides and were also quite effective as insecticides for providing a better and excellent alternate for the control of insects.
Assessment and characterization of rhizo bacteria in petroleum–polluted soil ...Alexander Decker
This study assessed and characterized rhizobacteria in petroleum-polluted soil in Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of various plants found growing in contaminated areas. The isolated bacteria included Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Micrococcus, and Pseudomonas species, all of which grew on petroleum hydrocarbons. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in bacterial counts between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, either polluted or unpolluted. The isolated rhizobacteria demonstrated potential for degrading crude oil and could be used to augment bioremediation of contaminated sites. The plants studied may also aid rhizoremediation through their symbiotic relationship with hydrocarbon-degrading rhiz
It will provide exhaustive information about basics of nanotechnology, green nanotechnology concept, nano formulations, application of nanotechnology in agriculture, use of nanogels, nanotechnology development in india
Phenotyping and Genotyping Characteristics of Serratia MarcescensGru Marckel
A study was performed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on phenotyping and genotyping characteristics of S. marcescens. Visit here for more details.
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
It gives elaborative description on Insecticide resistance, how it develops, mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects, traditional and modern approach in resistance management
This document provides procedures for conducting a 3-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD3-27) test at 27°C. It describes the necessary apparatus, which includes BOD bottles and an incubator maintained at 27±1°C. Reagents include phosphate buffer solution, magnesium sulfate solution, calcium chloride solution, ferric chloride solution, acid and alkali solutions for pH adjustment, and a fresh glucose-glutamic acid solution used as a carbon source for microorganisms. The procedure involves filling BOD bottles with diluted sample and incubating for 3 days, then measuring the dissolved oxygen concentration to determine the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms.
1. Staining techniques are used to increase visibility and provide extra information about cells and tissues in pathogen diagnosis. Stains are chemical substances that bind to specific components of cells.
2. There are different types of stains including acidic, basic, neutral, simple, differential and special stains. Simple stains use one dye while differential stains use multiple dyes to categorize cells. Special stains highlight specific structures.
3. Common staining techniques discussed are Gram staining, acid-fast staining, capsule staining, endospore staining and lactophenol cotton blue staining for fungi diagnosis and analysis. Staining aids in visualizing various cell components and classifying pathogens.
The document discusses different types of microscopes used to view very small objects. It compares light microscopes and electron microscopes. Electron microscopes use beams of electrons instead of light to form higher magnification and resolution images. There are two main types - scanning electron microscopes, which view surface features, and transmission electron microscopes, which can view inside thin specimens at up to 500,000x magnification. Electron microscopes require specimens to be prepared differently and have more complex components than light microscopes to generate and control the electron beam.
Degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim from Aqueous Solutions using Selec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Together with pharmaceutical residues, personal care products encompassing prescription drugs, fragrances, and cosmetics have been detected in groundwater and other aquatic environments, hence compromising the quality of water. Their classification as micropollutants is due to their antibacterial resistance potential, persistence, and ecotoxicity. Biodegradation has been identified as a potential mechanism in their removal. The focus of this study focus was bioaugmentation; (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) to enhance the degradation of Nevirapine and Trimethoprim in model aqueous solutions. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS) was used to determine the pharmaceuticals. The efficacy of the bacterial strains to degrade selected drugs was evaluated by making the two drugs the sole source of energy and carbon. From the experimental data, the highest percentage biodegradation was recorded; Pseudomonas aeroginosa (86 %) and Staphylococcus aureus (79 %) for TMP and NVP respectively.
Testing the ability against Bacillus cereus of actinobacteria strains isolate...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study aimed to test the antibacterial activity of Bacillus cereus of actinobacterial isolates isolated from marine sponges in the Kien Giang Sea, Vietnam. That can select the strains with high resistance to identify them. There were 198 actinobacterial isolates tested. Based on the ability of antimicrobial activity to B. cereus, 82/198 had the against B. cereus, in which there were six isolates with high (7.3%), 52 medium (25.6%), and 21 weak resistance (67.1%). Selection of six isolates with the best resistance to B. cereus (ND1.7a, ND2.7c, HD1-3e, HD1-6a, HD2.3b, and H6b) identified by PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results identified five strains of Streptomyces (Streptomyces tateyamensis ND1.7a, Streptomyces althioticus HD1.3e, Streptomyces flaveolus HD1.6a, Streptomyces olivaceus HD2.3d, and Streptomyces albidoflavus H6b) and one strain of genus Microbacterium (Microbacterium tumbae ND2.7c).
wheat article samar final reprint 2014 okSamar Adel
This study investigated biochemical, histological, and molecular changes in susceptible and resistant wheat cultivars inoculated with the stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Disease severity, symptoms, and electrolyte leakage were lower in resistant cultivars, while chlorophyll concentrations were higher. Resistant cultivars over-accumulated the Yr18 resistant gene and had higher reactive oxygen species and lower antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible cultivars were colonized extensively by the fungus with many hyphae and haustoria, while resistant cultivars restricted fungal growth and development.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
i) Breeding crops for resistance to insects, diseases, and abiotic stresses like drought is important to reduce yield losses and costs of control measures.
ii) Mechanisms of resistance include non-preference, antibiosis, tolerance, avoidance, and physiological or biochemical traits like hairiness, toxins, or proline accumulation.
iii) Sources of resistance come from cultivated varieties, germplasm collections, and related wild species, and screening is done under field or controlled conditions.
Comparative study on screening methods of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) producing...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Rhizoremediation of Xenobiotics polluted soilVrushaliWagh5
Rhizoremediation is a technology that uses plant-microbe interactions to remove pollutants from soil. It involves using microorganisms in the rhizosphere to break down pollutants like xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to living organisms. The document discusses using rhizoremediation to clean up soil contaminated with specific xenobiotics like 2,4-D and carbofuran. It outlines the objectives, methodology, and possible outcomes of using rhizoremediation to remediate soils polluted with these compounds.
1) Tritrophic interactions involve plants defending against herbivores through direct defenses like trichomes or toxic chemicals, and indirect defenses like emitting volatile compounds to attract natural enemies of the herbivores.
2) Plant traits like trichome density, leaf size, and compactness can impact the ability of rice pests and natural enemies to search for food. Broader leaf width makes it easier for leaf folder larvae to feed and find protection.
3) Rice plants emit volatile compounds in response to damage from insects like stem borers and fall armyworms that attract natural enemies like parasitic wasps to the herbivores.
This study investigated the biochemical resistance mechanisms of Jatropha curcas against Lasiodiplodia theobramae, a leaf blight and necrosis pathogen. Biochemical parameters were evaluated in 8 Jatropha accessions before and after inoculation with the pathogen. The study found that resistant accessions activated the synthesis of defensive compounds like phenolics, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, and salicylic acid. They also increased antioxidant enzyme activities. Susceptible accessions showed decreased photosynthetic pigments and increased lipid peroxidation. Principal component analysis separated resistant from susceptible accessions based on their biochemical parameter profiles, indicating resistance is associated with the induction of defensive biomolecules and oxidative enzymes.
Tritrophic Interactions Mediated By Herbivore Induced Plant Volatiles: Their...Mudasir msr
1) The document discusses herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) and their role in tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and natural enemies of herbivores.
2) Case studies show that β-glucosidase from caterpillar oral secretions can induce the production of HIPVs in cabbage plants that attract parasitic wasps. Volatiles induced from lima bean plants by different herbivores involve different hormone signaling pathways.
3) Within-plant signaling experiments demonstrate that HIPVs can be systemically transported within the same plant via air to prime indirect defenses in undamaged parts, such as increased extrafloral nectar secretion. Neighboring
This document reviews the use of neem extracts as biopesticides. It discusses how neem extracts affect only target pests, are biodegradable, increase soil fertility, and are cost effective. The document then provides an overview of different types of biopesticides including entomopathogenic fungi, viral biopesticides, bacterial biopesticides, plant-incorporated-protectants, and pheromonepesticides. It highlights how neem is one of the most widely used botanical biopesticides due to its effectiveness against over 350 pest species and discusses its pesticidal properties.
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1. Detailed Literature Review
On
“Comprehensive Studies on Isolation and Biochemical & Microbial
Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorganisms from Soil
Samples of Certain Industrial Areas”.
Submitted
To
IFTM University Moradabad, Lodhipur – Rajput, Delhi Road
Moradabad (U.P)
For
Registration of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbial Biotechnology
By
Mr. Atul Pratap Singh (M.Sc, M.Phil)
Department of Microbiology
Dolphin (P.G) Institute of Biomedical and natural sciences, Dheradhun
(H.N.B Garhwhal University, Shrinagar – Uttarakhand)
Under Guidance of
Dr. Sanjay Mishra
Professor, School of Biotechnology, IFTM University,
Lodhipur – Rajput, Delhi Road
12/12/2012 Moradabad (U.P)
2. 1. Proposal of Research Work:
Area/Specialization of the Research Work:
Microbial Biotechnology.
A study on “Comprehensive Studies on Isolation,
Biochemical Characterization and Microbial Characterization of
Antibiotic Producing Microorganisms from Soil Samples of
Certain Industrial Areas”.
The entire study will be divided in appropriate aims and
objectives likely to be initiated, propagate and conclude the entire
work in the due course of time.
12/12/2012
3. 2. Literature Review Of
Research Work
In the present Research Study, a soil bacterium with the antibiotic activity
is screened studied for morphological as well as
Biochemical characteristics which can provide valuable information about
the Antibiotic producers microbial strain.
As industrialization expands, petroleum hydrocarbons become a greater
potential source of contaminants in the soil and water environments,
According to (Duraipandiyan V., Sasi A.H., IslamV.I.H., Valanarasu M. and
Ignacimuthu S. (2010) J Mycologie Médicale, 20 (1), 15-20).
The density of living organisms in soil is very high i.e. as much as billions /
gm of soil, usually density of organisms is less in cultivated soil than
uncultivated / virgin land and population decreases with soil acidity.
12/12/2012
4. Top soil, the surface layer contains greater number of
microorganisms because it is well supplied with Oxygen and
nutrients. Lower layer is depleted with Oxygen and nutrients
hence it contains fewer organisms.
According to Ramadan M.F, Asker M.M.S, Ibrahim Z.K
(2008). Functional bioactive compounds & biological activities
of Spirulina platensis lipids, Czech. J. Food. Sci, 26: 211-222.
To remediate oil terminals contaminants in these
environments, biostimulation and bioaugmentation are
generally considered as techniques by, (Chang and Lin 2006).
12/12/2012
5. Biostimulation is a technique that relies on increasing the
activity of the resident bacteria by adding the factors that are
limiting activity, such as nutrients or air.
Biostimulation technique is first used up by (Oskay M., Tamer
A.U. and Azeri C. (2004) African J Biotechnol, 3 (9), 441- 446).
The medium used to estimate the population density of
phosphate solubilizers show a clear zone around the colonies
indicating phosphate solubilization. According to (Alanis A.J.
(2005) Archives Med Res, 36, 697-705).
12/12/2012
6. 3. Antimicrobial Agents
Antimicrobial agents are natural or synthetic chemical
substances which have the capacity of inhibiting or
terminating total metabolic cell activity.
The major class of antibacterial agents are the class I. Beta-
lactams (including penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams,
carbapenems), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides,
macrolides (such as erythromycin), quinones and
glycopeptides (vancomycin). According to Butler M.S. and
Buss A.D. (2006) Biochem Pharmacol, 71, 919-929.
12/12/2012
7. These secondary metabolites Penicillin's and
cephalosporin's can affect many metabolic reactions in a
cell in order to render effect.
According to (Newman D.J. and Cragg G.M. (2007) J
Nat Prod, 70, 461-477.) Penicillins and cephalosporins
mode of action is the biosynthesis of the
peptidoglycan present in the bacterial cell wall. They affect
specifically the transpeptidase that forms the peptide cross-
linking.
12/12/2012
8. class II. Antimicrobials, known as 6-Aniniluracil, inhibits
DNA polymerase.
class III. of antimicrobials like tetracyclines,
chloramphenicol and macrolides inhibit protein synthesis.
According to ( Saadoun I. and Gharaibeh R. (2003) J
Arid Environ, 53, 365-371). (Baltz R.H. (2007) Microbe,
2,125-131). Both, gram-positive and gram-negative
microorganisms, posses these proteins and other
antimicrobials, such as the quinolones, noviobioci, inhibit
DNA replication.
12/12/2012
9. Over 5,000 antibiotics have been identified from the cultures of
Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and filamentous
fungi, but only about 100 antibiotics have been commercially
used to treat human, animal and plant diseases.
Fungal strains and streptomyces members are extensively used
in industrial antibiotic production. Bacteria are easy to isolate,
culture, maintain and to improve their strains.
Bacillus species being the predominant soil bacteria because of
their resistant endospore formation and production of vital
antibiotics like bacitracin etc, are always found inhibiting the
growth of the other organisms.
12/12/2012
10. According to (Hube A.E, B.H. Soller and U. Fischer 2009)
Phylogenetic classification of heterotrophic bacteria associated with
filamentous marine cyanobacterial in culture, Systematic and
Applied Microbiology, 32: 256-265. Enhancement in the antibiotic
production is studied under various parameters like temperature, pH,
carbon source concentration, and Sodium nitrate concentration,
which may help in the industrial production.
Though a large list of antibiotics are commercially available, and
this work may provide some potential information on the antibiotic
production and the control of microbial strains.
12/12/2012
11. According to Kumar N, Singh RK, Mishra SK, Singh AK.
Isolation and screening of soil Actinomycetes as source of
antibiotics active against bacteria. International Journal of
Microbiology Research 2010; 2: 12-18.
The genus, Streptomycete, is responsible for the formation of
more than 60 % of known antibiotics from the soil. while a
further 15 % are made by a number of related Actinomycetes spp,
Micromonospora, Actinomadura, Streptoverticillium and
Thermoactinomycetes Antibiotics, because of their industrial
importance, are the best known products of actinomycetes.
12/12/2012
12. 4. Soil Microbial Interactions
According to (Brun YV, Skimkets LJ. Prokaryotic
development.ASM Press, 2000; 11-31).
Competition is an interaction encountered in all habitats
since the organism’s present need to do so in order to survive”.
According to (Pandey B., Ghimire P. and Agrawal V.P.
(2004) International Conference on the Great Himalayas):
Climate, Health, Ecology, Management and Conservation.
Besides providing these nutrients, plant secondary metabolites
that are generally toxic to microorganisms will need to be
degraded or detoxified by certain microbes.
12/12/2012
13. 5. Soil Antimicrobial Agent Producing Microbes:
Pandey et al.(2009), states that the top cultivable
antimicrobial agent producers present in soils are the
Actinomycetes.
About 10% - 33% of the total bacterial community
present in soil is comprised by these bacteria, being the
genera Streptomyces and Nocardia the most abundant
Actinomycetes found in soil. clinical importance like, for
example, amphotericin, erythromycin, streptomycin,
tetracycline, and rifamycin etc.
12/12/2012
14. Another group of gram-positive bacteria present in soil and
responsible for the production of antimicrobial agents For
example, B. subtilis can produce non ribosomal oligopeptides
with antifungal and antimicrobial properties such as surfactins,
inturinics and bacilysin.
(Thajuddin. N & G. Subramanian 2005,) Cyanobacterial
biodiversity & potential applications in biotechnology, Current
Science, 89(1): 47-57. States that Cyanobacteria are known to be
colonized by various heterotrophic bacteria.
12/12/2012
15. Nowadays, the drug resistant strains of pathogen emerge
more quickly than the rate of discovery of new drugs and
antibiotics. Because of this, many pharmaceutical industry have
actively involved in isolation and screening of actinomycetes
from different untouched habitats, for their production of
antibiotics. States by (Duraipandiyan V., Sasi A.H., IslamV.I.H.,
Valanarasu M. and Ignacimuthu S. (2010) J) Mycologie
Médicale, 20 (1), 15-20.
According to him Staphylococcus aureus, for instance, a
virulent pathogen that is responsible for a wide range of
infections, has developed resistance to most classes of
12/12/2012
antibiotics in soil.
16. In my research study to getting some actinomycetes
strains that produce antibiotics that have not been
discovered yet and active against drug resistant
pathogens.
So we need to screen more and more actinomycetes
from different habitats for antimicrobial activity.
12/12/2012
17. 6. Components of Media
Macronutrients (C, N, P, K).
Micronutrients (Fe, Mg, Ca, Na).
Vitamins
12/12/2012
18. 7. Types of Microbiological Media
Chemically defined media
• The exact chemical composition is known
Complex (undefined) media
• The exact chemical composition is not
known
• Often consist of plant or animal extracts,
such as soybean meal, milk protein, etc.
12/12/2012
19. 8. Methods for Determining Microbial Biomass
and Activity (1)
Field Samples
Profile or Depth Basis
Plant Association
Composite samples Replicate samples
Transportation, Mixing,
Grinding, Subsampling,
Dilution
12/12/2012
20. 9. Soil Sampling
Developing a Sampling Plan
What sampling strategy (ex: random vs zone
vs grid) should I use?
What depths should I sample?
How many samples should I collect?
12/12/2012
21. 10. Sampling Strategies
Random Zone Grid
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
Figure 1. (A) Aerial photograph (w/ random sampling), (B) Management
zones, and (C) Field grids .
Advantages or disadvantages of each?
12/12/2012
22. 11. How to Collect Soil
Sample depth
– plowed fields
6 inches to
plow depth
– no-till or pastures
4 inches deep
Composite cores, mix well.
Fill a 1-pint soil test bag,
clearly labeled with the
field identification.
12/12/2012
24. 12. Identification and Pure Culture of
Streptomyces Materials
In nature microbial cultures are mixed.
Identification relies upon isolating individual colonies.
Testing requires pure cultures.
As a result isolation technique provides an essential
microbiological tool.
12/12/2012
25. Too much or too little… Ideal volume
12/12/2012
26. Cultural Studies in Determining Microbial Biomass
and Activity
Count and Identify Culturable Organisms,
Nutrient Analyses
Characteristics or Biomass of Cultural Organisms
or ATP, etc. of Soil Samples
Organisms Activity and Biomass in the
12/12/2012 Laboratory or in Nature
27. Microscopic Studies in Determining Microbial
Biomass and Activity
Light and Electron Microscope, Electron Probe,
Autoradiography
Morphology and Biovolume of Bacteria,
Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, etc.
Organisms Activity and Biomass in the
12/12/2012 Laboratory or in Nature
28. Process Studies (Chemical Analyses) in
Determining Microbial Biomass and Activity
Activity Measurements, CO2, NO3-, Nutrient Turnover
Rates, Enzyme Studies
Metabolic Activity of Sample
Organisms Activity and Biomass in the
Laboratory or in Nature
12/12/2012
31. 14. Plate Count
Inoculate Petri
plates from serial
dilutions
12/12/2012
32. 15. Pour Plate
After incubation, count colonies on plates that
have 25-250 colonies (CFUs)
12/12/2012
33. 16. Most Probable Number (MPN) Method
Multiple
tube MPN
test
Count
positive
tubes and
compare to
statistical
MPN table.
12/12/2012
34. 17. Soil Experiment
Sensitivity/Inhibition Testing
Blood Agar Plate Testing
Total Hemolysis
Oxidase Test
(Gram neg. rods): Oxidase positive
Catalase Test
Catalase positive
Triple Sugar Iron Test
12/12/2012
35. 18.Biochemical Analyses
Nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, pH, and humus
levels for the soil were assessed semi-quantitatively
using commercially – obtained test kits (Luster TM
Rapitest TM soil Kit).
19. Biostatistical Analyses
Bivariate correction statistics using the person
coefficient were performed. Comparison statistics of
the distribution of narrow and broad – spectrum
antibiotic producers relative to other microflora, and
coastal versus inland microflora, were made using.
12/12/2012
36. 20. Impact of Proposed Research in
Academic/Industry:
The successful execution of the proposed studies may lead to the
first specific biochemical and biotechnological/Microbiological
hypothesis of “Bioremediation”.
21.Major Inputs (Infrastructure for Research Work):
Necessary infrastructure facilities are available under the umbrella
of School of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P.,
and shall be provided to the candidate with adequate facilities for
carrying out the major experimental part of the work embodies in
the proposed synopsis herein. Besides, if required, the candidate
may use Dolphin P.G. Institute of Biomedical and Natural
Sciences, Dehradoon, Uttarakhand which already exists in
collaboration of School of Biotechnology, IFTM University,
Moradabad, U.P. An excellent library and round the clock internet
facilities are available at IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P. that
can be used by the candidate while working on the proposed
12/12/2012
research plan for his doctoral degree.
37. 22. References and Sources
[1] Margesin and Schinner (2001)
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Detailed SynopsisOn Comprehensive Studies on Isolation and Biochemical & Microbial Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorganisms from Soil Samples of Industrial Area of Moradabad and its Vicinity Submitted To IFTM UniversityMoradabad, U.P., India ForRegistration of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology By Mr. Atul Pratap Singh (M.Sc, M.Phil)Department of Microbiology Dolphin (P.G) Institute of Biomedical and natural sciences, Dheradhun (H.N.B Garhwhal University, Shrinagar – Uttarakhand) Under Guidance of Dr. Sanjay MishraProfessor, School of Biotechnology, IFTM University,Lodhipur – Rajput, Delhi Road Moradabad (U.P)Detailed SynopsisOn Comprehensive Studies on Isolation and Biochemical & Microbial Characterization of Antibiotic Producing Microorganisms from Soil Samples of Industrial Area of Moradabad and its Vicinity Submitted To IFTM UniversityMoradabad, U.P., India ForRegistration of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Microbiology By Mr. Atul Pratap Singh (M.Sc, M.Phil)Department of Microbiology Dolphin (P.G) Institute of Biomedical and natural sciences, Dheradhun (H.N.B Garhwhal University, Shrinagar – Uttarakhand) Under Guidance of Dr. Sanjay MishraProfessor, School of Biotechnology, IFTM University,Lodhipur – Rajput, Delhi Road Moradabad (U.P)