1. The document discusses the morphology of aorist active participles in Greek, including the diagnostic features used to identify them. 2. For masculine/neuter forms, the tense marker σα indicates aorist and the active participle morpheme ντ marks active voice. Feminine forms instead use the morpheme σα. 3. Personal endings are used to identify case, number, and gender according to the declension. First declension is used for feminine participles and third declension for masculine/neuter.

1. Morphology
AORIST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES

2. Morphology
We are working with a diagnostic approach toward
identifying verbs. For aorist active participles, the key
diagnostics are:
1. σα marks the aorist tense.
2. ντ marks the active masculine or neuter.
3. σα marks the active feminine.
4. 3-1-3 pattern personal endings.

3. Aorist Active Masculine

4. Aorist Active Masculine
The masculine and neuter forms of the aorist active
participle take third-declension personal endings.
The masculine and neuter active participle morpheme
is ντ. This is the marker of an active participle.

5. AAP-NMS
λυσας
λυ + σα + ντ + ς
λυ + σα + – + ς
λυ + σα + ς
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
would mark (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter. It drops out
when σ is added: ντς → ς.
3. The personal ending ς marks it
as NS.

6. AAP-GMS
λυσαντος
λυ + σα + ντ + ος
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ος marks it
as GS.

7. AAP-DMS
λυσαντι
λυ + σα + ντ + ι
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ι marks it
as DS.

8. AAP-AMS
λυσαντα
λυ + σα + ντ + α
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending α marks it
as AMS (or NNP/ANP).

9. AAP-NMP
λυσαντες
λυ + σα + ντ + ες
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ες marks it
as NMP (the neuter ending
would be α).

10. AAP-GMP
λυσαντων
λυ + σα + ντ + ων
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ων marks it
as GP.

11. AAP-DMP
λυσασι(ν)
λυ + σα + ντ + σι(ν)
λυ + σα + – + σι(ν)
λυ + σα + σι(ν)
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ has
dropped out because of the
addition of a personal ending
starting with sigma.
3. The personal ending σι(ν) marks
it as DP.

12. AAP-AMP
λυσαντας
λυ + σα + ντ + ας
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks (a) active and (b)
masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending ας marks it
as AMP (the neuter ending
would be α).

13. Aorist Active Neuter

14. Aorist Active Neuter
The neuter participle is similar to the masculine. It
takes the third-declension personal endings and the
active participle morpheme ντ.
In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter
forms are identical. The nominative and accusative
forms are different.

15. AAP-NNS and ANS
λασαν
λυ + σα + ντ + –
λυ + σα + ν + –
λυ + σα + ν
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
would mark it as an active masc.
or neut. participle.
3. The personal ending – marks it
as NNS and ANS.
4. Since there is no personal
ending, the τ of ντ drops out.

16. AAP-NNP and ANP
λασαντα
λυ + σα + ντ + α
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The participle morpheme ντ
marks it as masculine or neuter.
3. The personal ending α marks it
as NNP or ANP (or AMS).

17. Aorist Active Feminine

18. Aorist Active Feminine
The feminine forms of the aorist active participle take
first-declension personal endings, exactly like δοξα.
The ordinary active participle morpheme, ντ, is
modified in the feminine forms by the addition of ια.
Technically, the feminine active participle morpheme is
«ντια», but internal vowel changes result in it becoming
σα.

19. Advanced and Technical
The feminine participles add ια to the participle morpheme ντ, so
the feminine morpheme becomes «ντια». This undergoes changes.
First, τι → σ, which results in «νσα». Second, the ν drops out when
followed by σ, which results in «σα». In other words, this happens:
ντια → νσα → σα
Thus for the aorist active participle, the participle morpheme can
simply be learned as σα, which is closely related to the normal ντ
morpheme.

20. AAP-NFS
λυσασα
λυ + σα + σα + –
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as fem.
and active.
3. The personal ending – marks it
as NS.

21. AAP-GFS
λυσασης
λυ + σα + σα + ς
λυ + σα + ση + ς
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as
feminine. σα → ση as is typical of
the first declension GS and DS.
3. The personal ending ς marks it
as GS.

22. AAP-DFS
λυσασῃ
λυ + σα + σα + ι
λυ + σα + ση + ι
λυ + σα + σῃ
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as
feminine. σα → ση as is typical of
the first declension GS and DS.
3. The personal ending ι (subscript)
marks it as DS.

23. AAP-DFS
λυσασαν
λυ + σα + σα + ν
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as
feminine.
3. The personal ending ν marks it
as AS.

24. AAP-NFP
λυσασαι
λυ + σα + σα + ι
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as fem.
and active.
3. The personal ending ι marks it
as NP.

25. AAP-GFP
λυσασων
λυ + σα + σα + ων
αω → ω
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα is partially
obscured because αων contracts
to ων.
3. The personal ending ων marks it
as GP.

26. AAP-DFP
λυσασαις
λυ + σα + σα + ις
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as fem.
active.
3. The personal ending ις marks it
as DP.

27. AAP-AFP
λυσασας
λυ + σα + σα + ς
Diagnostics
1. The tense formative σα marks it
as aorist.
2. The feminine participle
morpheme σα marks it as fem.
active.
3. The personal ending ς marks it
as AP.

28. The End