This document provides a summary of a book that discusses the findings from the examination of "Lindow Man", a well-preserved bog body discovered in 1984 in the UK. A multi-disciplinary team of 35 experts studied Lindow Man to learn about Iron Age people in northwest Europe. They found that Lindow Man was 168 cm tall, had type O blood, and had been killed through garotting and stabbing. Carbon dating of the body provided conflicting dates between 100 AD and 400 AD. The examination provided new insights into the lives and deaths of people from that time period.
Understanding the origin and evolution of the eukaryotic cell and the full diversity of eukaryotes is relevant to many biological disciplines.
However, our current understanding of eukaryotic genomes is extremely biased, leading to a skewed view of eukaryotic biology.
We argue that a phylogeny-driven initiative to cover the full eukaryotic diversity is needed to overcome this bias.
•
◦There is an important bias in eukaryotic knowledge, affecting cultures and genomes.
Eukaryotic genomics are biased towards multicellular organisms and their parasites.
◦A phylogeny-driven initiative is needed to overcome the eukaryotic genomic bias.
◦We propose to sequence neglected cultures and increase culturing efforts.
◦Single-cell genomics should be embraced as a tool to explore eukaryotic diversity
Kim Solez TEP meets Human Cell Atlas a glimpse into future of pathology winte...Kim Solez ,
Dr. Kim Solez TEP meets Human Cell Atlas Project, a glimpse into future of pathology, Technology and Future of Medicine course February 15, 2018 http://www.singularitycourse.com Copyright (c) 2018, JustMachines Inc.
Understanding the origin and evolution of the eukaryotic cell and the full diversity of eukaryotes is relevant to many biological disciplines.
However, our current understanding of eukaryotic genomes is extremely biased, leading to a skewed view of eukaryotic biology.
We argue that a phylogeny-driven initiative to cover the full eukaryotic diversity is needed to overcome this bias.
•
◦There is an important bias in eukaryotic knowledge, affecting cultures and genomes.
Eukaryotic genomics are biased towards multicellular organisms and their parasites.
◦A phylogeny-driven initiative is needed to overcome the eukaryotic genomic bias.
◦We propose to sequence neglected cultures and increase culturing efforts.
◦Single-cell genomics should be embraced as a tool to explore eukaryotic diversity
Kim Solez TEP meets Human Cell Atlas a glimpse into future of pathology winte...Kim Solez ,
Dr. Kim Solez TEP meets Human Cell Atlas Project, a glimpse into future of pathology, Technology and Future of Medicine course February 15, 2018 http://www.singularitycourse.com Copyright (c) 2018, JustMachines Inc.
Persuasive Essay On Death Penalty. The death Penalty - persuasive essay. - GC...Amanda Brown
Argumentative Essay About Death Penalty – Telegraph. Persuasive speech - Death Penalty | Teaching Resources. DEATH PENALTY Argumentative Essay | Capital Punishment | Murder. Death penalty reduces crime essay.
PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL 1
Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes 1
Chapter 2 Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics 43
Chapter 3 Proteins 109
PART II BASIC GENETIC MECHANISMS 173
Chapter 4 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes 173
Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 237
Chapter 6 How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein 299
Chapter 7 Control of Gene Expression 369
PART III WAYS OF WORKING WITH CELLS 439
Chapter 8 Analyzing Cells, Molecules, and Systems 439
Chapter 9 Visualizing Cells 529
PART IV INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL 565
Chapter 10 Membrane Structure 565
Chapter 11 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical
Properties of Membranes 597
Chapter 12 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting 641
Chapter 13 Intracellular Membrane Traffic 695
Chapter 14 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 753
Chapter 15 Cell Signaling 813
Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton 889
Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle 963
Chapter 18 Cell Death 1021
PART V CELLS IN THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT 1035
Chapter 19 Cell Junctions and the Extracellular Matrix 1035
Chapter 20 Cancer 1091
Chapter 21 Development of Multicellular Organisms 1145
Chapter 22 Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal 1217
Chapter 23 Pathogens and Infection 1263
Chapter 24 The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 1297
Glossary G: 1
Index I: 1
Tables The Genetic Code, Amino Acids T: 1
Challenged Conceptions - Environmental Chemicals & Fertility - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Essays For Students To Copy About Behavior - APPLEESSAY. 006 Behavior Essay Help Me Write An On Cognitive ~ Thatsnotus. 013 Essay Example Behavior ~ Thatsnotus. Behavior Essays by Copple Girl Creations | Teachers Pay Teachers. Learning Behavior Argumentative Essay on Samploon.com.
Stat 1040, Recitation packet 11. A 1999 study claimed that.docxdessiechisomjj4
Stat 1040, Recitation packet 1
1. A 1999 study claimed that
Infants who sleep at night in a bedroom with a light on may be at higher risk for myopia (nearsight-
edness) later in childhood.
The researchers surveyed parents of 479 children aged 2 to 16 seen in the ophthalmology outpatient
department of a children’s hospital. A questionnaire asked about the child’s nighttime light exposure
at the time of the survey and before age two. They noticed a positive association between myopia
and nighttime light exposure.
(a) Explain how you know that this is an observational study.
(b) Explain why this is not strong evidence that sleeping with a light on causes myopia by suggesting
a possible confounding factor and explaining clearly how this confounding factor could account
for the association they observed.
2. The following paragraph appears on the website www.alternative-medicine-and-health.com
Elmer Cranton, M.D., in his book, “Bypassing Bypass”, indicates that a ten year, 24
million dollar study conducted by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, which
screened 16,000 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass at eleven leading medical
centers, revealed no increase in post-surgical survival rates as compared with a matched
group of non-surgically treated patients.
You may assume that the “matched group” was selected to resemble the original 16,000 with respect
to age, sex and type of heart disease.
(a) Based on what you read in the paragraph, was the study randomized? Explain clearly.
(b) Was the study blind? Explain clearly.
(c) Explain the major problem with a study such as this one, and why it would probably not give
very reliable results.
3. A recent study in Europe looked at a large group of women of childbearing age. The researchers asked
each woman how much alcohol they had consumed over the past 12 months. The researchers found
that women who drank moderate amounts of alcohol were somewhat less likely to have infertility than
women who did not (November, 2001). The study said it “controlled for age, income and religion”.
(a) Based on the information above, was this a controlled experiment or an observational study?
(b) Why did they “control for” age, income and religion?
(c) Is this convincing evidence that infertility would decrease if women with infertility started to
drink moderate amounts of alcohol? (Note: we are only asking about infertility. There may be
other problems introduced by such behavior, but ignore these for answering this question).
(d) Suggest a possible confounding factor (other than age, income, or religion) and clearly explain
why you think it might be a confounding factor.
4. A randomized, controlled, double-blind study published in March, 2008 shows the well-known “placebo
effect” works even better if the placebo costs more. In the study, volunteers were given an electric
shock and took a pill. Volunteers in the treatment group were told it was an expensive painkiller,
while those in the c.
Persuasive Essay On Death Penalty. The death Penalty - persuasive essay. - GC...Amanda Brown
Argumentative Essay About Death Penalty – Telegraph. Persuasive speech - Death Penalty | Teaching Resources. DEATH PENALTY Argumentative Essay | Capital Punishment | Murder. Death penalty reduces crime essay.
PART I INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL 1
Chapter 1 Cells and Genomes 1
Chapter 2 Cell Chemistry and Bioenergetics 43
Chapter 3 Proteins 109
PART II BASIC GENETIC MECHANISMS 173
Chapter 4 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genomes 173
Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 237
Chapter 6 How Cells Read the Genome: From DNA to Protein 299
Chapter 7 Control of Gene Expression 369
PART III WAYS OF WORKING WITH CELLS 439
Chapter 8 Analyzing Cells, Molecules, and Systems 439
Chapter 9 Visualizing Cells 529
PART IV INTERNAL ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL 565
Chapter 10 Membrane Structure 565
Chapter 11 Membrane Transport of Small Molecules and the Electrical
Properties of Membranes 597
Chapter 12 Intracellular Compartments and Protein Sorting 641
Chapter 13 Intracellular Membrane Traffic 695
Chapter 14 Energy Conversion: Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 753
Chapter 15 Cell Signaling 813
Chapter 16 The Cytoskeleton 889
Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle 963
Chapter 18 Cell Death 1021
PART V CELLS IN THEIR SOCIAL CONTEXT 1035
Chapter 19 Cell Junctions and the Extracellular Matrix 1035
Chapter 20 Cancer 1091
Chapter 21 Development of Multicellular Organisms 1145
Chapter 22 Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal 1217
Chapter 23 Pathogens and Infection 1263
Chapter 24 The Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems 1297
Glossary G: 1
Index I: 1
Tables The Genetic Code, Amino Acids T: 1
Challenged Conceptions - Environmental Chemicals & Fertility - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Essays For Students To Copy About Behavior - APPLEESSAY. 006 Behavior Essay Help Me Write An On Cognitive ~ Thatsnotus. 013 Essay Example Behavior ~ Thatsnotus. Behavior Essays by Copple Girl Creations | Teachers Pay Teachers. Learning Behavior Argumentative Essay on Samploon.com.
Stat 1040, Recitation packet 11. A 1999 study claimed that.docxdessiechisomjj4
Stat 1040, Recitation packet 1
1. A 1999 study claimed that
Infants who sleep at night in a bedroom with a light on may be at higher risk for myopia (nearsight-
edness) later in childhood.
The researchers surveyed parents of 479 children aged 2 to 16 seen in the ophthalmology outpatient
department of a children’s hospital. A questionnaire asked about the child’s nighttime light exposure
at the time of the survey and before age two. They noticed a positive association between myopia
and nighttime light exposure.
(a) Explain how you know that this is an observational study.
(b) Explain why this is not strong evidence that sleeping with a light on causes myopia by suggesting
a possible confounding factor and explaining clearly how this confounding factor could account
for the association they observed.
2. The following paragraph appears on the website www.alternative-medicine-and-health.com
Elmer Cranton, M.D., in his book, “Bypassing Bypass”, indicates that a ten year, 24
million dollar study conducted by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, which
screened 16,000 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass at eleven leading medical
centers, revealed no increase in post-surgical survival rates as compared with a matched
group of non-surgically treated patients.
You may assume that the “matched group” was selected to resemble the original 16,000 with respect
to age, sex and type of heart disease.
(a) Based on what you read in the paragraph, was the study randomized? Explain clearly.
(b) Was the study blind? Explain clearly.
(c) Explain the major problem with a study such as this one, and why it would probably not give
very reliable results.
3. A recent study in Europe looked at a large group of women of childbearing age. The researchers asked
each woman how much alcohol they had consumed over the past 12 months. The researchers found
that women who drank moderate amounts of alcohol were somewhat less likely to have infertility than
women who did not (November, 2001). The study said it “controlled for age, income and religion”.
(a) Based on the information above, was this a controlled experiment or an observational study?
(b) Why did they “control for” age, income and religion?
(c) Is this convincing evidence that infertility would decrease if women with infertility started to
drink moderate amounts of alcohol? (Note: we are only asking about infertility. There may be
other problems introduced by such behavior, but ignore these for answering this question).
(d) Suggest a possible confounding factor (other than age, income, or religion) and clearly explain
why you think it might be a confounding factor.
4. A randomized, controlled, double-blind study published in March, 2008 shows the well-known “placebo
effect” works even better if the placebo costs more. In the study, volunteers were given an electric
shock and took a pill. Volunteers in the treatment group were told it was an expensive painkiller,
while those in the c.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 18 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2019 issue contains abstracts by Briana Bettencourt, Nicholas Buhta, Alexis Costa, Joseph Fabozzi, Sarah McGee, Kayla Diggs, Elizabeth Patton, Kelsey Savje, Oskar Sundberg and Kaela Teele. It also contains articles by Maria Humphries, Kathleen Leavey, Angela Zagami, Lindy Pokorny and L. Elise Whisler.
Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research, Vol. 15 No. 1Wagner College
The Fall 2016 issue of the Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research includes abstracts presented at the recent Eastern Colleges Science Conference by Joseph Agro, Lauren Alessandro, Emily Bovasso, Kathleen Calves, James Catalano, Rabije Cekovic, Tyler Cropley, Michelle Detka, Brandon Hart, Kelsey Hopland, Yasmine Khaled, Marguerite Langwig, Kaitlin Murtha, Phillip Necaise, Jacob Orvidas, Amanda Pavia, Gent Prelvukaj and Amanda Weinberg. The issue also includes full-length papers by Michelle Detka, Alexandra Dmytrow, Kadijah Singleton, Christine Shouldis, Erynn Tuerk, Kristen Whitaker. The Wagner College Forum for Undergraduate Research has been published twice a year — once each semester — since the Fall 2002 issue.
Similar to Investigación con embriones humanos ¿sí o no (20)
Que estudia la estrategia(ensayo 28 de septiembre)
Investigación con embriones humanos ¿sí o no
1. Human Embryo Research: Yes or No?
by Gregory Bock; Maeve O'ConnorReview by: Clifford Grobstein The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 62, No. 4 (Dec., 1987), pp. 468-469Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2829535 . Accessed: 10/11/2014 15:28Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to TheQuarterly Review of Biology. http://www.jstor.org
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
2. 468 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY VOLUME 62
cluding alternative hypotheses and constraints
alongside adaptive scenarios.
JOHN L. GITrLEMAN, Zoologya nd GraduateP rograms
in Ecology &Ethology, Universityo f TennesseeK, nox-ville,
Tennessee
HUMAN BIOLOGY & HEALTH
HUMAN BODY COMPOSITION. Growth, Aging Nutri-tion,
and Activity.
By GilbertB . Forbes.S pringer-VerlaNg ew York.
$66.00. ix + 350 p.; ill.; index. ISBN: 0-387-
96394-4. 1987.
Methods of studying body composition and the
results and conclusions obtained by means of these
methods are reviewed in this fine book. A long ini-tial
review of techniques is followed by chapters on
body composition of the fetus, child, and adult, and
on effects of pregnancy, nutrition, activity, hor-mones,
trauma and disease.
As in any other endeavor, the validity of conclu-sions
depends on the trustworthiness of techniques
used to acquire data. The author therefore criti-cally
reviews the methods used in studying human
body composition and the multiplication of errors
resulting from using indirect methods. Thus den-sitometric
techniques assume that the ratios of skele-ton
to water to proteins are constants in all persons;
this is not true (e.g., osteoporotics). Formulae based
on normal data cannot be expected to work with
sick people - they are not normal. If values of Lean
Body Mass (from K or water) are subtracted from
Weightto give Fat, a big relative error can result be-cause
of the subtraction of one large number from
another large number.
There are a few points on which I would take is-sue.
Mixtures of units are annoying; on p. 41, for
instance, 40K in the body is expressed in milligrams,
dpm and nanocuries. SI units should have been
used. On the same page, the radiation effect of
alpha-emitting radon daughters is omitted - it dou-bles
the natural background dose to 0.2 rem per year.
The author perpetuates myths about neutron
activation. To say that neutron activation is "very
expensive" (Table 2.16) whereas a CAT scanner is
merely "expensive"is completely reversing things.
A nitrogen facility is ten times cheaper than a CAT
scanner; and gives 100 times less radiation. The au-thor
has probably been misled by the quite unneces-sarily
expensive Brookhaven calcium facility and
has not studied routine clinical facilities.
On p. 54 the author writes of the "obvious im-possibility"
of a patient losing weight while gaining
nitrogen, and uses this to suggest large technical er-rors.
A growing obese person on a reducing diet
that is protein-sparingc ould well change in this way.
Persons taking anabolic steroids also gain nitrogen
and lose fat (p. 270), but because of the positive
energy balance, they gain weight.
Any worker in the fields of body composition or
nutrition is encouraged to acquire this worthwhile
volume.
K.G. MCNEILL, Physics &Medicine, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
HUMAN EMBRYO RESEARCH: YES OR No? The Ciba
Foundation.
Editedb yG regorByo cka ndM aeveO 'ConnoPru. blished
for theC ibaF oundatiobny T avistocPku blicationLs,o n-dona
ndN ew York$. 39.95. xv + 232 p.; ill.; name
and subject indexes. ISBN: 0-422-60590-5.
1986.
The content of this book is neatly encapsulated by
the title. It is a report on a Ciba Foundation Sym-posium
held on November 6 and 7, 1985, based on
a proposal from Dr. Anne McLaren, FRS, Direc-tor
of the Medical Research Council's Mammalian
Development Unit at University College London.
She was joined by 26 other participants including
Robert G. Edwards, FRS, well known as a pioneer
in bringing reproductive biology into the clinical
infertility orbit. Also participating were John Mad-dox,
editor of Nature, and Stephen Luck, editor of
the British Medical Journal. Among other distin-guished
participantsw ere almost a dozen specialists
in reproductive biology, obstetrics and gynecology,
and genetics. Representatives from the law, philos-ophy
and ethics, social science, and technology
rounded out the group and were active participants
in presentation and discussion.
Thirteen presentations with recorded discussion
by participants make up the substance of the book.
The presentations deal with subjects ranging from
embryology through infertility, in vitro fertilization,
(IVF), genetic and congenital disease, contracep-tion,
morality, religion and philosophy. The discus-sions
focus on the presentations with special em-phasis
on the status of the "pre-embryo" Since the
symposium took place not long after publication of
the Warnock Report and several participants were
involved in that report, the Report receives a good
deal of attention.
This is a British group wrestling with British
policy, but much of what is said is generalizable to
other arenas, including the U.S. From comments
made, it is clear that an informal agenda existed - to
make the case for the need for research on human
embryos, while recognizing at least equal need for
constraint, given the social climate. Indeed, the sym-posium
might almost be seen as a response to an
earlier editorial in Nature calling upon embryolo-
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
3. DECEMBER 1987 NEW BIOLOGICAL BOOKS 469
gists to be specific about what and why important
research objectives require human embryos.
The case is made with respect to clinical diagno-sis
of infertility, improvement of IVF efficacy, con-traception,
genetic diagnosis and congenital mal-formation.
To an already biased eye the case is
substantial. However, the case made for a policy for
confronting the deep issues raised is less persuasive;
indeed, there is some suggestion that informal con-versations
off-stage may have disclosed even deeper
divisions than are revealed on-stage. In any event
the volume will be illuminating to those who have
not thought much about human embryo research
and was fascinating to read by one who has. It is
to be hoped that, for both, this volume will help
to bring the human embryo and its status out of
the closet -a worthwhile accomplishment indeed!
CLIFFORD GROBSTEIN, Science,T echnolog&y Pub-licA
ffairsU, niversitoyf CaliforniaS,a nD iegoL, ajolla,
California
GENETIC AND PERINATAL EFFECTS OF ABUSED SUB-STANCES.
Cell Biology: A Series of Monographs.
Editedb yM oniqueC . Braudea ndArthuMr Zimmer-man;
S erieEs ditorsD: . E. Buetowe ta l. AcademiPcr ess,
Orlando(F lorida).$ 55.00. x + 211 p.; ill.; index.
ISBN: 0-12-126002-X. 1987.
The editors present nine invited papers exploring
the impact of "drugs of abuse" on fetal development.
The chapters focus on the structural effects of opi-ates,
cannabinoids, nicotine, and ethanol on cell de-velopment
in the user, and in one chapter, on fetal
development. There is an introduction to methods
of assessing genetic toxicity; discussions of phar-macogenetic
models; descriptions of the immuno-logic
effects of opiates and cannabinoids, of em-bryopathic
and neuro-behavioral changes in fetal
development, and of changes in spermatogenesis
with the use of cannabis.
The chapters provide almost no control data, and
only occasionally refer to the effects of commonly
used substances on these systems. This apparent bias
makes it impossible for the reader to assess the clin-ical
significance or practical relevance of the find-ings
presented.
For a more balanced and broader description of
the genetic effects of chemicals in common use, the
reader is preferentially referred to the Handbooko f
BehavioraTl eratologeyd, ited by E.R Riley and C.V.
Voorhees (Plenum Press, New York, 1986).
MAX FINK, PsychiatryS,t ateU niversitoyf New York,
Stony Brook, New York
LINDOW MAN: THE BODY IN THE BOG.
ByI . M Stead,J B. Bourkea, ndD onB rothwelPl. ub-lishedfort
heT rusteeosf theB ritishM useumb yB ritish
MuseumP ublicationsa nd CornellU niversityP ress,
Ithaca( New York)$.2 5.00. 208 p.; ill.; index. ISBN:
0-8014-1998-0. 1986.
In connection with shortages of fuel during and af-ter
World War II, the northwestern European raised
bogs were intensively utilized, and by this means
a large number of important archeological finds
were made. The most important were the so-called
bog bodies - bodies that, in the same way as other
organic material, had been preserved by the acidifer-ous
and therefore antiseptic water in the raised bogs.
The best known among these are Tollund Man and
Grauballe Man.
During the 1950s peat-cutting operations closed
down, and consequently hardly anyone ever imag-ined
that new bog bodies would be discovered. It
was therefore extraordinarily interesting when, in
1984, the well-preserved body of Lindow Man was
found near Manchester, England. "Well preserved"
is saying too much, since one of his legs and the
lower part of his body had disappeared into the peat;
the rest, however, was excavated and examined with
impressive precision. That is what this book is
about.
The British archeologists cannot be praised too
highly for irnmediately forming a team, including
doctors and biologists, 35 in all, who proceeded to
examine Lindow Man from the perspective of their
individual areas of expertise. The examinations are
carefully described here by their respective investi-gators
and, at the end of the book, I. M. Stead has
summarized the results.
These results are very exciting, often agreeing with
what is known from the Danish side. Altogether,
we now have a very good picture of Iron Age men
in northwesternE urope- from how they looked and
the fact that they suffered from an intestinal worm
to what they had been eating immediately before
they were killed. Lindow Man, who was 168 cm tall
and had blood type 0, was killed by garotting, per-haps
combined with a stab wound to the throat; he
further had received two violent blows to the back
of his head and a rib had been broken -all appar-ently
very cruel, but further investigations indicate
that he was a sacrifice and not a criminal who had
been executed, which corresponds exactly to what
seems to have happened to the Danish bog bodies.
The difficulties of getting Lindow Man dated by
means of carbon-14 analyses are described here in
detail. It is a little embarrassing that the labora-tory
in Oxford dates him to about 100 A.D., whereas
the laboratory in Harwell dates him to 400 A.D.,
with a single dating, however, as early as 450 B.C.
The difference in the datings might be due to,
among other things, different methods having been
used in removing humic acid from the test tissues.
I hope that the two laboratories will quickly attempt
to find the reason for this disagreement, which might
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions