Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are globulin proteins formed in response to antigens that specifically react with and destroy antigens. They are produced by plasma cells and found in blood serum, body fluids, and tissues. Antibodies are the immune system's way of targeting harmful foreign substances like bacteria, viruses, and more. Through experiments in 1939 and 1962, scientists discovered that antibodies are contained within the gamma globulin fraction of blood and have a basic four-chain structure. There are five classes of antibodies in human serum named for the type of heavy chain they contain: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.

1. GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDALAYA
BILASPUR (C.G.)
ANTIBODY -:STRUCTURE, CLASSIFICATION AND FUNCTION
PRESENTED BY
BANSHIDHAR YADAV
M.Sc. 3rd sem.

2. INTRODUCTION
• Antibody(Ag) are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins) formed in
response to an antigen & react specifically with tha Antigen(Ag)
destroy it.
• They are found In the blood serum, body fluid & tissue produced by
plasma cell (B cell).
• Antibody are immunologically bullet that kills the any harmful foreign
material (eg. Bacteria protozoa virus mycoplasma etc.)
• Blood contain three types of globulins: alpha,beta and gamma based
on their electrophoretic migration rate

3. CLASSSICAL EXPERIMENT OF ANTIBODY
The first evidence that antibody were contain in particular
serum protein fraction proposed by A. Tiselius & E. A. Kabat in
1939
They immunized rabbits with the protein ovalbumin (the
albumin of white egg).
Then divided the immunized rabbits’ serum into two aliquots.
Electrophoresis of one serum aliquots revealed four peaks
corresponding to albumin & the alpha ,beta & gamma
globulin.
The other serum aliquots was reacted with ovalbumin & the
precipitate was removed.
The remaining serum proteins ,which not react with Ag, were
then electrophoresed.
A comparison of the electrophoretic profile of these two
serum aliquots revealed.
there was a significant drop in the gamma globulin peak in
the aliquot that had been reacted with Ag.
Thus the gamma globulin fraction was identified as containing
serum Ab.

5. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
IN 1962 Rodney Porter and Gerald M. Edelman proposed
a basic four-chain structure of immunoglobulin known as
Antibody.
Were awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology & Medicine in
1972.

7. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
OF ANTIBODY

13. CLASS OF ANTIBODY
There are fives class of immunoglobulin in human serum.
They are named based on the nature of heavy chains they
are –
Name of Ig nature of heavy chains
IgG Gamma
IgA Alpha
IgM Mu
IgE Epsilon
IgD Delta
GAMED