Mounce, Translation Exercise 23

Translation Exercise 23
QUESTIONS 1-20

Key to Colour Coding
In Greek nouns and nominals, the
stem vowel or consonant is shown
in red and the case ending in blue.
Stems ending in α / η are first
declension, in ο / ω second
declension, and in consonants third
declension.
In Greek verbs, the tense
formatives and diagnostics are
shown in red, the connecting
vowels in green, and the personal
endings in blue. The moveable nu
is not colour coded.

Question 1
ἐπίστευσα,
διὸ ἐλάλησα,
καὶ ἡμεῖς πιστεύομεν,
διὸ καὶ λαλοῦμεν.
ἐπίστευσα, AAI-1S from πιστεύω, “I
believe.”
 TS: «πιστευ»
 AU: ε
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: –

Question 1
ἐλάλησα, AAI-1S from λαλέω, “I
speak.”
 TS: «λαλε»
 AU: ε
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: –
The contract vowel ε is lengthened το η before the tense formative σα. The stem vowel of a
contract verb always lengthens when a tense formative is added, and we shall not point it out
each time.

Question 1
πιστεύομεν, PAI-1P from πιστεύω, “I
believe.”
 πιστευ + ο + μεν
λαλοῦμεν, PAI-1P from λαλέω, “I
speak.”
 λαλε + ο + μεν
 εο → ου

Question 1
I believed,
therefore I spoke,
and we believe,
therefore we also speak.

Question 2
ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι,
αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς
ἐν πνεύματι ἁγίῳ.
ἐβάπτισα, AAI-1S from βαπτίζω, “I
baptise.”
 TS: «βαπτιδ»
 AU: ε
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: –

Question 2
βαπτίσει, FAI-3S from βαπτίζω, “I
baptise.”
 TS: «βαπτιδ»
 AU: none
 TF: σ
 CV: ε
 PE: ι

Question 2
I baptised you in water,
but he will baptise you
in the Holy Spirit.

Question 3
καθὼς ἐμὲ ἀπέστειλας
εἰς τὸν κόσμον,
κἀγὼ ἀπέστειλα αὐτοὺς
εἰς τὸν κόσμον.
ἀπέστειλας is a liquid aorist, so the
tense formative is just α, not σα.
ἀπέστειλας, AAI-2S from
ἀποστέλλω, “I send.”
 TS: «αποστειλ»
 AU: ε
 TF: α
 CV: none
 PE: ς

Question 3
ἀπέστειλα is a liquid aorist, so the
tense formative is just α, not σα.
ἀπέστειλα, AAI-1S from ἀποστέλλω,
“I send.”
 TS: «αποστειλ»
 AU: ε
 TF: α
 CV: none
 PE: –

Question 3
Just as you sent me
into the world,
I also sent them
into the world.

Question 4
Ἤκουσεν Ἰησοῦς ὅτι
ἐξέβαλον αὐτὸν ἔξω καὶ
εὑρὼν αὐτὸν
εἶπεν·
σὺ πιστεύεις
εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου;
Ἤκουσεν, AAI-3S from ἀκούω, “I
hear.”
 TS: «ακου»
 AU: ε → η
 TF: σε
 CV: none
 PE: –(ν)

Question 4
εἶπεν·
ἐξέβαλον, AAI-3P from ἐκβάλλω, “I
cast out.”
 TS: «εκβαλ»
 AU: ε
 TF: none
 CV: ο
 PE: ν

Question 4
εἶπεν·
εἶπεν is AAI-3S, “he said.”
 ε + ϝιπ + ε + –(ν)
πιστεύεις is PAI-2S, “you believe.”
 πιστευ + ε + (ι)ς

Question 4
εἶπεν·
Jesus heard that
they had cast him out and,
after finding him,
he said,
“Do you believe
in the Son of Man?”

Question 5
λέγει αὐτοῖς ὅτι
ἦραν τὸν κύριόν μου,
καὶ οὐκ οἶδα ποῦ
ἔθηκαν αὐτόν.
ἦραν is a liquid aorist, so the tense
formative is α, not σα.
ἦραν, AAI-3P from αἴρω, “I take.”
 TS: «αρ»
 AU: α → η
 TF: α
 CV: –
 PE: ν

Question 5
λέγει is PAI-3S, “she says.” The
formation is λεγ + ε + ι.
οἶδα is RAI-1S, “I know.”
ἔθηκαν is AAI-3P, “they put.” It is a
kappa aorist, using the tense stem
κα. The formation is ε + θε + κα + ν.

Question 5
She said to them,
“They took my Lord,
and I do not know where
they laid him.”
λέγει in this sentence functions as a
historical present; it is a present tense that
functions like a past tense.

Question 6
καὶ ἀπῆλθεν
καὶ ἤρξατο κηρύσσειν
ἐν τῇ Δεκαπόλει
ὅσα ἐποίησεν αὐτῷ ὁ Ἰησοῦς.
ἀπῆλθεν, AAI-3S from ἀπέρχομαι, “I
depart.”
 TS: «απ-ελθ»
 AU: ε → η
 TF: none
 CV: ε
 PE: –(ν)

Question 6
The stem ends in a velar (χ), so
velar + σα → ξα.
ἤρξατο, AMI-3S from ἄρχω, “I begin,
I rule.”
 TS: «αρχ»
 AU: α → η
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: το

Question 6
The aorist tense formative σα
changes to σε in the active 3S.
ἐποίησεν, AAI-3S from ποιεω, “I do,
I make.”
 TS: «ποιε»
 AU: ε
 TF: σε
 CV: none
 PE: –(ν)

Question 6
And he departed
and he began to preach
in the Decapolis
how much Jesus did for him.

Question 7
λέγει αὐτοῖς·
ἔρχεσθε (come!) καὶ ὄψεσθε.
ἦλθαν οὖν καὶ εἶδαν
ποῦ μένει
καὶ παρʼ αὐτῷ ἔμειναν
τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην.
λέγει, PAI-3S from λεγω: λεγ + ε + ι,
“he/she/it says.”
ἔρχεσθε, PMV-2P from ερχομαι: ερχ
+ ε + σθε. In form, it is identical to
the 2P indicative.
μένει, PAI-3S from μενω: μεν + ε + ι,
“he/she/it remains/abides.”

Question 7
ποῦ μένει
ὄψεσθε, FMI-2P from ὁραω, “I see.”
 TS: «οπ»
 AU: none
 TF: σ (π + σ → ψ)
 CV: ε
 PE: σθε

Question 7
ποῦ μένει
ἦλθαν is AAI-3P from «ελθ» and
εἶδαν is AAI-3P from «ϝιδ». They are
both second aorists, but here they
merge second aorist stems with the
distinctive α of first aorist forms. This
happens occasionally with second
aorists in the New Testament.

Question 7
ποῦ μένει
ἔμειναν is a liquid aorist, so the TF is
just α, not σα.
ἔμειναν, AAI-3P from μένω, “I
remain, I abide.”
 TS: «μειν»
 AU: ε
 TF: α
 CV: none
 PE: ν

Question 7
ποῦ μένει
He said to them,
“Come and you will see.”
Therefore, they came and saw
where he was staying,
and they stayed with him
that day.
λέγει in this sentence functions as a
historical present; it is a present tense that
functions like a past tense.

Question 8
Ταῦτα ἔγραψα ὑμῖν
ἵνα εἰδῆτε
ὅτι ζωὴν ἔχετε αἰώνιον,
τοῖς πιστεύουσιν
εἰς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ.
ἔγραψα, AAI-1S from γράφω, “I
write.”
 TS: «γραπ»
 AU: ε
 TF: σα (π + σα → ψα)
 CV: none
 PE: –

Question 8
εἰδῆτε is RAS-2P from the root
«ϝιδ», meaning “you may know.”
ἔχετε is PAI-2P from ἔχω, meaning
“you have.”
πιστεύουσιν looks like a PAI-3P, but it is
actually a participle in this sentence. You
will learn them in chapters 26-30.

Question 8
I wrote these things to you
in order that you might know
that you have eternal life,
to those who believe
in the name of the Son of God.

Question 9
Καὶ συνάγονται οἱ ἀπόστολοι
πρὸς τὸν Ἰησοῦν
καὶ ἀπήγγειλαν αὐτῷ πάντα
ὅσα ἐποίησαν
καὶ ὅσα ἐδίδαξαν.
ἀπήγγειλαν, AAI-3P from
ἀπαγγέλλω, “I send.”
 TS: «απ-αγγειλ»
 AU: α → η
 TF: α (liquid verb)
 CV: none
 PE: ν

Question 9
ἐποίησαν, AAI-3P from ποιέω, “I do,
I make.”
 AU: ε
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: ν

Question 9
ἐδίδαξαν, AAI-3P from διδασκω, “I
teach.”
 TS: «διδακ»
 AU: ε
 TF: σα (κ + σα → ξα)
 CV: none
 PE: ν

Question 9
συνάγονται is PMI-3P from συνάγω,
meaning “they gathered.” The
formation is συν-αγ + ο + νται.

Question 9
And the apostles gathered
with [lit. to] Jesus,
and they reported to him all things
how much they did
and how much they taught.

Question 10a
πολλοὶ ἐροῦσίν μοι
ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ·
κύριε κύριε,
οὐ τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι ἐπροφητεύσαμεν,
καὶ τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι δαιμόνια
ἐξεβάλομεν,
καὶ τῷ σῷ ὀνόματι δυνάμεις πολλὰς
ἐποιήσαμεν;
ἐροῦσίν, FAI-3P from λέγω, “I say.”
 TS: «ερ»
 AU: none
 TF: εσ (liquid verb)
 CV: ο (εσο → ου)
 PE: νσι(ν)
Intervocalic sigma in εσο drops out, and εο
contracts to ου.

Question 10a
ἐπροφητεύσαμεν, AAI-1P from
προφητεύω, “I prophesy.”
 TS: «προφητευ»
 AU: ε
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: μεν

Question 10a
ἐξεβάλομεν, AAI-1P from ἐκβάλλω,
“I cast out.”
 TS: «εκ-βαλ»
 AU: ε
 TF: none
 CV: ο
 PE: μεν

Question 10a
ἐποιήσαμεν, AAI-1P from ποιέω, “I
do, I make.”
 AU: ε
 TF: σα
 CV: none
 PE: μεν

Question 10a
Many will say to me
on that day,
“Lord, Lord,
did we not prophesy in your name,
and did we not cast out demons in
your name,
and did we not do many miracles in
your name?”

Question 10b
καὶ τότε ὁμολογήσω αὐτοῖς ὅτι
οὐδέποτε ἔγνων ὑμᾶς.
ὁμολογήσω, FAI-1S from ὁμολογέω,
“I say, I confess.”
 TS: «ομολογε»
 AU: none
 TF: σ
 CV: none
 PE: –

Question 10b
Another possible explanation is that γνω
takes ordinary connective vowels, which
contract with ω, always resulting in ω. Thus
ε + γνω + ο + ν.
ἔγνων, AAI-1S from γινώσκω, “I
know.”
 TS: «γνω»
 AU: ε
 TF: none
 CV: none
 PE: ν

Question 10b
And then I will say to them, [lit. that]
“I never knew you.”

Questions 11-20
You should have the idea by now. For the remaining
questions, we shall be less complete in providing the
morphological breakdown, but we will explain the
formation of the verbs using an easy-to-follow system.

Question 11
οἱ πονηροὶ
ἑπτὰ ἀνδρὰς καὶ μίαν γυναῖκα
ἀπέκτειναν,
ὁ δὲ λαὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἔμενεν
ὅτι ἐκεῖ ἤκουσαν
τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ζωῆς.
ἀπέκτειναν (AAI-3P) is a liquid verb,
formed from «απο-κτειν». The TF is
α instead of σα.
ἔμενεν (IAI-3S) from μενω: ε + μεν +
ε + –(ν).
ἤκουσαν (AAI-3P) from the root
«ακου». (α>η) ακου + σα + ν, “they
heard.”

Question 11
οἱ πονηροὶ
ἑπτὰ ἀνδρὰς καὶ μίαν γυναῖκα
ἀπέκτειναν,
ὁ δὲ λαὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ ἔμενεν
ὅτι ἐκεῖ ἤκουσαν
τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς ζωῆς.
The evil [men]
seven men and one woman
they killed
but the people of God
were remaining in the church
because there they heard
the gospel of life.

Question 12
ὁ γὰρ Πέτρος ἔγραψε
τοῖς ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ ὅτι
δυνάμεις πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας ποιεῖ
ἐν τῷ ἁγίῳ πνεύματι·
δόξα τῷ θεῷ.
ἔγραψε (AAI-3S) from γραφω: ε +
γραπ + σε + –. Remember: π + σ →
ψ.
ποιεῖ (PAI-3S) from ποιεω: ποιε + ε
+ ι. Contraction happens right to left,
so ποιε+ει → ποιει.

Question 12
ὁ γὰρ Πέτρος ἔγραψε
τοῖς ἐν Ἰερουσαλὴμ ὅτι
δυνάμεις πολλὰς καὶ μεγάλας ποιεῖ
ἐν τῷ ἁγίῳ πνεύματι·
δόξα τῷ θεῷ.
For Peter wrote
to [those] in Jerusalem that he is
doing many [and] great miracles
in the Holy Spirit.
Glory [be] to God.

Question 13
καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτὸν
ἕνα τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ
καὶ ἐδόξασεν αὐτὸν
δόξῃ μεγάλῃ.
ἐποίησεν, from ε + ποιε + σε + –(ν),
is AAI-3S. The contract vowel
lengthens before the TF.
ἐδόξασεν is from δοξάζω, “I glorify.”
The root is «δοξαδ». Now δ + σ = σ,
so ε + δοξαδ + σε + –(ν) is the
formation. It is AAI-3S, “he glorified.”

Question 13
καὶ ἐποίησεν αὐτὸν
ἕνα τῶν φίλων αὐτοῦ
καὶ ἐδόξασεν αὐτὸν
δόξῃ μεγάλῃ.
And he made him
one of his friends
and he glorified him
with great glory.

Question 14
καὶ οὐκ ἠκούσατε
τῆς φωνῆς κυρίου
ἧς ἀπέστειλέν με πρὸς ὑμᾶς.
ἠκούσατε is AAI-2P from the root
«ακου». ακου (α>η) +σα +τε
ἀπέστειλέν is from ἀποστέλλω, “I
send.” It is a liquid verb; the aorist
stem is «απο-στειλ». Liquids use the
tense formative is α instead of σα,
which in the 3S is ε(ν) instead of
σε(ν).

Question 14
καὶ οὐκ ἠκούσατε
τῆς φωνῆς κυρίου
ἧς ἀπέστειλέν με πρὸς ὑμᾶς.
And you did not hear [= listen to]
the voice of the Lord,
by which he sent me to you.

Question 15
καὶ ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς
τὴν ᾠδὴν ταύτην
ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ
καὶ ἐδίδαξεν αὐτὴν
τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ.
ἔγραψεν is AAI-3S from γράφω. The
root is «γραπ». When the TF σε is
added, π + σ = ψ. Thus ε + γραπ +
σε + –(ν).
ἐδίδαξεν is AAI-3S from διδάσκω.
The tense stem is «διδακ». When
the TF is added, κ + σ = ξ. Hence, it
is ε + διδακ + σε + –(ν).

Question 15
καὶ ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς
τὴν ᾠδὴν ταύτην
ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ
καὶ ἐδίδαξεν αὐτὴν
τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ.
And Moses wrote
this song
in that day
and he taught it
to the sons of Israel.

Question 16
καὶ ἐλάλησαν αὐτῷ
τὸν λόγον τοῦ κυρίου
σὺν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ.
ἐλάλησαν is AAI-3P from λαλέω, “I
speak.” The formation is completely
regular: ε + λαλε + σα + ν. The
contract vowel lengthens before the
TF.

Question 16
καὶ ἐλάλησαν αὐτῷ
τὸν λόγον τοῦ κυρίου
σὺν πᾶσιν τοῖς ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ αὐτοῦ.
And they spoke to him
the word of the Lord
with all those in his house[hold].

Question 17
ἄλλους ἔσωσεν,
ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται σῶσαι (to save).
ἔσωσεν is AAI-3S from σῳζω, “I
save.” Like many words with present
stems ending in ζ, the root ends in a
dental «σωδ». Then δ + σ = σ.
Hence ε + σωδ + σε + (ν)
σῶσαι is an aorist active infinitive, to
be covered in chapter 32.

Question 17
ἄλλους ἔσωσεν,
ἑαυτὸν οὐ δύναται σῶσαι (to save).
He saved others; [but]
he is not able to save himself.

Question 18
πάντες γὰρ αὐτὸν εἶδον
καὶ ἐταράχθησαν.
ὁ δὲ εὐθὺς ἐλάλησεν
μετʼ αὐτῶν.
εἶδον, AAI-3P from ὁραω (I see).
ε+ιδ+ο+ν
ἐταράχθησαν, API-3P from
ταρασσω (to stir up/ to trouble). ε +
ταραχ + θη +σαν .
ἐλάλησεν, AAI-3S from λαλέω, “I
speak.” ε + λαλε + σε + –(ν).

Question 18
πάντες γὰρ αὐτὸν εἶδον
καὶ ἐταράχθησαν.
ὁ δὲ εὐθὺς ἐλάλησεν
μετʼ αὐτῶν.
For all saw him
and they were troubled.
And he immediately spoke
with them.

Question 19
πάτερ δίκαιε,
καὶ ὁ κόσμος σε οὐκ ἔγνω,
ἐγὼ δέ σε ἔγνων,
καὶ οὗτοι ἔγνωσαν
ὅτι σύ με ἀπέστειλας.
ἔγνω is AAI-3S from γινώσκω, “I
know.” The root is «γνω». This is
root aorist; the second personal
endings are added directly to the
stem: ε + γνω + –.
ἔγνων is AAI-1S: ε + γνω + ν.
ἔγνωσαν: ε + γνω + σαν, where σαν
is the alternative 3P ending to ν.

Question 19
ἀπέστειλας is AAI-2P from
ἀποστέλλω, “I send.” Since it is a
liquid aorist, the tense formative is α
instead of σα.
 απο + ε + στειλ + α + ς

Question 19
Righteous Father,
even the world has not known you,
but I have known you,
and these have known
that you have sent me.

Question 20a
νῦν δὲ ζητεῖτέ με ἀποκτεῖναι
ἄνθρωπον
ὃς τὴν ἀλήθειαν ὑμῖν λελάληκα
ἣν ἤκουσα παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ·
τοῦτο Ἀβραὰμ οὐκ ἐποίησεν.
ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε τὰ ἔργα
τοῦ πατρὸς ὑμῶν.
ζητεῖτέ is PAI-2P from ζητέω, “I
seek.” ζητε + ε + τε.
λελάληκα is RAI-1S, from λαλέω, “I
speak” (see chap. 25).
ποιεῖτε is PAI-2P from ποιεω, “I do, I
make.” ποιε + ε + τε.

Question 20a
ἄνθρωπον
ἤκουσα is AAI-1S from ἀκούω, “I
hear.” ακου + σα + –, with the
lengthening of α to η as vocalic
augment.
ἐποίησεν is AAI-3S from ποιε, “I do,
I make.” ε + ποιε + σε + –(ν). The TF
σα changes to σε in the 3S.

Question 20a
ἄνθρωπον
But now you are seeking to kill me,
a man
who has spoken to you the truth,
which I heard from God.
Abraham did not do this.
You are doing the works
of your father.

Question 20b
εἶπαν οὖν αὐτῷ·
ἡμεῖς ἐκ πορνείας οὐ γεγεννήμεθα.
ἕνα πατέρα ἔχομεν τὸν θεόν.
εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς·
εἰ ὁ θεὸς πατὴρ ὑμῶν ἦν
ἠγαπᾶτε ἂν ἐμέ,
ἐγὼ γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐξῆλθον.
εἶπαν is AAI-3P from λέγω, “I say.”
The original root was «ϝιπ», but
digamma dropped out. Although a
second aorist, it takes α as a
connecting vowel, a merger of first
and second aorist forms. The form
is thus ε + ϝιπ + α + ν.
εἶπεν is the 3S, with reg. ε CV.

Question 20b
ἠγαπᾶτε is IAI-2P from ἀγαπάω, “I
love.” Form: αγαπα + ε + τε, with the
vocalic augment (α → η). αε contract
to α.
ἐξῆλθον is AAI-3P from ἐξέρχομαι, “I
depart.” Form: εξ + ελθ + ο + ν, with
the vocalic augment (ε → η).

Question 20b
Therefore, they said to him,
“We have not been born out of
fornication.
We have one father—God.”
Jesus said to them,
“If God was your father,
you would have loved me,
for I came from God.

Mounce, Translation Exercise 23

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