https://userupload.net/u5vppli3jy1y
The water fluoridation controversy arises from political, moral, ethical, economic, and health considerations regarding the fluoridation of public water supplies.
Public health authorities throughout the world find a medical consensus that fluoride therapy at appropriate levels is a safe and effective means to prevent dental caries,[1] whether by fluoridation of the public water supply or topical application strategies.[2][3] Proponents of water fluoridation see it as a question of public health policy and equate the issue to vaccination and food fortification, claiming significant benefits to dental health and minimal risks
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX 1943 (PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY)Jeban Sahu
INTRODUCTION
INDEX:“A NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIBING THE RELATIVE STATUS OF A POPULATION ON A GRADUATED SCALE WITH DEFINITE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT AND FACILITATE COMPARISION WITH OTHER POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED BY THE SAME CRITERIA AND METHODS.”
-RUSSELL A.L.
INDICES USED TO MEASURE FLUOROSIS
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX
Introduced by TRENDLEY H. DEAN in 1934.
Devised an index for assessing the presence and severity of mottled enamel.
It is also known as ‘DEAN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS.’
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX- Modified Criteria (1942)
SCORING CRITERIA
COMMUNITY FLUOROSIS INDEX (CFI)
SUMMARY
ROS is a substractive method of having positive bone architecture. it includes osteotomy and ostectomy procedures. osteotomy is to remove non supporting bone and ostectomy is to remove supporting bone for having positive bony architecture. there is definitive osseous surgery and compromise osseous surgery. transgingival probing is a method of determining osseous topography. various hand and rotary instruments are use for this procedure.
This presentation is all about the systemic administration of fluorides ,as it is an easier way for the administration of fluorides to prevent dental caries and tooth decay.the aim is to explain the advantages of systemic fluoride ,their present status in India and in other countries and to create awareness among population.Also raising an issue that how these methods of systemic fluoride administration can be improved so that there is better prevention of decay problems
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX 1943 (PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY)Jeban Sahu
INTRODUCTION
INDEX:“A NUMERICAL VALUE DESCRIBING THE RELATIVE STATUS OF A POPULATION ON A GRADUATED SCALE WITH DEFINITE UPPER AND LOWER LIMITS, WHICH IS DESIGNED TO PERMIT AND FACILITATE COMPARISION WITH OTHER POPULATIONS CLASSIFIED BY THE SAME CRITERIA AND METHODS.”
-RUSSELL A.L.
INDICES USED TO MEASURE FLUOROSIS
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX
Introduced by TRENDLEY H. DEAN in 1934.
Devised an index for assessing the presence and severity of mottled enamel.
It is also known as ‘DEAN’S CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR DENTAL FLUOROSIS.’
DEAN’S FLUOROSIS INDEX- Modified Criteria (1942)
SCORING CRITERIA
COMMUNITY FLUOROSIS INDEX (CFI)
SUMMARY
ROS is a substractive method of having positive bone architecture. it includes osteotomy and ostectomy procedures. osteotomy is to remove non supporting bone and ostectomy is to remove supporting bone for having positive bony architecture. there is definitive osseous surgery and compromise osseous surgery. transgingival probing is a method of determining osseous topography. various hand and rotary instruments are use for this procedure.
This presentation is all about the systemic administration of fluorides ,as it is an easier way for the administration of fluorides to prevent dental caries and tooth decay.the aim is to explain the advantages of systemic fluoride ,their present status in India and in other countries and to create awareness among population.Also raising an issue that how these methods of systemic fluoride administration can be improved so that there is better prevention of decay problems
Definition of periodontal pocket, classification, Histopathology of periodontal pocket, microflora involved, pathogenesis, periodontal pocket as a healing lesion, microtopography of root surface, treatment of periodontal pocket
Periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by bacteria –tissue destruction.
Host: the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment/ an individual who receives a graft
Modulation: the alteration of function or status of something in response to a stimulus or an altered physical or chemical environment
A absolutely minimalist way to describe each and every diagnostic aid in the beautiful stream of endodontics.
one has to understand the topic by going through the bible, "Grossman 13th Edition" along with the slides I've created.
Hope this helps.
by Dr. Ishaan Adhaulia
Definition of periodontal pocket, classification, Histopathology of periodontal pocket, microflora involved, pathogenesis, periodontal pocket as a healing lesion, microtopography of root surface, treatment of periodontal pocket
Periodontitis is a complex infection initiated by bacteria –tissue destruction.
Host: the organism from which a parasite obtains its nourishment/ an individual who receives a graft
Modulation: the alteration of function or status of something in response to a stimulus or an altered physical or chemical environment
A absolutely minimalist way to describe each and every diagnostic aid in the beautiful stream of endodontics.
one has to understand the topic by going through the bible, "Grossman 13th Edition" along with the slides I've created.
Hope this helps.
by Dr. Ishaan Adhaulia
Persuasive Essay On Death Penalty. The death Penalty - persuasive essay. - GC...Amanda Brown
Argumentative Essay About Death Penalty – Telegraph. Persuasive speech - Death Penalty | Teaching Resources. DEATH PENALTY Argumentative Essay | Capital Punishment | Murder. Death penalty reduces crime essay.
Relearning Environment and Ecology Management from Indigenous and Traditional...Vijayaraghavan Chariar
This presentation delves on deep understanding of the concepts of sustainability, diversity and resilience from the perspective of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge Systems. At a time when the world faces complex challenges in the domain of environment and ecology, it is proposed that there may be significant lessons to learn by studying the time-tested traditional and indigenous practices in agriculture, small scale manufacture, irrigation, etc. This presentation is a compilation of over two decades of travel and discussions with indigenous knowledge practitioners and philosophers. The presentation and concepts herein have been been enriched enormously by discussions with students at BITS Pilani, IIT Kharagpur and IIT Delhi between the period 2000 and 2015.
Transcript - Interpretation of Low-Incidence Findings in Reproductive and Dev...Joseph Holson
Transcript of Joe Holson's lecture on rare events in developmental and reproductive toxicity studies given at the 2002 Winter Meeting of the Toxicology Forum.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Imperfection of Evolution and the Evolution of ImperfectionDan Graur
Evolution has three major flaws that prevent it from producing good design: (1) The preponderance of Darwinian evolutionary mechanisms over Lamarckian ones, i.e., a lack of feedback from the phenotype to the genotype; (2) The finite effective size of biological populations; and (3) Historical contingency & developmental constraint.
Bleeding Disorders: Causes, Types, and Diagnosis Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/wxvqfbo7ywqu
A bleeding disorder is a condition that affects the way your blood normally clots. The clotting process, also known as coagulation, changes blood from a liquid to a solid. When you’re injured, your blood normally begins to clot to prevent a massive loss of blood. Sometimes, certain conditions prevent blood from clotting properly, which can result in heavy or prolonged bleeding.
Bleeding disorders can cause abnormal bleeding both outside and inside the body. Some disorders can drastically increase the amount of blood leaving your body. Others cause bleeding to occur under the skin or in vital organs, such as the brain.
https://userupload.net/szgab9mr3vdz
Epidemiology is the study of health and disease in populations and of how these states are influenced by biology, heredity, and physical and social environment, as well as personal behavior. Advances in research over recent years have led to a fundamental change in our understanding of the periodontal diseases. As recently as the mid-1960s, the prevailing model for the epidemiology of periodontal diseases included the following precepts: (1) all individuals were considered more or less equally susceptible to severe periodontitis; (2) gingivitis usually progressed to periodontitis with consequent loss of bone support and eventually loss of teeth; (3) susceptibility to periodontitis increased with age and was the main cause of tooth loss after age 35–55. Since the development of this paradigm, advances in the understanding of periodontal diseases have led this disease model to be reevaluated.
https://userupload.net/l2enk8kbflj8
Incidence, mortality, and survival are the primary measures for assessing the impact of cancer in population groups. Incidence is the frequency of new cancer cases during a defined period of time, generally expressed as the rate per 100,000 persons per year; the mortality rate is the frequency of cancer deaths per 100,000 persons per year. The observed survival rate is the proportion of persons with cancer who survive for a specified period of time after diagnosis, usually 5 years. This statistic is often presented as a relative survival rate, in which survival from cancer is corrected for the likelihood of dying from other causes.
Dentist patient relationship and quality careDr Medical
https://userupload.net/mo2f5z40rv8v
Although quality is a genuine concern for dentistry, nowadays more emphasis is placed on quality issues. As dentist-patient interaction is involved in many aspects of care and it is more crucial for dentistry when compared to many other professions, a good dentist-patient relationship is an integral element of quality care. This series of 'practice articles' examines various important dimensions of this interaction. The first and second papers examine the value of trust and communication, the third paper focuses on informed consent and the fourth paper evaluates the relatively broadened role of dentists in behavioural modification.
https://userupload.net/06gt5zcwvh90
Genetic counseling is the process of advising individuals and families affected by or at risk of genetic disorders to help them understand and adapt to the medical, psychological and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease.[1] The process integrates:
Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence
Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources
Counseling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.
https://userupload.net/yk8shpcpwk19
Dentistry can do so much these days to improve a person’s health, appearance and self-confidence. From barely noticeable braces that straighten crooked smiles to dental implants that replace missing teeth, there is a state-of-the-art solution to virtually any dental problem. Of course, like anything that involves the time and resources of skilled professionals, highly technical and sophisticated dental treatment doesn’t come inexpensively; indeed, the phrase “you get what you pay for” probably applies doubly to dentistry. Also, the types of treatment mentioned above, as well as many others, are often considered elective and therefore may not be covered (or only partially covered) by dental insurance. This can be the case even when a given procedure offers proven health benefits.
https://userupload.net/8mky0eijld91
An understanding of the physiology of body fluids is essential when considering appropriate fluid resuscitation and fluid replacement therapy in critically-ill patients. In healthy humans, the body is composed of approximately 60% water, distributed between intracellular and an extracellular compartments. The extracellular compartment is divided into intravascular, interstitial and transcellular compartments. The movement of fluids between the intravascular and interstitial compartments, is classically described as being governed by Starling forces, leading to a small net efflux of fluid from the intravascular to the interstitial compartment. More recent evidence suggests that a model incorporating the effect of the endothelial glycoclayx layer, a web of glycoproteins and proteoglycans that are bound on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium, better explains the observed distribution of fluids. The movement of fluid to and from the intracellular compartment and the interstitial fluid compartment, is governed by the relative osmolarities of the two compartments. Body fluid status is governed by the difference between fluid inputs and outputs; fluid input is regulated by the thirst mechanism, with fluid outputs consisting of gastrointestinal, renal, and insensible losses. The regulation of intracellular fluid status is largely governed by the regulation of the interstitial fluid osmolarity, which is regulated by the secretion of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary gland. The regulation of extracellular volume status is regulated by a complex neuro-endocrine mechanism, designed to regulate sodium in the extracellular fluid.
https://userupload.net/s5uyonki1n7m
Pain is a somatic and emotional sensation which is unpleasant in nature and associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Physiologically, the function of pain is critical for survival and has a major evolutionary advantage. This is because behaviours which cause pain are often dangerous and harmful, therefore they are generally not reinforced and are unlikely to be repeated.
https://userupload.net/3ppacneii1wj
Toxicologic Pathology (Second Edition), 2010
INTRODUCTION
The oral mucosa is, in many ways, similar to the skin in its architecture, function, and reaction patterns. This section only emphasizes those characteristics of the oral mucosa that influence or result in a distinct group of pathologic entities.
Because of its location at the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts and its proximity to the teeth, the oral mucosa is subjected to numerous natural and man-made xenobiotics. The peculiar architecture and absorption characteristics of the oral mucosa, especially in areas of extreme thinness, coupled with the rich microorganism flora of the mouth, makes the oral mucosa a peculiar site deserving separate discussion.
https://userupload.net/6jbhjqr3gczd
Behavioural sciences explore the cognitive processes within organisms and the behavioural interactions between organisms in the natural world. It involves the systematic analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through the study of the past, controlled and naturalistic observation of the present, and disciplined scientific experimentation and modeling. It attempts to accomplish legitimate, objective conclusions through rigorous formulations and observation.[1] Examples of behavioral sciences include psychology, psychobiology, anthropology, and cognitive science. Generally, behavior science deals primarily with human action and often seeks to generalize about human behavior as it relates to society
https://userupload.net/21or432od2kp
It is recommended that pacifiers and other types of artificial nipples be avoided for at least the first 3-4 weeks. I’d personally suggest that most breastfed babies – if they get a pacifier at all – would be better off without a pacifier until mom’s milk supply is well established (6-8 weeks, usually) and the 6 week growth spurt is over. That way you’ve established a good milk supply and don’t lose any much-needed breast stimulation to a pacifier.
https://userupload.net/5x4jgtw5sqs2
Behaviour modelling is frequently used to modify children's behaviour. The psychological techniques of encouragement-reprobation are an integral part of the behaviour shaping. Three hundred clinically healthy children were recruited in this study. They were aged 54-96 months and allocated to three groups according to the specific technique used: group 1 in which we applied the "live patients model" technique, in group 2 the "encouragement-reprobation" techniques was applied and group 3 was a control group. The patient's behaviour was assessed using L. Venham's Cooperative Behavioral Scale. A behavioral improvement was noticed in the experimental groups after applying the techniques for behaviour modification. The comparison shows a statistically significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control one and absence of a significant difference between the influenced groups. The study shows that there is a stable for behaviour
Anemia Causes, Types, Symptoms, Diet, and Treatment Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/0gv9ijneu7hf
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a main part of red blood cells and binds oxygen. If you have too few or abnormal red blood cells, or your hemoglobin is abnormal or low, the cells in your body will not get enough oxygen.
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
https://userupload.net/ucq2c1km5pb7
Preventive dentistry aims to stop the progression of dental caries by promoting daily habits and clinical therapies that either promote the remineralization of the tooth surface or prevent the formation of the oral biofilm responsible for lowering the oral pH levels in an attempt to prevent cavity formation.
Here is an overall glance on some recent concepts/advances in preventive dentistry with a detail note on pit and fissure sealants
Anomalies of the first and second branchial archesDr Medical
https://userupload.net/8n9v7tg9jkl1
Anomalies of the branchial arches are the second most common congenital lesions of the head and neck in children [1]. They may present as cysts, sinus tracts, fistulae or cartilaginous remnants and present with typical clinical and radiological patterns dependent on which arch is involved. The course of a particular branchial anomaly is caudal to the structures derived from the corresponding arch and dorsal to the structures that develop from the following arch. Branchial anomalies are further typed into cysts, sinuses, and fistulas.
Ankyloglossia a congenital oral anomaly Dr Medical
https://userupload.net/h9ig9byum706
Ankyloglossia, also known as tongue-tie, is a congenital oral anomaly that may decrease mobility of the tongue tip and is caused by an unusually short, thick lingual frenulum, a membrane connecting the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia or tongue-tie is the result of a short, tight, lingual frenulum causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition in which a neonate is born with an abnormally short, thickened, or tight lingual frenulum that restricts mobility of the tongue. Ankyloglossia may be associated with other craniofacial abnormalities, but is also often an isolated anomaly.
Bleeding disorders Causes, Types, and DiagnosisDr Medical
https://userupload.net/v3l4i8jsk7wq
Factor II, V, VII, X, or XII deficiencies are bleeding disorders related to blood clotting problems or abnormal bleeding problems. Von Willebrand's disease isthe most common inherited bleeding disorder. It develops when the blood lacks von Willebrand factor, which helps the blood to clot.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• CURRENT CONCEPT IN MECHANISM OF
ACTION OF FLUORIDE
• CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY WATER
FLUORIDATION - WHY & HOW ???
• ADVERSE EFFECTS OF FLUORIDES IN THE
BODY
• ARE FLUORIDATION STUDIES FLAWED ???
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
4. “THE ESSENCE OF SCIENCE IS
TO INVESTIGATE AND
UNDERSTAND THE WORLD
AROUND US – TO EXPLORE &
INTERPRET VARIABLE REALITY”
5. CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD
THIS PPT
https://userupload.net/u5vppli3jy1y
6. 2 TYPES OF STUDIES2 TYPES OF STUDIES
• STUDIES THAT ARE REALLY LOOKING
TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT FLUORIDE
• STUDIES THAT ARE TRYING TO
COVER UP WHAT HAS ALREADY
BEEN DISCOVERED
7. CONCEPTS ABOUT MECHANISMCONCEPTS ABOUT MECHANISM
OF ACTION OF FLUORIDESOF ACTION OF FLUORIDES
PAST CONCEPTPAST CONCEPT
FLUORIDE WHEN CONSUMEDFLUORIDE WHEN CONSUMED
SYSTEMICALLYSYSTEMICALLY DURING TOOTHDURING TOOTH
DEVELOPMENT STAGESDEVELOPMENT STAGES
FLUORAPATITEFLUORAPATITE
REDUCED ENAMEL SOLUBILITYREDUCED ENAMEL SOLUBILITY
8. RESULTED IN PUBLIC HEALTHRESULTED IN PUBLIC HEALTH
EFFORTS & INDIVIDUAL CARIESEFFORTS & INDIVIDUAL CARIES
PREVENTIVE REGIMINEPREVENTIVE REGIMINE
(CHILDREN)(CHILDREN)
WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLYWORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY
RESOLUTIONS-1969, 1975, 1978RESOLUTIONS-1969, 1975, 1978
9. INVALUABLE CHARECTERISTICS
OF CWF (1 PPM)
• BENEFITS EQUALLY ENJOYED BY ALL
• IT IS ECONOMICAL
• SUBSTANCIAL COST SAVING WITH
REGARD TO RESTORATIONS AND
EXTRACTIONS
10. ALTERED MORPHOLGY OF
MOLARS
COOPER (1965), SIMPSON (1969), LOVIUS
B.B.J (1969), AASANDER(1974)
STUDY DESIGN DEFICIENCIES:
EXAMINERS NOT BLIND
TOO SMALL SAMPLE SIZE
USE OF GROSS INTERCUSPAL
MEASUREMENTS
CANNOT BE ACCEPTED UNLESS PROVED BY
PROPERLY CONDUCTED STUDIES
12. WARREN & LEVY, DCNAWARREN & LEVY, DCNA
APRIL 2003APRIL 2003
“CURRENT EVIDENCE STRONGLY SUGGEST
THAT FLUORIDES WORK PRIMARILY BY
TOPICAL MEANS, THROUGH DIRECT ACTION
ON THE TEETH AND DENTAL PLAQUE. THUS
INGESTION OF FLUORIDE IS NOT ESSENTIAL
FOR CARIES PREVENTION”
13. AVAILIBILITY OF FLUORIDE & ITS
CONSEQUENT EXPOSURE HAS
INCREASED
• FOOD & BEVERAGES
• TOOTH PASTES & MOUTH WASHES
• INAPPROPRIATE ADVOCATION OF
FLUORIDE SUPPLEMENTS
STILL RECOMMENDED LEVEL OF FLUORIDE
FOR CWF HAS REMAINED UNCHANGED
18. BOMB GRADE URANIUM & PLUTONIUM
MANUFACTURED USING FLUORIDE
FLUORIDE POLLUTION ACCIDENT
( NEW JERSY, 1943)
POISONING OF AIR & WATER
FEAR AMONG PUBLIC
HAROLD HODGE
19. BASED ON COX’S STATISTICS (1931)BASED ON COX’S STATISTICS (1931)
1ppm FLUORIDE (DEAN)1ppm FLUORIDE (DEAN)
FLUORIDE WAS THE FIRST DRUG INFLUORIDE WAS THE FIRST DRUG IN
HISTORY TO BE TESTED IN GENERALHISTORY TO BE TESTED IN GENERAL
POPULATION WITHOUT PREVIOUSPOPULATION WITHOUT PREVIOUS
RESEARCHRESEARCH
(STATISTICS ADMITTED BY DEAN TO(STATISTICS ADMITTED BY DEAN TO
BE INCORRECT)BE INCORRECT)
20. SILICOFLUORIDESSILICOFLUORIDES
• TOXIC BY-PRODUCT OF PHOSPHATETOXIC BY-PRODUCT OF PHOSPHATE
FERTILIZERSFERTILIZERS
• CONTAINS LOW CONC. OF OTHERCONTAINS LOW CONC. OF OTHER
CONTAMINANTS LIKE LEAD, ARSENIC,CONTAMINANTS LIKE LEAD, ARSENIC,
CADMIUM, BERRYLIUM & HEAVY METALCADMIUM, BERRYLIUM & HEAVY METAL
RADIONUCLIDESRADIONUCLIDES
• NOT TESTED OFFICIALLYNOT TESTED OFFICIALLY
• DO NOT UNDERGO COMPLETE DISSOCIATIONDO NOT UNDERGO COMPLETE DISSOCIATION
AND CROSSES BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIERAND CROSSES BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
( MASTERS & COPLAN, 2001)( MASTERS & COPLAN, 2001)
27. NEUROTOXICITY OF FLUORIDESNEUROTOXICITY OF FLUORIDES
• Dr G.L WALDBOTT (1955)
DIMINISHED MENTAL AQUITY, IMPAIRMENT OF MEMORY
• Dr PHILLIS MULLENIX (1995)
BEHAVIOUR CHANGES IN RATS
LOW IQ OF RESIDENTS OF NATURALLY
FLUORIDATED AREAS ( Li et al 1995, Zhao et al
1996, Lu et al 2000)
28. BRUCE SPITTLE et al (1998)BRUCE SPITTLE et al (1998)
Fluoridated water at 1 ppm did not causeFluoridated water at 1 ppm did not cause
lowering of IQ.lowering of IQ.
Threshold effect at levels higher than 1 ppmThreshold effect at levels higher than 1 ppm
ISSACSON et alISSACSON et al
Fluoride can cause neurotoxicity at 1 ppmFluoride can cause neurotoxicity at 1 ppm
when present with trivalent Aluminiumwhen present with trivalent Aluminium
30. DEPOSITION OF PINEAL GLANDDEPOSITION OF PINEAL GLAND
BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER WEAK
FLUORIDE FROM BLOOD STREAM
SYNTHESIS OF MELATONIN
EARLY SEXUAL MATURATION
(LUKE J 2001)
31. • It is thought that it is the fall of these melatoninIt is thought that it is the fall of these melatonin
levels whichlevels which acts like a biological clock andacts like a biological clock and
triggers the onset of puberty.triggers the onset of puberty.
• Fluoride's role in earlier puberty needs moreFluoride's role in earlier puberty needs more
thorough investigation. Of an interesting historicalthorough investigation. Of an interesting historical
note, in the Newburgh versus Kingstonnote, in the Newburgh versus Kingston
fluoridation trial (1945-1955), it was found that thefluoridation trial (1945-1955), it was found that the
girls in fluoridated Newburgh were reachinggirls in fluoridated Newburgh were reaching
menstruation, on average, five months earlier thanmenstruation, on average, five months earlier than
the girls in unfluoridated Kingstonthe girls in unfluoridated Kingston, but the result, but the result
was not thought to be significant at the timewas not thought to be significant at the time
(Schlessinger et al, 1956).(Schlessinger et al, 1956).
40. BONE CANCERBONE CANCER
• YIAMOUYIANNIS & BURT (1977)YIAMOUYIANNIS & BURT (1977)
MORTALITY FIGURESMORTALITY FIGURES
• WALDBOTT (1977)WALDBOTT (1977)
NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAMMENATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAMME
• YIAMOUYIANNIS (1993)YIAMOUYIANNIS (1993)
MALES<20 yrs OF AGEMALES<20 yrs OF AGE
41. MECHANISM:MECHANISM:
ENZYME INHIBITION & CANCERENZYME INHIBITION & CANCER
PROMOTION WHEN THE BONE ISPROMOTION WHEN THE BONE IS
SHUTTING OFF GROWTH UNDER THESHUTTING OFF GROWTH UNDER THE
INFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONEINFLUENCE OF TESTOSTERONE
42. BONE FRACTURESBONE FRACTURES
• SOWERS (1991), KELLER (1991), MAYSOWERS (1991), KELLER (1991), MAY
(1991), JACOBSON (1990), DANIELSON(1991), JACOBSON (1990), DANIELSON
(1993) REPORTED(1993) REPORTED POSITIVE CORRELATIONPOSITIVE CORRELATION
FOR HIP & WRIST FRACTURESFOR HIP & WRIST FRACTURES
• FLUORIDE INCREASES BONE QUANTITYFLUORIDE INCREASES BONE QUANTITY
BUT DECREASES BONE QUALITY, LOWBUT DECREASES BONE QUALITY, LOW
TENSILE STRENGTH (LEE, 2000)TENSILE STRENGTH (LEE, 2000)
43. EFFECT ON THYROID ACTIVITYEFFECT ON THYROID ACTIVITY
HYPOTHYROIDISMHYPOTHYROIDISM
• TSH OUTPUT FROM PITUITARY GLAND ISTSH OUTPUT FROM PITUITARY GLAND IS
INHIBITEDINHIBITED
• IT COMPETES WITH RECEPTOR SITES ONIT COMPETES WITH RECEPTOR SITES ON
THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND
• DISPLACES IODINEDISPLACES IODINE
• PRODUCTION OF HORMONES BY THYROIDPRODUCTION OF HORMONES BY THYROID
GLAND IS REDUCED DUE TO ENZYME INHIBITIONGLAND IS REDUCED DUE TO ENZYME INHIBITION
45. PREMATURE AGEINGPREMATURE AGEING
• ENZYME INHIBITIONENZYME INHIBITION
• COLLAGEN BREAKDOWNCOLLAGEN BREAKDOWN
• DISRUPTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEMDISRUPTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
ECXEMA, SKIN WRINKLING & TISSUEECXEMA, SKIN WRINKLING & TISSUE
DAMAGEDAMAGE
46. ARE FLUORIDATION STUDIES
FLAWED ???
• NON RANDOM SELECTION OF SCHOOLS
• INADEQUATE BASELINE
• NO BLINDING
• CHANGE IN THE METHOD OF DIAGNOSING
CARIES
47. Contd….
• NEGLIGIBLE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
• CONTROLS DROPPED AFTER SOME
YEARS IN NEW ZEALAND STUDY
• NO CONSIDERATION TO DELAY IN TOOTH
ERUPTION (LIMEBACK 2001,, CAMPAGNA 1995
VIRTANUM 1994, )
48. REPORT OF “THE YORK REVIEW”REPORT OF “THE YORK REVIEW”
• EVIDENCE ON EFFICACY & SAFETY OF
WATER FLUORIDATION WERE OF LOW
QUALITY & QUANTITY
• CWF IS ASSOCIATED WITH DENTAL
FLUOROSIS
OVERALL 48 %, 12.5 % OF ESTHETIC
CONCERN (Mc DONAGH, 2000)
49. • MAJOR US SURVEY SHOWED 30 % OFMAJOR US SURVEY SHOWED 30 % OF
CHILDREN IN FLUORIDATED AREASCHILDREN IN FLUORIDATED AREAS
HAD FLUOROSISHAD FLUOROSIS (HELLER,1997)(HELLER,1997)
• NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN BONE
FRACTURES & CWF
• NO ASSOCIATION BETWEEN
HUMAN CANCERS & CWF
50. LIMITATIONS OF “THE YORKLIMITATIONS OF “THE YORK
REVIEW”REVIEW”
• VERY FEW LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
• NO ANALYSIS OF CONFOUNDING
FACTORS
• FAILURE TO UNDERTAKE APPROPRIATE
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
51. STUDIES SHOWING LITTLE OR NO RELATIONSTUDIES SHOWING LITTLE OR NO RELATION
BETWEEN CWF & TOOTH DECAYBETWEEN CWF & TOOTH DECAY
• CANADA (GRAY A.S, 1987)
• AUSTRALIA (DIESENDORF,1986)
• NEW ZEALAND ( COLQUHOUN, 1993)
• SRILANKA, GREECE, MALTA, SPAIN,
HUNGARY (WHO DATA)
52. • SURVEY BY NIDR, 39,000 CHILDREN
FROM 84 COMMUNITIES SHOWED LITTLE
DIFFERENCE IN THE TOOTH DECAY
BETWEEN FLUORIDATED & NON
FLUORIDATED COMMUNITIES (HILEMAN,
1989)
• AVERAGE DIFFERENCE WAS ONLY
0.6 DMFS IN PERMANENT TEETH
( BRUNELLE & CARLOS, 1990)
53. • PROFESSOR TEOTIA & TEAM, INDIAPROFESSOR TEOTIA & TEAM, INDIA
1998, FOUND THAT TOOTH DECAY1998, FOUND THAT TOOTH DECAY
INCREASED AS THE FLUORIDEINCREASED AS THE FLUORIDE
LEVEL INCREASEDLEVEL INCREASED
………… DEFICIENCY OF CALCIUM &DEFICIENCY OF CALCIUM &
EXCESS OF FLUORIDEEXCESS OF FLUORIDE
54. DISCONTINUATION OF WATER
FLUORIDATION
• CANADA, FORMER EAST GERMANY,
FINLAND, CUBA
( MAUPOMA 2001, KUNZEL & FISHER 1997, 2000,
KUNZEL 2000, SEPPA 2000)
NO INCREASE IN DENTAL CARIES
AFTER DISCONTINUATION OF WATER
FLUORIDATION
56. CAUSES FOR DECLINE IN TOOTH
DECAY
FLUORIDE CONTRIBUTES TO
REDUCTION IN TOOTH DECAY, BUT IS
NOT THE MAIN CAUSE (COLQUHOUN)
• FLUORIDE FROM OTHER SOURCES
• STANDARD OF LIVING
• NUTRITIONAL CHANGES
• CONSUMPTION OF CHEESE
60. • TAKAHASHI K:”FLUORIDE LINKED DOWNS
SYNDROME BIRTHS AND THEIR ESTIMATED
OCCURRENCE DUE TO WATER FLUORIDATION”.
FLUORIDE 1998, 31(2), 61-72
• LEE J.R: “FLUORIDATION & BONE CANCER”.
FLUORIDE 1993, 26(2), 79-96
• SEPPA et al:”CARIES TRENDS 1992-1998, IN TWO
LOW FLUORIDE FINNISH TOWNS FORMERLY
WITH & WITHOUT FLUORIDATION”. CARIES RES
2000, 34, 462-468
61. • BANTING D.W:”THE FUTURE OF FLUORIDE-AN
UPDATE ONE YEAR AFTER NATIONAL
TOXICOLOGY PROGRAMME”.JADA, 1991, 123, 86-
96
• PHIPPS K:”FLUORIDE & BONE HALTH”. JPHD
1995, 55(5), 53-57
• COLQUHOUN:”WHY I CHANGED MY MIND ABOUT
WATER FLUORIDATION”. FLUORIDE 1998, 21(2),
103-119
