This document summarizes a research article that studied the effects of herbal remedies on genes that regulate glucose transport (GLUT) in the liver and skeletal muscles. The article found that herbal remedies like Acacia arabica and Aegle marmelos were able to control blood glucose levels and modulate mechanisms involved in insulin resistance by potentially improving the expression of GLUT genes. Herbal medicines may provide an alternative or complementary treatment for diabetes by targeting the molecular pathways related to glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
Diabetes is a disease chronic disease which affects global population from long time. This review is an update on unknown complications, causes, treatment modalities of this disease. This article also provides a summary on disease management through various strategies. Suraj Nagwanshi | Smita Aher | Rishikesh Bachhav "Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46348.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46348/management-of-diabetes-mellitus-a-review/suraj-nagwanshi
Bioinformatic Analysis of Selected Natural Compounds for Antidiabetic Potentialijtsrd
Diabetes is a very serious, chronic, and complex metabolic disorder that is based on multiples aetiologies with both acute and chronic. There are two types of diabetes, one types 1 DM and the other is type two DM. Both T1DM and T2DM are the most serious type of chronic conditions that are typical cannot be cured. Insulin stimulates adipocytes, myocytes, and hepatocytes, which uptake glucose from the circulatory system. Antidiabetic drugs show useful effects through decreasing glucose absorption in the intestines increasing insulin levels in the body or increasing the bodys sensitivity or decreasing its resistance to insulin. Most of these plants contain bioactive compounds. Such compounds are alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, carotenoids, etc., which are frequently implicated as having an Antidiabetic effect. The different types of phytochemicals include flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, alkaloids, tannin, stillness, and polysaccharides. They have two types of drug design structure based drug desingand ligand based drug design. The protein is a structure based ligand, which is based on drug design for the role of significantly quantitative structure activity relationship QSAR and pharmacophore analysis. Ligand based pharmacophore model generation depends on the information regarding the known biological activity without any structural information depends on the macromolecular target. The ligand based VS is more expensive due to structure based methods. Based on the opposing chemical functionalities, and the geometric arrangement about each other, where the interactions are observed there is the pharmacophore features are placed on the ligand side. Niketa Singh | KM. Radha | Khushboo Rana | Fanish Kumar Pandey | Noopur Khare | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha "Bioinformatic Analysis of Selected Natural Compounds for Antidiabetic Potential" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42419.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/42419/bioinformatic-analysis-of-selected-natural-compounds-for-antidiabetic-potential/niketa-singh
Mathematical Model for Drug Therapy in Patients With Diabetes MellitusIJESM JOURNAL
This study presents a new mathematical model for Drug Therapy in Patients with Diabetes
Mellitus which includes external rate at which blood glucose, insulin and epinephrine is being
increased in the form, ( , , ) ( )
.
Y f g h e r t i i . The system has been analyzed and solved to provide
the systems natural frequency, ω0, which is the basic descriptor of saturation level of the drug.
We establish that the resonance period for the final model, that is, T0=3.76912 hrs, agrees well
with the data for the existing insulin therapy, showing that the peak, which is the time period for
insulin to be most effective in lowering blood sugar, is in the acceptable therapeutic range.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 93A30; Secondary 91B74, 93C15, 92C50, 92C42
Fishing Clues for the Efficacy of Chemotherapy Role of Fastingijtsrd
This Article is on how Fasting is effective in chemotherapy and how it prevents cancer. Fasting in disease intercept and treatment has recently become a popular topic and fasting is the part of most spiritual tradition in the world. Cell is the basic unit to the human body. Actually these cell division takes normally but due to some disturbance or mutation in cell it lead to cancer or tumor. chemotherapy is used to treat the cancer but it having the side effect. In this article we are describing about how cancer is prevented by fasting by different mechanism like Cellular fasting mechanism, Systemic changes by fasting, Mechanism of killing cancer cells in solid tumors by fasting and Autophagy Mechanism. Dr. C. Nithish | Dr. G. Ajith Kumar | Dr. P. Sravani ""Fishing Clues for the Efficacy of Chemotherapy: Role of Fasting"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23581.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/23581/fishing-clues-for-the-efficacy-of-chemotherapy-role-of-fasting/dr-c-nithish
Diabetes is a disease chronic disease which affects global population from long time. This review is an update on unknown complications, causes, treatment modalities of this disease. This article also provides a summary on disease management through various strategies. Suraj Nagwanshi | Smita Aher | Rishikesh Bachhav "Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46348.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/46348/management-of-diabetes-mellitus-a-review/suraj-nagwanshi
Bioinformatic Analysis of Selected Natural Compounds for Antidiabetic Potentialijtsrd
Diabetes is a very serious, chronic, and complex metabolic disorder that is based on multiples aetiologies with both acute and chronic. There are two types of diabetes, one types 1 DM and the other is type two DM. Both T1DM and T2DM are the most serious type of chronic conditions that are typical cannot be cured. Insulin stimulates adipocytes, myocytes, and hepatocytes, which uptake glucose from the circulatory system. Antidiabetic drugs show useful effects through decreasing glucose absorption in the intestines increasing insulin levels in the body or increasing the bodys sensitivity or decreasing its resistance to insulin. Most of these plants contain bioactive compounds. Such compounds are alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, carotenoids, etc., which are frequently implicated as having an Antidiabetic effect. The different types of phytochemicals include flavonoids, saponins, phenolic acids, alkaloids, tannin, stillness, and polysaccharides. They have two types of drug design structure based drug desingand ligand based drug design. The protein is a structure based ligand, which is based on drug design for the role of significantly quantitative structure activity relationship QSAR and pharmacophore analysis. Ligand based pharmacophore model generation depends on the information regarding the known biological activity without any structural information depends on the macromolecular target. The ligand based VS is more expensive due to structure based methods. Based on the opposing chemical functionalities, and the geometric arrangement about each other, where the interactions are observed there is the pharmacophore features are placed on the ligand side. Niketa Singh | KM. Radha | Khushboo Rana | Fanish Kumar Pandey | Noopur Khare | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha "Bioinformatic Analysis of Selected Natural Compounds for Antidiabetic Potential" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42419.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.combiological-science/biotechnology/42419/bioinformatic-analysis-of-selected-natural-compounds-for-antidiabetic-potential/niketa-singh
Mathematical Model for Drug Therapy in Patients With Diabetes MellitusIJESM JOURNAL
This study presents a new mathematical model for Drug Therapy in Patients with Diabetes
Mellitus which includes external rate at which blood glucose, insulin and epinephrine is being
increased in the form, ( , , ) ( )
.
Y f g h e r t i i . The system has been analyzed and solved to provide
the systems natural frequency, ω0, which is the basic descriptor of saturation level of the drug.
We establish that the resonance period for the final model, that is, T0=3.76912 hrs, agrees well
with the data for the existing insulin therapy, showing that the peak, which is the time period for
insulin to be most effective in lowering blood sugar, is in the acceptable therapeutic range.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary 93A30; Secondary 91B74, 93C15, 92C50, 92C42
Fishing Clues for the Efficacy of Chemotherapy Role of Fastingijtsrd
This Article is on how Fasting is effective in chemotherapy and how it prevents cancer. Fasting in disease intercept and treatment has recently become a popular topic and fasting is the part of most spiritual tradition in the world. Cell is the basic unit to the human body. Actually these cell division takes normally but due to some disturbance or mutation in cell it lead to cancer or tumor. chemotherapy is used to treat the cancer but it having the side effect. In this article we are describing about how cancer is prevented by fasting by different mechanism like Cellular fasting mechanism, Systemic changes by fasting, Mechanism of killing cancer cells in solid tumors by fasting and Autophagy Mechanism. Dr. C. Nithish | Dr. G. Ajith Kumar | Dr. P. Sravani ""Fishing Clues for the Efficacy of Chemotherapy: Role of Fasting"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23581.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/23581/fishing-clues-for-the-efficacy-of-chemotherapy-role-of-fasting/dr-c-nithish
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Magnesium in disease prevention and overall healthDuwan Arismendy
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral and the second most abundant intracellular divalent cation and has been recognized as a cofactor for >300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some of the processes in which magnesium is a cofactor include, but are not limited to, protein synthesis, cellular energy production and storage, reproduction, DNA and RNA synthesis, and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Magnesium also plays a critical role in nerve transmission, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular conduction, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure, and glucose and insulin metabolism. Because of magnesium's many functions within the body, it plays a major role in disease prevention and overall health. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases including migraine headaches, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Good food sources of magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and white potatoes (tubers). This review presents recent research in the areas of magnesium and chronic disease, with the goal of emphasizing magnesium's role in disease prevention and overall health.
A study on the pharmacological management of mineral bone disease in chronick...PARUL UNIVERSITY
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), along with progression of CKD,
abnormalities of mineral and bone metabolism develop, which result in altered serum levels of minerals
such as calcium and phosphorus, as well as abnormalities in parathyroid hormone (PTH) or vitamin D
metabolism. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) is a serious burden because of
increased cardiovascular mortality thus making therapeutic improvements essential in CKD-MBD. The
present study was aimed at evaluation of pharmacological management of CKD-MBD.
Methods:A retrospective study including 180 patients divided into two groups of 90 each (diabetes
mellitus and non-Diabetes) was performed in the Department of Nephrology, SVIMS, Tirupati. Patients
who were on follow up for at least 3 years (2015-2017) were considered, serum parameters were measured at every six months with a total of 6 visits. First visit was taken as baseline and sixth visit as
conclusion.
Results:The disease incidence of CKD-MBD is more common in male patients i.e. 67.8%. Serum calcium
levels were significantly increased and eGFR was significantly decreased in all patients with CKD at
conclusion compared to baseline.Further, Serum calcium levels were significantly increased at conclusion
in CKD patients without DM and eGFR was significantly decreased at conclusion compared to baseline
in CKD patients with DM. The proportion of untreated patients is high for all the drugs except vitamin D
analogues in both subgroups of CKD patients.
Conclusion:Pharmacological intervention in CKD patients helps in the effective management of mineral
bone disease by maintaining serum calcium, phosphate and calcium phosphorous product status.
Is IL1R1 required for celastrol’s leptin-sensitization and antiobesity effects?LucyPi1
The article by Xudong Feng et al. [1], published on 4 March 2019 in the journal of Nature Medicine, showed the relationship between natural product celastrol and obesity. The researchers demonstrated celastrol was able to sensitize leptin and displayed antiobesity effects through IL1R1 (Interleukin-1 receptor 1). It was proved that IL1R1 was a gatekeeper for celastrol’s metabolic actions.
A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Biochemical Profile in Geriatric Patien...PARUL UNIVERSITY
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and
biochemical characteristics of geriatric patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (DM) attending tertiary care teaching hospital,
SVIMS, Tirupati. OBJECTIVES: To document clinical
features, biochemical parameters and anti-diabetic medications
received as per records. METHODOLOGY: This
retrospective study was performed in Department of
Endocrinology in SVIMS, Tirupati, over a period of 6 months.
Demograghic details, laboratory parameters and
pharmacotherapy details were collected in the pre-designed
annexure form. RESULTS: A total of 100 diabetic elderly
patients were included in the study. Out of which 57 were men,
43 were women. Most of them were under the age group of
60-64 years followed by other age groups. 28 patients were
having the diabetes duration of 11-15 years. Some of them were
having diabetic complications (such as diabetic retinopathy,
diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy). Among 100
patients, 32 patients were normal weight, 22 patients were
overweight, 28 patients were obese-I, 18 patients were obese-II.
About 85% of patients were having high lipid levels. Some
patients were on Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAS), some
patients were using both Insulin & OHAS.CONCLUSION:
The present study comprised of 100 elderly type 2 diabetic
patients in which males were higher in number when compared
to females, most of the patients were in the age of group of
60-64 years. Hypertension was the most common co-morbidity
associated with DM followed by Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD). Diabetic neuropathy was the most prevalent
complication followed by Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic
nephropathy. In this study 46% of the patients were obese. Most
of the patients were on OHAS alone, some were on OHAS and
Insulin combination therapy while very few were on insulin
therapy alone. Dyslipidemia was present in 85% of the patients
and the most common form of dyslipidemia was low HDL and
high LD
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
Obesità e stress ossidativo: una relazione pericolosa. CreAgri Europe
Una quantità eccessiva di grasso corporeo è responsabile dell'aumento della produzione di radicali liberi. Negli individui sovrappeso e in particolare negli obesi, la costante sovrapproduzione di radicali si trasforma in stress ossidativo, responsabile di un invecchiamento precoce di tutti i tessuti, esponendo l'organismo in a maggiori rischi di sviluppare malattie cardiovascolari e fenomeni infiammatori estesi.
Do fructose-containing sugars lead to adverse health consequences? Results of...Corn Refiners Association
At Experimental Biology 2014, the Sponsored Satellite Program “Sugars and Health Controversies: What Does the Science Say?” held in conjunction with the American Society for Nutrition’s Scientific Sessions took place on Saturday, April 26, 2014.
Panelist John L Sievenpiper, MD, PhD, presented science about sugars and their associated health outcomes.
Alterations of Hepcidin and Interleukin in Diabeticsasclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study was done to determine the levels of hepcidin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in diabetics. Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 diabetics and 100 apparently normal subjects of the same age group 40–70. The levels of hepcidin and IL-6 were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: The level of hepcidin and IL-6 significantly increased in the diabetics when compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study probably indicated a significant increase in serum IL-6 and hepcidin levels in patients with diabetics.
Fasting and Caloric Restriction Show Promise for Reducing Type 2 Diabetes Bio...Premier Publishers
The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its co-morbidities threatens to overwhelm public health services and urgent patient intervention is necessary. A review of mainly randomised controlled trials investigating the reduction of biochemical T2D risk markers through fasting or caloric restriction (CR) found that in T2D or where baseline fasting glucose or HbA1c were elevated, there were significant improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c, while fasting insulin and insulin resistance may show improvement regardless of condition or baseline levels. There may, however, be ethnic differences, with a clear positive correlation found only in Caucasians. Intermittent CR (i.e. non-continuous periods of fasting) is at least as effective as isocaloric continuous CR, while CR of 400-800 kcal/day is possibly more effective than higher levels for reducing fasting glucose and HbA1c. Time restricted feeding also shows promise but there are few human studies. The findings suggest that the optimum regimen to reduce biochemical risk markers for T2D is an intermittent fasting programme employing a very low-calorie diet with the longest possible number of consecutive days of fasting. The addition of liquid meal replacements, low carbohydrate CR and supplementation of vitamin D, ω-3 PUFAs and L-carnitine may also be of benefit.
Diabetes mellitus is spreading around the world, penetrating populations not only in poor and developing countries, but also in developed ones. Propolis, a complex resinous material collected by honey bees from buds and exudates of certain plant sources, containing flavonoids pinocebrin, galangin, chrysin, and caffeic acid phenethyl ester.
The use of propolis as an alternative healing therapy for type-2 diabetes mellitus has been claimed to alleviate the disease. Previous studies state that propolis improves normal homeostasis by balancing the body’s condition through the enhancement of the immune system. The histological analysis of the liver shows that at a dose of 50–200 mg/kg BW propolis does not show a toxic effect so that the dose is categorized safe.
Therefore, the ethanolic soluble derivative of propolis (EEP) extract warrant further studies as an antidiabetic agent that is safe for humans.
Magnesium in disease prevention and overall healthDuwan Arismendy
Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral and the second most abundant intracellular divalent cation and has been recognized as a cofactor for >300 metabolic reactions in the body. Some of the processes in which magnesium is a cofactor include, but are not limited to, protein synthesis, cellular energy production and storage, reproduction, DNA and RNA synthesis, and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Magnesium also plays a critical role in nerve transmission, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular conduction, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure, and glucose and insulin metabolism. Because of magnesium's many functions within the body, it plays a major role in disease prevention and overall health. Low levels of magnesium have been associated with a number of chronic diseases including migraine headaches, Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular accident (stroke), hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Good food sources of magnesium include unrefined (whole) grains, spinach, nuts, legumes, and white potatoes (tubers). This review presents recent research in the areas of magnesium and chronic disease, with the goal of emphasizing magnesium's role in disease prevention and overall health.
A study on the pharmacological management of mineral bone disease in chronick...PARUL UNIVERSITY
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), along with progression of CKD,
abnormalities of mineral and bone metabolism develop, which result in altered serum levels of minerals
such as calcium and phosphorus, as well as abnormalities in parathyroid hormone (PTH) or vitamin D
metabolism. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) is a serious burden because of
increased cardiovascular mortality thus making therapeutic improvements essential in CKD-MBD. The
present study was aimed at evaluation of pharmacological management of CKD-MBD.
Methods:A retrospective study including 180 patients divided into two groups of 90 each (diabetes
mellitus and non-Diabetes) was performed in the Department of Nephrology, SVIMS, Tirupati. Patients
who were on follow up for at least 3 years (2015-2017) were considered, serum parameters were measured at every six months with a total of 6 visits. First visit was taken as baseline and sixth visit as
conclusion.
Results:The disease incidence of CKD-MBD is more common in male patients i.e. 67.8%. Serum calcium
levels were significantly increased and eGFR was significantly decreased in all patients with CKD at
conclusion compared to baseline.Further, Serum calcium levels were significantly increased at conclusion
in CKD patients without DM and eGFR was significantly decreased at conclusion compared to baseline
in CKD patients with DM. The proportion of untreated patients is high for all the drugs except vitamin D
analogues in both subgroups of CKD patients.
Conclusion:Pharmacological intervention in CKD patients helps in the effective management of mineral
bone disease by maintaining serum calcium, phosphate and calcium phosphorous product status.
Is IL1R1 required for celastrol’s leptin-sensitization and antiobesity effects?LucyPi1
The article by Xudong Feng et al. [1], published on 4 March 2019 in the journal of Nature Medicine, showed the relationship between natural product celastrol and obesity. The researchers demonstrated celastrol was able to sensitize leptin and displayed antiobesity effects through IL1R1 (Interleukin-1 receptor 1). It was proved that IL1R1 was a gatekeeper for celastrol’s metabolic actions.
A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Biochemical Profile in Geriatric Patien...PARUL UNIVERSITY
The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and
biochemical characteristics of geriatric patients with type 2
diabetes mellitus (DM) attending tertiary care teaching hospital,
SVIMS, Tirupati. OBJECTIVES: To document clinical
features, biochemical parameters and anti-diabetic medications
received as per records. METHODOLOGY: This
retrospective study was performed in Department of
Endocrinology in SVIMS, Tirupati, over a period of 6 months.
Demograghic details, laboratory parameters and
pharmacotherapy details were collected in the pre-designed
annexure form. RESULTS: A total of 100 diabetic elderly
patients were included in the study. Out of which 57 were men,
43 were women. Most of them were under the age group of
60-64 years followed by other age groups. 28 patients were
having the diabetes duration of 11-15 years. Some of them were
having diabetic complications (such as diabetic retinopathy,
diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy). Among 100
patients, 32 patients were normal weight, 22 patients were
overweight, 28 patients were obese-I, 18 patients were obese-II.
About 85% of patients were having high lipid levels. Some
patients were on Oral Hypoglycemic Agents (OHAS), some
patients were using both Insulin & OHAS.CONCLUSION:
The present study comprised of 100 elderly type 2 diabetic
patients in which males were higher in number when compared
to females, most of the patients were in the age of group of
60-64 years. Hypertension was the most common co-morbidity
associated with DM followed by Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD). Diabetic neuropathy was the most prevalent
complication followed by Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic
nephropathy. In this study 46% of the patients were obese. Most
of the patients were on OHAS alone, some were on OHAS and
Insulin combination therapy while very few were on insulin
therapy alone. Dyslipidemia was present in 85% of the patients
and the most common form of dyslipidemia was low HDL and
high LD
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
Obesità e stress ossidativo: una relazione pericolosa. CreAgri Europe
Una quantità eccessiva di grasso corporeo è responsabile dell'aumento della produzione di radicali liberi. Negli individui sovrappeso e in particolare negli obesi, la costante sovrapproduzione di radicali si trasforma in stress ossidativo, responsabile di un invecchiamento precoce di tutti i tessuti, esponendo l'organismo in a maggiori rischi di sviluppare malattie cardiovascolari e fenomeni infiammatori estesi.
Do fructose-containing sugars lead to adverse health consequences? Results of...Corn Refiners Association
At Experimental Biology 2014, the Sponsored Satellite Program “Sugars and Health Controversies: What Does the Science Say?” held in conjunction with the American Society for Nutrition’s Scientific Sessions took place on Saturday, April 26, 2014.
Panelist John L Sievenpiper, MD, PhD, presented science about sugars and their associated health outcomes.
Alterations of Hepcidin and Interleukin in Diabeticsasclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study was done to determine the levels of hepcidin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in diabetics. Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 diabetics and 100 apparently normal subjects of the same age group 40–70. The levels of hepcidin and IL-6 were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: The level of hepcidin and IL-6 significantly increased in the diabetics when compared to the controls (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study probably indicated a significant increase in serum IL-6 and hepcidin levels in patients with diabetics.
Fasting and Caloric Restriction Show Promise for Reducing Type 2 Diabetes Bio...Premier Publishers
The global epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its co-morbidities threatens to overwhelm public health services and urgent patient intervention is necessary. A review of mainly randomised controlled trials investigating the reduction of biochemical T2D risk markers through fasting or caloric restriction (CR) found that in T2D or where baseline fasting glucose or HbA1c were elevated, there were significant improvements in fasting glucose and HbA1c, while fasting insulin and insulin resistance may show improvement regardless of condition or baseline levels. There may, however, be ethnic differences, with a clear positive correlation found only in Caucasians. Intermittent CR (i.e. non-continuous periods of fasting) is at least as effective as isocaloric continuous CR, while CR of 400-800 kcal/day is possibly more effective than higher levels for reducing fasting glucose and HbA1c. Time restricted feeding also shows promise but there are few human studies. The findings suggest that the optimum regimen to reduce biochemical risk markers for T2D is an intermittent fasting programme employing a very low-calorie diet with the longest possible number of consecutive days of fasting. The addition of liquid meal replacements, low carbohydrate CR and supplementation of vitamin D, ω-3 PUFAs and L-carnitine may also be of benefit.
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The development of a new dietary adjunct with a novel natural antioxidant impact on diabetes mellitus with prevention of its long term deleterious effect on the male fertility in general has been increasingly expressed in recent time. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on adult male Sprague Dawley rats’ testis using unbiased stereological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. The treated groups; 1 and 2 received 28.0 and 14 mg/kg bwt of aqueous extract of sesame leaves via oral garvage, respectively, while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline per day for 6 weeks. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and blood glucose were assayed. In addition five microns of uniformly random transverse sections of processed testicular tissues were equally analyzed using an un-biased stereological study. The result showed that the mean percentage volume fractions (Vf) of epithelial cells and lumen of the testis were 76% (P<0.05)><0.05),>0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner. Serum testosterone and FSH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the high dose sesame when compared to control. Sesame leaves intake improved glucose profile and testicular parameters in a dose related manner via possible improved insulin activity on the cells with a stimulatory impact on sperm production. This also confirmed its folkloric claims.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
This Presentation is Briefly Discussing Diabetes in General,
Anti-Diabetic Venomous Animals and the Role of Naja Naja Snake Venom in The Treatment of it.
Peer #1 Nicholette ThomasTypes of diabetes Type 1 .docxpauline234567
Peer #1
Nicholette Thomas
Types of diabetes:
Type 1 diabetes only accounts for 5% of diabetes cases and is usually diagnosed in childhood or adolescent ages (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). In type 1, the body destroys its own pancreatic beta cells through an autoimmune process. For this reason, no insulin can be produced innately, hence why it is known as insulin-dependent diabetes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). Juvenile diabetes used to be used interchangeably with the term Type 1 diabetes, although the incidence of children developing type 2 diabetes is on the rise as well as the correlated rates of childhood obesity (Valaiyapathi et al., 2020).
Type 2 diabetes, which will be the main focus of this discussion, is usually diagnosed after the age of 40, and while there is a large hereditary component, it is often brought on largely by modifiable risk factors such as obesity, poor diet and sedentary lifestyle (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). It is characterized by the development of insulin resistance within target tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue, as well as an impaired or delayed secretion of insulin (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). Diagnosis of diabetes can include a combination of different tests including a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) of greater than 126 mg/dL, a random glucose of greater than 200, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of greater than 11, and an A1c of greater than 6.5% (Quattrocchi et al., 2020). It is important to note that other conditions can affect the hgb A1c as well, such as sickle cell, anemia, blood transfusions, dialysis and pregnancy (Quattrocchi et al., 2020). Therefore, multiple tests should be performed and possibly repeated before making a definitive diagnosis.
Gestational diabetes is brought on by pregnancy and subsides rapidly after the birth of the child (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). It can be difficult to control due to elevated cortisol levels during pregnancy, other placental hormones that can antagonize the actions of insulin, and also due to the ability of glucose to freely get into the blood of the fetus (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017). For this reason, blood glucose levels often need to be checked six to seven times per day and be correlated properly with meals / amount of carbohydrates to avoid harm to the fetus. Diet and insulin are utilized primarily to treat this type of diabetes (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2017).
Drug Therapy: Metformin
There are many different types of oral medications and different types of insulin that can be used to manage diabetes. Each class of oral medications works differently in the body to help lower blood sugar. A stepwise approach for managing diabetes, especially alongside different comorbidities such as heart disease and CKD should be implemented, as noted by the recommendations by the ADA, which I will link the updated 2023 articles for standards of care for pharm management under the references listed below. For the purpose o.
Systemic diseases, or conditions themselves do not cause periodontitis but alter host tissues to increase the progression of periodontal disease. Systemic diseases and conditions can influence the course of periodontitis or affect the periodontal supporting tissues independent of the presence of dental plaque. Most commonly affecting diseases are diabetes, neoplasms.
Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Obese Patients Attending Selected Tertiary Hospi...ijtsrd
Oxidative stress has continued to play major roles in the etiology of many metabolic diseases, diabetes and obesity inclusive. The study on oxidative stress in diabetic obese patients was carried out with patients from two tertiary hospitals in Abia State Nigeria who gave their consent to participate in the study. A total of 120 patients 18 years and above who were stratified into five different age groups were enrolled for the study. Following approved protocols fasting blood samples were collected and a semi structured questionnaire used to collect other data needed for the study. Data was analyzed using T test and SPSS version 20.0 software and result considered significant at p 0.05. The results showed that body mass index BMI were higher in females than males 37.20 vs 35.12 kg m2. The oxidative stress markers or parameters of the experimental groups follow a uniform trend of significant increases in Malondialdehyde MDA , and significant decreases in enzymes Glutathione peroxidases GPx and Superoxide dismutase SOD and vitamins C and E . Also middle aged patients 30 50 years were equally affected with diabetes and more in females than males. Generally increased oxidative stress or impaired antioxidant defense system in diabetic obese condition may contribute to increased metabolic damage. Egejuru O. Leonard | Akubugwo I. Emmanuel | Chinyere O. Godwin | Ugorji N. Beatrice "Oxidative Stress in Diabetic-Obese Patients Attending Selected Tertiary Hospital in Abia State Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47548.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/47548/oxidative-stress-in-diabeticobese-patients-attending-selected-tertiary-hospital-in-abia-state-nigeria/egejuru-o-leonard
Immunology of Type I Diabetes: The Journey from Animal Models to Human Therap...Apollo Hospitals
Type I diabetes is primarily induced by an autoimmune process that destroys the pancreatic Beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors interplay to bring about an “insulitis”. Given that antibodies to GAD are detectable years before type I diabetes develops, there is a potential for treating and preventing the onset of this autoimmune process even before there is an irreversible pancreatic dysfunction.
Diabetes Type 1 Sara MartinezChamberlain College of Nursing.docxlynettearnold46882
Diabetes Type 1
Sara Martinez
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
2018
1
1
What is Diabetes
Body Does not make or properly use insulin: (ADA,2005)
No insulin production
Insufficient insulin production
Resistance to insulin’s effects
No insulin to move glucose from blood into cells
High blood glucose means:
Fuel loss, cells starve
Short and long term complications
2
Diabetes is a chronic disease in which the body does not make or properly
use insulin, a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other
food into energy by moving glucose from blood into the cells ( American Diabetes Association, 2005).
People with diabetes have increased blood glucose (sugar) levels for one or
more of the following three reasons: Either
No insulin is being produced,
Insulin production is insufficient, and/or
The body is resistant to the effects of insulin.
As a result, high levels of glucose build up in the blood, and spill into the
urine and out of the body. The body loses its main source of fuel and cells
are deprived of glucose, a needed source of energy. High blood glucose
levels may result in short and long term complications over time ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).
2
Understanding Diabetes Type 1
Auto immune disorder
Insulin – producing cells destroyed
Daily insulin replacement necessary
Age of onset: usually childhood, young adults
Most prevalent type of diabetes in children and adolescent’s
(CDC,2017)
3
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both (CDC,2017).
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
The effects of diabetes mellitus include long–term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs.
Diabetes is a condition where the body fails to utilize the ingested glucose properly. This could be due to lack of the hormone insulin or because the insulin that is available is not working effectively. Diabetes is the fastest growing long term disease that affects millions of people worldwide (CDC,2017). According to the charity Diabetes UK, more than two million people in the UK have the condition and up to 750,000 more are unaware of having the condition. In the United States 25.8 million people or 8.3% of the population have diabetes. Of these, 7.0 million have undiagnosed diabetes. In 2010, about 1.9 million new cases of diabetes were diagnosed in population over 20 years. It is said that if this trend continues, 1 in 3 Americans would be diabetic by 2050 (Mayo Clinic, 2017).
Type 1 diabetes is a disease of the immune system, which is the body’s system for fighting infection.
In people with type 1 diabetes, the .
Insulin and non insulin dependent glut4 trafficking regulation by the tug pro...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
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4Evidence-Based Practice Project- Paper on D.docxalinainglis
4
Evidence-Based Practice Project- Paper on Diabetes
Evidence-Based practice project- Closed Loop Insulin Delivery System on Type 1 DiabetesThe metabolic and endocrine dysfunction in other words T-cell mediated autoimmune disease is called diabetes mellitus (DM) which contains sky-rocketing influencing in morbidity and mortality of life. This paper is to elaborate the research article based on the treatment of childhood diabetes with the close loop insulin delivery system (CLIDS). Therefore, CLIDS is also known as the artificial pancreas which is being considered under the best therapeutic approaches for the control over the sugar in type 1 diabetes. “Closed loop delivery system is an innovative tool which is made up of synthetic materials, it works as a substitute of the pancreas by recognizing plasma glucose concentration, and computing the needs of insulin requirements and also it provides the exact amount of insulin as needed” (Sasi & Elmalki, 2013).
Research and Clinical Findings:
The research of innovative health care system was researched by many of the popular researchers in the 21"st century. The writer is also very interested in this research article which was by(Thabit et al) which is located in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2015. “Home Use of an Artificial Beta Cell in Type 1 Diabetes” This research paper basically provides information for the patient to improve their quality of life by helping them out with certain practices giving them right information base do the organization and providing them the safety of artificial pancreas for home settings. This study was specifically lead by the where there are 58 participants from two different age groups starting age of 6-18 years and also it includes 25 participants from age group 18 to 33 which involves involved type 1diabetes and the duration of the study was 12 weeks. Conduction of study was done as a closed-loop insulin delivery system versus sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy; in adult, CLIDS was used during the day and night and children group used sensor only overnight during the 12 weeks study time period while during the same time frame the sensor-augmented pump therapy used for the control group. However, both study and control group were under continuous monitoring of glucose through the continuous glucose monitoring device (CGMD) By the use of CGMD, glucose level recorded on CGMD ranging 70 to 180 mg per deciliter is considered as the primary endpoint for adult group and 70 to 145 mg per deciliter for children group (Thabit et al., 2015).
The research paper elaborates the effectiveness of artificial pancreas over SAP in both children and grown-up adult for maintaining the blood glucose level. CLIDS tracks the target blood glucose where they compare it to SAP as well. The practice round was done during the day and night with the adults and for children, it was only at the night time. There was not any limited controlled for the right way glucos.
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
In order to have data on the consumption of okra in Ivory Coast, a survey was
carried out in a school in the town of Adjamé among young people aged between 15
and 35 years. The survey showed that all respondents knew okra 57.80% of
respondents appreciate okra fresh, 39.20% dry and 03% do not appreciate at all the
okra. It also showed that 18.60% of respondents appreciate the sauce gombo, 20.80%
gouagouassou the sauce, the 13.80% Kopé sauce, 39.20% djoumblé the sauce, sauces
made 0.8% made from sheets of okra. 06.80% do not like these sauces. All people
surveyed know the varieties of "Gombo baoule" and "Gombo dioula." In conclusion,
the existing prejudices about fresh okra are the dried okra is more popular among
young people in Côte d'Ivoire.
Five diets (diets incorporated with folic acid, vitamin B, vitamin C, vitamin/
mineral mix and control) were used to determine their effects on survival, digestive
enzyme activity, protein profiling and growth of striped snakehead Channa striatus
fingerlings. All vitamin diets showed significant difference in enzyme activity like
protease, amylase and lipase, when compared to that of control. The fingerlings fed
with vitamin C diet showed significantly (P<0.05) better performance in terms of
survival rate, weight gain and Specific Growth Rate (SGR) when compared to the rest
of the four diets. The electrophoretic studies revealed that high molecular weight
fractions were added up in muscle tissue of C. striatus fed with vitamin and mineral
supplemented diets.
Mining is considered as a difficult and harmful job as it is done in a very
difficult physical and environmental condition. In addition to that, miners are exposed
to the dangers, damages and even death because of the bad condition of mines. The
dangers of mines are different in accordance with the kind of mine which may be
underground or surfaces. The dangers may be a bit different in different cities and
mines. Main harmful factors in mining are the physical damages, hyperthermia,
hearing loss, lung diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and facing with dangerous gases
and beams. The purpose of this essay is to examine the effect of physical, chemical
and biological harmful factor on miners. This survey has adopted descriptive method
and data are collected by library method. The results showed that the exposure of
chemical factors such as dust, methane and silica, and physical factors such as noise,
radiation, and biological factors may have great danger for miners.
The intensive study was conuducted for the prevalence and distribution of
Armigeres obturbans for the first time in the rural area surrounding Rajkot City. Seven
villages were identified for the study species identification, larval density, adult
density and distribution of breeding sites of the species. Results showed that adult
density of Ar. obturbans during monsoon was highest and post monsoon period was
most favourable for the species. Also the breeding sites of the species were recorded
more during this period. While during winter season majority of temporary breeding
sites dries out because of temperature decrease. Therefore, the temperature and
rainfall are the two variables that showed major effect on the breeding activities of
this species.
In order to assess the Myxosporeans fauna of Cameroon fresh water fishes so
as to find the fight strategies, 655 specimens (350 Oreochromis niloticus and 305
Barbus callipterus) were sampled in Mapé river (Sanaga basin) and examined.
Standard methods were used for the sampling of fishes, conservation and microscopy.
Morphometric characteristics of the spores were used for species identification. Two
new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus Büstchli, 1882 were described namely
Myxobolus tchoumbouei n. sp in Barbus callipterus which formed cysts within various
organs (fins, skin and operculum); Myxobolus mapei n. sp parasite of kidneys and liver
in Oreochromis niloticus and Barbus callipterus. Myxobolus tchoumbouei exhibited
very long spores (19.19 x 8.89 μm), pear-shaped with rounded anterior end
sometimes flattened. Polar capsules were dissymmetrical. They measured 7.60 x 3.00
μm for the bigger and 7.06 x 2.62 μm for the smaller. Myxobolus mapei n. sp had
ellipsoidal spores (13.50 x 6.83 μm) with unequal polar capsules. The larger polar
capsule (6.44 X 2.88 μm) was about 1.5 times longer than the smaller one (4.13 X 1.61
μm) and filled half of the spiral cavity. The awareness about these parasites is useful
to find fighting strategies.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is also known by the name hyaluronan. The necessity for
using this fabulous material lead to investigate non-pathogenic strains which produce
this material. The most non-pathogenic strain is S. thermophilus. The lack of literature
on microbial production of this substance by the strain prompted us to examine the
microbial production of HA from it and also to examine optimization of culture
conditions where HA is produced. The bacteria Streptococcus salivarius sub.
thermophilus was obtained from the Bank of Scientific and Industrial Research of Iran
(PTCC 1738). To separate S. thermophilus strains from yogurts, three types of yogurts
were used. They were cultured by pour-plate and surface methods on STA medium. To
identify the isolated strains, biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
were used. Bacterial strains isolated from yoghurts were identified as S. thermophilus
MN-BM-A02, S. thermophilus JIM8232 and S. thermophilus MN-ZLW-002. To separate
the capsule strains, each strain was cultured on STB medium and then they were
centrifuged. In order to purify the samples, ethanol and charcoal were used. To
optimize production, variety of sources of carbon, nitrogen, temperature and pH were
studied.
The qualitative and quantitative dynamics of the copepod community in
Hendijan harbor was studied through zooplankton samples collected seasonally in
summer 2010 (July- August), autumn 2010 (October), winter 2011 (December-
February) and spring 2011(April). The copepods community was represented by 27
species, belonging to calanoida (16 species), cyclopoida (5 species), Poecilostomatoida
(3 species) and harpacticoida (3 species). The highest abundance of copepods was in
summer (14402±3352 Ind/m3) while the lowest was in winter (852±155 ind/m3). Of
the adult forms, Acartiella faoensis was the most abundant species, forming 19% of
the total copepods, followed by Paracalanus parvus (17%), Corycaeus andrewsi (13%)
and Clausocalanus arcuicornis (8%). Most of copepod species displayed distinct
seasonal occurrence relative to environmental conditions. The spearman’s correlation
revealed that temperature and salinity were the most important factor controlling the
size of copepods density in Hendijan harbor. The cluster analysis demonstrated
different types of association between copepods species. The highest value of
Shannon’s diversity index, Margalef index and Pielou’s evenness was noticed in
summer. These results revealed that the summer is different from other seasons of
the year and in this season the ecological situation is better and more stable than
other seasons in Hendijan shores waters.
The main purpose of this research was to investigate the women pregnancy healthy status and behaviors in Eastern-Azerbaijan province referred to the treatment health centers in 2012. The present study was a cross-section study. So 30
married women between 15-49 years old have been taken up randomly for family adjustment and mother health and pregnancy care. A questionnaire including the demographic features and other questions about the status and behavior of the
pregnancy health affairs were used to collect the results. The obtained data of these questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS software. The results that showed 63.8% had itching or the vaginal stimuli and 34.9% (52 ones) had bad-smelling secretions and
36.9% (55 ones) had intense pain around the abdominal area. The investigation of these infectious diseases through sexual path showed that about 0.5% (3 ones) are challenging with these mentioned disorders. The results of the barrenness showed that about 8.7% (52 ones) tried to get pregnant but they did not get pregnant.
To evaluate the effect of humic acid fertilizer on potato tubers in 2010, trials were conducted in the Province of Iran. The experiment was conducted on a split plot with randomized complete block design having three replications. Main plots consisted of four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 2, 3 times) solution in water irrigation and sub-factor consisted of three varieties of potato (Marfona, Satina, and Born). During planting the application of humic acid at the rate of nine liters per hectare per load at the beginning and start of creating tuber formation respectively were done. Analysis of variance showed that the smallest and largest tuber weight, number of tubers per plant and yield per plant were not significant. Effect of humic acid on the smallest mean tumor weight at 1% and the number of tubers and yield per plant showed significant difference at 5% level. The largest tuber weight was also not significantly different. Interaction of humic acid fertilizer in any of the measured parameters showed no significant difference in potatoes. Comparison by Duncan test showed that the application of humic acid in all the three stages of growth had shown great impact on tuber weight. The highest number of tubers per plant has been associated with the use of humic acid (27 l/ha). The number of tubers per hectare with the application of 18 litres of humic acid showed no significant difference. The amount of humic acid applied were 18 and 27 litres per hectare, and increased performance is in the range of 13 and 29% respectively.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
The main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of regular home visits on the developmental indices of low birth weight infants. The present study was an on-site clinical investigation. 90 infants ranging between 1500 to 2500g born in Razi Hospital of Marand town having the entrance criteria to the present study were taken into consideration through the available sampling method and then they were divided into two intervention and control groups. The intervention group has received the whole routine cares since the first to fourth week and then they were visited at home for 45 minutes a week. The control group received the routine cares. The evolutionary indices of both groups were also completed monthly for three months by referring homes. The related data gathering tool was also subjected to the demographic information through registration list and the Persian version of the Low Weight Infant Inventory (LWII) (2 months) that have been completed by the researcher on the birthday, first, second and third months of the birth through the interview. SPSS-15 software and the application of the inferential and descriptive statistical tests (K2 and T-tests) were also applied in order to analyze the related data in this study. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.
More than half of these related research units of both groups had experience (61.5%) and control (55.8%) regarding all women in this study; the mean score of the low weight infants on the first month had not shown any statistical significant difference; but on the second months (p=0.04) and the third months (p=0.001), they had shown statistical significant difference progressively. The healthcare based on home-visit had influence on the recovery indices of the low weight infants. Hence, nurses and other health monitors of the infants should apply for the healthcare programs based on home-visit particularly in caring infants.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
Generally, the reconstitution of palaeo-geography and related environments
is based on the study of sediment markers such as grain size and clay mineralogy. In
this research, 90 surface and subsurface sediment samples from eight cores were
analyzed for grain size and clay mineralogy in southern part of Urmia lake coast and
adjacent areas. Abundant minerals are quartz, feldspars, calcite and dolomite. Heavy
minerals identified were epidote, hornblende and zircon. Clay minerals are Kaolinite
and Smectite mainly. Clay mineralogy and mean grain size of sediments in eight cores
of Urmia Lake; reflect climatic conditions in this region. Relatively coarse sediments
usually deposited during Urmia Lake low stands and relatively fine sediments
deposited during high stands. The mineralogy of the clay-size fraction was determined
by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mineral assemblages display two climate conditions: Those
having large Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar peaks but a small smectite peak
(interpreted to be cold times), and those with small Kaolinite, quartz and feldspar
peaks and a large smectite peak-(warm sediments). In addition, smectite content
correlate well with high mean grain size in Urmia Lake sediments, whereas sediments
rich in Kaolinite, quartz, and feldspar correlate well with finer mean grain size.
Chemical elements of the total sample are mainly of terrigenous origin, supplied by
“Discharge Rivers”, which discharges in Urmia Lake. Variations in clay mineralogy and
grain size didn’t indicate that the lake-level variations and nature of sediments
delivered to the lake vary in concert with global climate changes, recently. Human
activities such as Dams’ constructions and agriculture have probably induced
variations in the mobilization of chemical elements.
According to the Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982, constructing
artificial island is permitted and countries can construct artificial islands in their own
territory. Constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf area makes the countries in
the region, especially Iran, to pursue the issue with more sensitivity. According to data
dissemination principle of International Environmental Law, the countries that
construct artificial islands should notify other states regarding construction and
properties of their own artificial islands. Today, artificial island construction is being
increased and this has caused many environmental crises including increase of water
darkness and pollution and transport of coastal sediments. In this study, the
destructive results of constructing artificial islands in the Persian Gulf environment,
the effect of development of new land space from geopolitical view, and also
constructing artificial islands from the viewpoint of International Law of the seas have
been reviewed. Moreover, according to the fact that the notion of governance in
modern International Law have been modified regarding the use of environment and
sustainable development, the states will have limited right to construct artificial
islands.
The use of biotechnology in the propagation of plantain and
banana (Musa sp.) of great importance to induce, tolerant to plant genotypes for
diseases and high yield potentials. However, auxins and cytokinins should be used,
which are expensive and can sometimes cause changes in the regenerants obtained.
Both traditional growth regulators (auxins and cytokinins) and non-traditional growth
regulators (brassinosteroid analogues and mixtures oligogalacturonide) are used in
the in vitro propagation of crops, but mush progress has been hindering due to the
sufficient knowledge and impact of different phases prevailing in the
micropropagation of banana hybrid 'FHIA-18' (AAAB) is present hitherto. This work
was performed in order to evaluate the biological activity of an analogue of
brassinosteroids (Biobras-6) *ABr+ and a mixture of oligogalacturonide with the degree
of polymerization between 9 and 16 (Pectimorf) *mOLG+. The effect of ABr and mOLG
are determined as a substitute or complement of auxin (IBA or IAA) and cytokinin (6-
BAP) for the establishment of in vitro multiplication and rooting of plantlets and in the
acclimatization phase. Non-traditional regulators phenolization decrease the explant
growth in the establishment phase of in vitro propagation; but increased the number
of shoots per explants (above 3.5) and improved survival of vitro plant during the
acclimatization phase.
Kumaun Himalaya, in the Indian Himalayan region, has a rich diversity of
medicinal plants, which are widely used in traditional medicinal systems. The present
paper concludes the diversity, vernacular names, associated authorship, ethnomedicinal
uses and use pattern, life form; plant part used and accession number of the
medicinal flora together. The paper describes distribution and local/traditional uses of
the 256 medicinal plants representing 96 families, in which pteridophytes were 1%,
trees were 18%, shrubs were 25%, herbs were 52%). Various plant parts used in
formulations, such as: underground part- 33%, leaves- 24%, whole plant- 11%, bark-
7%, seeds- 7%, resin /latex/oil- 4%, stem/ shoot/ wood- 4%, flowers and
inflorescences- 5%, fruits and nuts- 5% were used in different ailments.
There is a great contamination of water, soil, air, soil erosion, pest resistance
and extensive use of chemical fertilizers cause a turn to induce agriculture for
producing safe and clean products. For this purpose, by using natural materials like
algae on the beach, organic and environmentally friendly fertilizer was prepared. In
this investigation effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Ulva fasciata at
concentrations of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% on some parameters of wheat
(Triticum aestivum var. chamran) has been investigated. Based on the results, above
algae can be used as a food supplement solution in the form of foliar spray at 2.5%
concentration with a significant increase in morphological and biochemical indices.
Cardiovascular diseases are considered as one of the threats to human
health, especially, in individuals with overweight. The aim of this study was to
investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic exercises in 10 to 12 years old overweight
girls. In this study, 27 overweight female student whit 10-12 years old were selected
and were randomly divided into two groups; a) training group (n=17) and b) control
group (n=10). Training group participated into the aerobic training for 8 weeks, with
70-85 percent of heart rate reserve maximum, 3 times a week and 60 minutes in each
session. The variables such as BF, BMI, WHR and VO2max, were measured in two
groups before and after the training period. The average of variables such as BF, BMI
and VO2max were significantly different between two groups (P<0.05). But the
average of WHR were not significantly different between two groups. According to
these results, aerobic exercise in 10-12 years old overweight girls, can have beneficial
effects on some cardiovascular risk factors.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
Anti-Diabetic potential of herbal remedies on the glucose transport gene (GLUT) in liver and skeletal muscle
1. Article Citation:
Waleed M. Al-Shaqha.
Anti-Diabetic potential of herbal remedies on the glucose transport gene (GLUT) in
liver and skeletal muscles.
Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(8):1885-1895
JournalofResearchinBiology
Anti-Diabetic potential of herbal remedies on the glucose transport gene
(GLUT) in liver and skeletal muscles
Keywords:
Herbal Remedies, Glucose Transporter (GLUT), mRNA.
ABSTRACT:
For a long time, several herbal medicines have been used for the treatment
of diabetes in the form of compound drugs. Moreover, after the references made by
researchers on diabetes mellitus, investigations on the hypoglycemic activity of
compound drugs from medicinal plants have been more important. Although, the
molecular mechanisms behind this effect is not much explored yet. There are various
approaches to reduce the diabetes effect and its secondary complications, and herbal
drugs are more preferred due to its less side effects and low cost. One of the major
factors in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by
free radicals. Therefore antidiabetic compounds with antioxidant properties would be
more beneficial. It is hypothesized that the insulin mimetic effect, hypoglycemic effect
and β-cell function of herbal remedies might add to glucose uptake through
improvement in the expression of genes of the glucose transporter (GLUT) family in
liver and skeletal muscles. Here we selected some plants with the ability to control
blood glucose as well as to modulate some of the mechanisms involved in insulin
resistance like β-cell function, glucose transport (GLUT) gene and incretin related
pathways. Therefore, plants remedies may be appealing as an alternative and
adjunctive treatment for diabetes mellitus.
1885-1895 | JRB | 2015 | Vol 5 | No 8
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
www.jresearchbiology.com
Journal of Research in Biology
An International
Scientific Research Journal
Authors:
Waleed M. Al-Shaqha
Institution:
College of Medicine,
Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn
Saud Islamic University
(IMSIU), Riyadh-13317-
7544, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia (KSA).
Corresponding author:
Waleed M. Al-Shaqha
Email Id:
Web Address:
http://jresearchbiology.com/
documents/RA0574.pdf
Dates:
Received: 19 November 2015 Accepted: 03 December 2015 Published: 26 December 2015
Journal of Research in Biology
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
ISSN No: Print: 2231 –6280; Online: 2231- 6299
2. INTRODUCTION
Through ages people have utilized natural
resources especially plants to maintain good health and
fighting against infections, pain and diseases. In the past
200 years we have seen an increased extinction of plant
species due to industrialization and a decline in
knowledge of traditional medicinal which relies heavily
on plants. World Health Organization (WHO) identifies
21,000 plant species with medicinal value from different
parts of the world. Though, traditional medicine has been
replaced by modern medicine almost everywhere, we are
becoming increasingly aware of its many shortcomings,
and chief among them are its ineffectiveness against
many conditions and diseases, harmful side effects and
increasing cost of treatment. The present review is an
attempt to discuss the role of herbal drugs preparations
and plants used in the treatment of diabetes and effect of
herbal drug on the Glucose Transporters (GLUTs) genes.
All eukaryotic cells rely chiefly on glucose for energy
production which is transported across the membrane via
Glucose transporters. GLUTs are expressed in all cell
types in humans where they are primarily responsible for
sugar uptake destined for metabolic pathways (Augustin,
2010; Thorens and Mueckler, 2010).
Diabetes and significance
Among lifestyle diseases diabetes mellitus is
emerging as a life threatening condition right behind
cancer and cardiovascular disease. It is a chronic
metabolic disease with high prevalence, morbidity and
mortality rate (Kannel et al., 1979; King et al., 1998).
Diabetes mellitus doesn’t have any geographical
specificity with nearly 4% of world’s population affected
by this deadly disease and the death toll is likely to
increase by 5.4% in the year 2025 (Kim et al., 2006).
Additionally diabetes is known to be a risk factor for
other diseases as well. The International Diabetes
Federation (IDF) estimates that 285 million people, 6.4%
of the world population, suffered from diabetes in 2010
and this prevalence will increase to 439 million people,
7.7% of the world population by the year 2030 (Shaw et
al., 2010). Over 90% of patients are diagnosed with type
2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Boyle et al., 1999; Attele et
al., 2002). The cost of health care associated in diabetes
continues to grow and becoming a big economic burden
for diabetic patients and countries. Nearly US$ 174
billion were spent in the year 2007 alone in the United
States treating 17.5 million adults (Cashen et al., 2008).
It is a complex metabolic disorder resulting due
to the lack of insulin or inability of cells to respond to
insulin. Insulin insufficiency due to the lack of functional
beta cells results in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM,
insulin dependent) while patients with T2DM (insulin
dependent) are unable to respond despite producing
normal amounts of insulin. Patients with type 1 insulin
are totally dependent on external sources of Insulin
however, patients with type 2 insulin can be managed
with dietary changes, medications and exercise. Nearly
90% of cases are of T2DM and it is the most common
form of diabetes. General symptoms of diabetes
includes: high levels of sugar in the blood, unusual thirst,
frequent urination, extreme hunger and loss of weight,
blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, tiredness, extreme
weakness, irritability, and mood changes.
Pathophysiology of diabetes
A complete pathophysiological profile of
diabetes remains to be ascertained, however, mounting
evidence points towards the crucial role of free radicals
in the pathogenesis and development of diabetic
complications. (Oberlay et al., 1988; Baynes et al., 1997;
Lipinski et al., 2001). T1DM is a catabolic disorder in
which circulating insulin is very low or absent, plasma
glucagon is elevated, and the pancreatic β-cell fail to
respond to all insulin secretory stimuli.
Free radicals are extremely reactive species
produced as a byproduct of cellular metabolism and
damages cellular molecules like nucleic acid, proteins
and lipids leading to altered cellular function. Many
studies show the role of antioxidants that could
Shaqha, 2015
1886 Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(8):1885-1895
3. Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(8):1885-1895 1887
Shaqha, 2015
neutralize free radicals, in reducing the effects of aging
and cancer (Kubish et al., 1997; Naziroglu et al., 2001).
These antioxidants also have the ability to prevent
experimentally induced diabetes in mouse models and
reduce diabetic complications. (Lipinski et al., 2001).
Mounting evidence from epidemiological studies
suggests that genetic and environmental factors are most
common causes for diabetes. Both factors contribute to
become insulin resistance and loss of β-cell function that
result in impairment in insulin action, insulin production,
or both.
Nearly 5% of western population is affected by
T2DM that is the most common endocrine disorder
(Zimmet et al., 2001; Shaw et al., 2010; Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, US, 2011). Insulin is a
very important protein hormone that regulates the
metabolism of fat, glucose and protein in cells. Patients
with T2DM suffer from both reduced insulin secretion
and inability to respond to insulin (Naziroglu et al.,
2001). Insulin resistance has been attributed to elevated
levels of free fatty acids in plasma, (Zimmet et al., 2001)
leads to decreased glucose transport into muscle cells,
elevated, increased breakdown of fat and hepatic glucose
production. Insulin is solely produced by pancreatic beta
cells and any defects in its production or mode of action
results in grave metabolic consequences. Increased
cardiovascular risk starts to appear much before the
development of hyperglycemia. Targeting beta cells
early in the disease progression has resulted in a new
approach to treat T2DM. (Boden et al., 1996). During the
induction of insulin resistance, such as is seen after
steroid administration, high-calorie diet, or physical
inactivity, increased glucagon levels and increased
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP)
levels accompany glucose intolerance; however,
postprandial Glucagonlike Peptide-1 (GLP-1) response is
unaltered (Tourrel et al., 2001). Several growth factors,
cell cycle mediators and nuclear factors regulate beta cell
homeostasis and maintaining and enhancing beta cells
function has the ability to stabilize and reverse the
detrimental effect of T2DM (Leahy et al., 2010;
Ackermann et al., 2007).
Role of glucose transport gene (glut)
Glucose is transported across the cell membrane
by a family of integral membrane protein GLUT proteins
that catalyzes facilitated diffusion of pentose and hexose
sugar molecules down a concentration gradient. GLUT
protein contains 500 amino acids and share 25-68%
sequence identity with one another (Thorens and
Mueckler, 2010). Nearly all the mammalian cells express
GLUTs and some of them help in the transport of
dehydroascorbate, urate or myoinositol apart from
glucose. Most cells express one isoform of GLUTs that
helps in the transport of major monosaccharide unit
while other 13 isoforms are expressed at a lower level.
Inhibition of GLUT-1-mediated sugar transport in human
red cells by specific inhibitors reduces glucose
permeability by five orders of magnitude (Naftalin et al.,
1977). The GLUTs, therefore, provide a pathway for
cellular sugar import across the cell membrane which is
otherwise a very effective barrier to trans-membrane
flow of monosaccharaides. In most cells it is the glucose
import which is the most important function because it is
a source of metabolic fuel, however, in some cells (liver,
kidney and gastrointestinal tissues) export is required.
The major family of glucose transporters is the
GLUT gene family. The principal insulin-sensitive
glucose transporter in the liver and muscle is insulin-
sensitive glucose transport gene (GLUT). Among the
large super family of transport facilitators GLUT genes
form a subset and includes 12 SLC2A genes numbered 1
-12 encoding 12 GLUT proteins. GLUT1 is expressed
highly in erythrocytes and brain and GLUT2 is
associated with Fanconi-Bickel syndrome. GLUT3 is
responsible for glucose transport across neuronal plasma
membrane. Insulin regulated glucose transport in adipose
tissues, heart muscles and skeletal muscles are carried
out by GLUT4. Skeletal muscles that are primary site for
4. dietary glucose disposal, metabolizes glucose via
glycolysis and glycogen synthesis (Ikemoto et al., 1995).
GLUT4 regulation is also involved in obesity-induced
insulin resistance characterize by increased blood
glucose and plasma insulin levels. GLUT4 mRNA and
protein expression are reduced during adipose tissue
expansion which is another major site for dietary glucose
disposal and might represent an adaptive response in
order to prevent brain against hypoglycemia (Garvey et
al., 1991; Fronzo et al., 1985). GLUT5 is highly
expressed in intestine, testis, kidney, and GLUT7
expression is currently unknown. GLUT5 and GLUT7
are present contiguously on chromosome 1p36.2 with a
high degree of sequence similarity (58% identical amino
acids). GLUT5 is expressed in brain microglia though its
function remains unclear (Kern et al., 1990; Slentz et al.,
1992). Many studies indicate that glucose transport
response to insulin in liver and skeletal muscle is heavily
influenced by GLUTs. In fact one of the major reasons of
hyperglycemia is the decrease in glucose transport gene
levels. Glucose unresponsiveness with GLUT gene
impairment is a hallmark of T2DM and restoring GLUT
levels would enhance uptake of glucose in liver and help
combat hyperglycemia (Thorens et al., 1992).
Herbal therapy for diabetes
Throughout the human history people have relied
on natural products, particularly on plants. Medicinal
plants were applied to treat a wide range of disease
categories (Basch et al., 2003) and maintain good health.
Past 200 years have witnessed not only an acceleration in
the rate of extinction of plant species but also in erosion
of traditional knowledge related to the medicinal
properties and uses of herbal plants. Although herbal
medicine systems are sometimes misinterpreted as being
unscientific and anachronistic but their long-term
existence proved that they are able to compete with
modern medicine at some level. Therefore, use of
medicinal plants, mainly to distinguish the ancient and
culture-bound health care practices, which existed before
the application of science to health care in official
modern scientific medicine or allopathic. An anti-
diabetic herb with many phytochemicals may have
multiple benefits by targeting several metabolic
pathways. One study demonstrated that a combination
therapy of modern medicine and herbal medicine
exhibited a better (synergistic) effect than either
medicine alone (Kaur et al., 2012). Therefore, herbal
medicines can be a complement of modern therapy in
T2DM and provide hope for a cure. In our pervious study
we observed antidiabetic effect of catharanthus roseus
on STZ induced diabetes and comparison with
Metformin, treatment with c. roseus in diabetic wistar
rats, the contents of glucose transport gene mRNA were
restored to near normal values (Waleed et al., 2015).
All traditional medicines have their roots in
medicinal values and household remedies and play a
prominent role in human health care. WHO has listed
20,000 medicinal plants used in different parts of the
world, and among them, 1200 plants have been claimed
to be anti-diabetes remedies (Marles and Farnsworth
1995; Habeck 2003). Over 400 plants and 700 recipes
compounds have been scientifically evaluated for T2DM
treatment (Singh et al. 2011). Metformin was developed
based on a biguanide compound from anti-diabetic herbs,
French lilac, and is now a first line drug for T2DM
(Oubre et al., 1997).
Selected medicinal herbs for diabetes
More than 400 herbals and their compounds have
shown anti-diabetic activities. Instead of listing 400
herbals and their compounds, here, we selected some
plants with the ability to control blood glucose as well as
to modulate some of the mechanisms involved in insulin
resistance like β-cell function, glucose transport (GLUT)
gene and incretinrelated pathways.
Acacia arabica
Acacia arabica is a popular ornamental and
medicinal tree. Use of A. arabica for the prevention and
treatment of various health ailments has been in practice
1888 Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(8):1885-1895
Shaqha, 2015
5. for hundreds of years. The plant extract acts as an anti-
diabetic agent by acting as secretagouge to release
insulin. It contains chiefly arabin which is the mixture of
calcium, magnesium and potassium salts of arabic acid.
It induces hypoglycemia in control rats but not in
alloxanized animals. Powder of Acacia arabica, when
administered (2, 3 and 4 g/kg body weight) to normal
rabbits, induced a hypoglycemic effect by initiating the
release of insulin from pancreatic β-cell (Wadood et al.,
1989).
Aegle marmelos
Aegle marmelos leaves (family of Rutaceae),
which is also called as 61/va in ancient Sanskrit, has
been used as herbal drug in the Indian subcontinent for
over 5000 years. The hepatoprotective effect of A.
marmelos in alcohol-induced liver injury was evaluated
for biochemical parameters. Many studies have validated
the ethnomedicinal uses and indicated that the fruit
possesses broad range of therapeutic effects like
antioxidant, inhibition of lipid peroxidation,
antibacterial, antiviral, gastroprotective, anti-diarrheal,
hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic effects. The aqueous
extract of leaves of A. marmelos has reported to
improves digestion and reduces blood sugar and urea,
serum cholesterol in alloxanized rats. Instead of
exhibiting hypoglycemic activity, the extract also
prevented blood sugar level at 1h in oral glucose
tolerance test (Karunanayake et al., 1984).
Allium cepa
Allium species are among the oldest cultivated
crops. Diverse representations in Egyptian artifacts
dating to 2700 BC suggested that onions had been
cultivated and in wide use by that time. Many ether
soluble fractions and insoluble fractions of dried Allium
powder show anti-hyperglycemic activity in the diabetic
rabbits. Allium cepa is also known to have antioxidant
and hypolipidaemic activity. Sulfur containing amino
acid from Allium cepa, S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide
induced diabetic rats significantly controlled blood
glucose and lipids in serum and normalized the activities
of liver hexokinase and glucose 6-phosphatase (Roman
et al., 1995; Kumari et al., 1995). Scientific and
pharmacological studies have found evidence that Allium
cepa or their derived compounds have antimicrobial and
antifungal properties, and may also be of benefit in
preventing or treating heart disease and diabetes.
Allium sativum
Allium sativum is a strongly aromatic crop plant
that has been cultivated for thousands of years, belonging
to the liliaceace. It has been used as a medicinal agent for
thousands of years and is renowned throughout the world
for its distinctive flavor and health-giving properties.
Allium sativum contains phosphorus, iron and copper,
which have multiple beneficial effects like antimicrobial,
antithrombotic, hypolipidemic, anti-arthritic, antitumor
and anti-diabetic effects (Sheela et al., 1992). It also
contains allyl propyl disulphide, diallyl disulphide and
alliin, which increase hepatic metabolism and insulin
release from pancreatic β-cell and/or insulin sparing
effect (Bever et al., 1979).
Active compound allyl propyl and diallyl sulfide
have played a role in decrease blood glucose levels. The
aqueous homogenate orally administered to rabbits
significantly increased hepatic glycogen, free amino acid
content, decreased fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride
levels in serum (Zacharias et al., 1980).
Aloe vera and Aloe barbadensis
Aloe vera belong to Aloaceae family, has been
used for medicinal purpose from a very long time. Many
studies worldwide indicated that aloe is a general tonic
for the immune system and helps in fighting of all kind
illness. Aloe has an important role to play in managing
diabetes. Some studies have found that two tablespoons
of aloe decreased blood sugar levels. Extracts of aloe
effectively increased glucose tolerance in normal and
diabetic rats (Shibib et al., 1993). Aloe vera reduced
hyperglycemia and hypercholesterolemia in diabetic
patients. Active compound of Aloe vera, aloeres in which
Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(8):1885-1895 1889
Shaqha, 2015
6. inhibits α-glucosidase activity and intestinal glucose
absorption. Single and chronic doses of Aloe vera
showed hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. Aloe vera
showed stimulation of synthesis and/or release of insulin
from pancreatic β-cell (Vats et al., 2002). Aloe vera and
its active compound suppressed the activity of α-
glucosidase (gut glucose absorption) and insulin
resistance. Aloe vera also has an anti-inflammatory
activity and improved wound healing in diabetic mice
(Rai et al., 1997).
Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica belongs to Meliaceae family
contains glycerides of saturated and unseturated fatty
acid. The main fatty acids are oleic and stearic acids and
2% are sulpher containing compounds like nimbidin,
nimbin, nimbinin, nimbidol. Hydroalcoholic extracts of
A. indica showed antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic
rats and this effect is due to increase in glucose uptake
and glycogen deposition in isolated rat hemidiaphragm
(Chattopadhyay et al., 1987). Apart from having anti-
diabetic activity, A. indica also has anti-bacterial, ant-
imalarial, anti-fertility, hepatoprotective and antioxidant
activities (Biswas et al., 2002). Leaves extract of A.
indica may be helpful in controlling the development of
hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in diabetic subjects in
view of its antihyperlipidemic activity. A. indica has
been used extensively by humankind to treat various
ailments since prehistoric times.
Caesalpinia bonducella
Caesalpinia bonducella is widely distributed
throughout the coastal region of India and widely used
for controlling blood sugar by the tribal people of India.
C. bonducella has been used in different system of
traditional medication for the treatment of diseases. C.
bonducella contained various alkaloids, glycosides,
terpenoids and saponins. C. bonducella has been reported
as anti-diabetic, anti-asthmatic, anti-bacterial, anti-
inflammatory, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-tumor
and immunomodulatory. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts
showed potent hypoglycemic activity in chronic T2DM
models and also increased glycogenesis thereby
increasing liver glycogen content (Chakrabarti et al.,
2003). Aqueous and ethanolic (50% each) extracts of C.
bonducella seeds showed antihyperglycemic and
hypolipidemic activities in diabetic rats (Sharma et al.,
1997). The antihyperglycemic action of the extracted
seed is due to the blocking of glucose absorption. C.
bonducella has the potential to act as anti-diabetic and
anti-hyperlipidemic (Kannur et al., 2012).
Coccinia indica
Coccinia indica, an herb grows abundantly in
India, has been used in traditional treatment of diabetes.
C. indica is also known by the scientific names Coccinia
indica and Coccinia cordifolia. C. indica has been used
as an anti-diabetic drug in Ayurveda since ancient times
and also used as a vegetable. Leaves of C. cordifolia
have a potential hypoglycemic agent in healthy
individuals thus it has been used for the treatment of
patients with mild diabetes independent of energy/food
intake or weight loss. An aqueous alcoholic extract of C.
cordifolia, has been reported on the blood glucose levels
of newly detected T2DM patients requiring only dietary
or lifestyle treatment (Kamble et al., 1996).
Ocimum sanctum
It is commonly known as Tulsi, an herbaceous
plant found throughout the south Asian region. The plant
widely cultivated in homes and temple gardens wild in
India. Since ancient times, this plant is known for its
medicinal properties. The aqueous extracted leaves of O.
sanctum showed significant efficiency in reduction of
blood sugar level in both normal and diabetic rats (Vats
et al., 2002). Significant reduction of fasting blood
glucose, uronic acid, cholesterol, amino acid, triglyceride
and lipid indicated the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic
effects of O. sanctum in diabetic rats (Rai et al., 1997).
The ethanolic extract of O. sanctum leaves has been
reported in significant reduction of blood glucose in
normal, glucose-fed hyperglycaemic and streptozotocin-
Shaqha, 2015
1890 Journal of Research in Biology (2015) 5(8):1885-1895
7. treated diabetic rats. Also, renal glycogen increased 10
fold while skeletal muscle and hepatic glycogen levels
decreased by 68 and 75% respectively in diabetic rats
with compared to control rats (Vats and Yadav 2004). O.
sanctum has also shown antibacterial, antifungal,
antiviral, antiasthemitic, antitumor, antistress,
antioxidant, antimutagenic and immunostimulant
activities.
CONCLUSION
Prevalence of diabetes is increasing in all over
the world, especially in developing country like India, at
an alarming rate. Various factors, contribute to increase
prevalence of diabetes include genetic factors that
determine body fat distribution, glucose transport
(GLUT) gene which is responsible for glucose transport,
rapid changes in eating habits and lifestyles that are
increasingly sedentary. Hypoglycemic effect in T2DM
through stimulating or regenerating effects on β-cells.
Diabetic stress and some other biological changes in
tissue reduce by antioxidants in body (Sabu and Kuttan,
2013). Therefore, appropriate interventions in the form
of weight reduction, changes in dietary habits, and
increased physical activity could help in preventing the
diabetes.
The insulin-responsive facilitative glucose
transporter, GLUT gene, plays an extremely important
physiologic role in the partitioning of glucose among
peripheral tissues. In the normal cycle of fasting and
refeeding, insulin is the key regulator of GLUT4
redistribution to the cell surface leading to increased
glucose flux, yet the fate of glucose transported by
GLUT4 is not completely understood. Restoration of
GLUT gene levels enhance the uptake of glucose in liver
and help to combat hyperglycemic conditions (Thorens
et al., 1992). A second important role of glucose
transport (GLUT) gene is to provide a mechanism of
enhanced glucose uptake in working skeletal muscle, and
also in adaptation of skeletal muscle to increased
metabolic demand during periods of prolonged muscle
contraction. Glucagon also raises blood glucose by
stimulating gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and
inhibiting glucose uptake by hepatic and muscle tissues.
Diazoxide may be helpful as a daily treatment to raise
the interprandial blood glucose.
Literature on the synthetic drugs for treatment of
diabetes mellitus proved that mostly drugs have several
side effects. Therefore, scientists are working to find out
some safe and natural anti-diabetic agents that can cure
the diabetes without side effects. Also, WHO has
recommended the development of herbal medicine for
the treatment of diabetes (Schmincke, 2003). Thus many
different plants or their extracts have been used
individually or in formulations as potential therapeutic
agents in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
Traditional health care systems including herbal
medicine are widely spread in developing countries, and
the care of diabetic patients has been influenced by a
growing interest in complementary and alternative
medicines.
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