Antibody isotypes of mammals
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The document discusses the five main types of antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) in mammals: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in blood and tissue. It is the only antibody that can pass through the placenta to provide immunity to newborns. IgM is made of five antibodies and plays a key role in the initial immune response. IgA is found in secretions like breastmilk, saliva, and mucus to protect mucosal surfaces. IgD is present on the surface of B cells and plays a role in antibody production. IgE is involved in allergic reactions to parasites and allergens.
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![Antibody isotypes of mammals
Name Types Description
Antibody
Complexes
IgA 2
Found in mucosal areas,such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital
tract,and prevents colonization by pathogens.[13]
Also found in saliva,
tears,and breast milk.
IgD 1
Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been
exposed to antigens.[14]
It has been shown to activate basophils and mast
cells to produce antimicrobial factors.[15]
IgE 1
Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and
basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic
worms.[3]
IgG 4
In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity
against invading pathogens.[3]
The only antibody capable of crossing the
placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus.
IgM 1
Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form
(pentamer) with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early
stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient
IgG.[3][14]
IgG
IgG is the main antibodyin blood. It is the only
isotype that can pass through the placenta,and
IgG transferred from the mother's body protects
a newborn until a week after birth. IgG widely
distributed to the blood and tissue,and protects
the body.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/antibodyisotypesofmammals-150527170016-lva1-app6892/85/Antibody-isotypes-of-mammals-1-320.jpg)
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Similar to Antibody isotypes of mammals
Immunoglobulin classes
This document summarizes the five classes of human immunoglobulins (Igs): IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. It describes the key properties and functions of each Ig class, including their structure, abundance in serum, role in immune responses, and ability to activate complement or cross the placenta. IgG is the most abundant Ig and can cross the placenta to provide immunity to newborns. IgA exists as a monomer in serum but a dimer linked by a joining peptide in secretions to protect mucosal surfaces. IgM is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response.
Protein.pptx
Proteins have complex structures ranging from primary to quaternary. Tertiary structure involves folding of the polypeptide chain into compact 3D shapes stabilized by hydrophobic interactions. Quaternary structure involves multiple polypeptide chains interacting. Denaturation disrupts these structures, altering properties but not primary structure. Major plasma proteins include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulins which have important structural, transport, immune, and coagulation functions essential for homeostasis.
Humoral Immunity Lecture
This document discusses humoral immunity and antibodies. It describes how antibodies are produced by B cells and plasma cells in response to antigen challenge. The primary roles of antibodies include protection against reinfection, blocking the spread of pathogens in blood, and facilitating pathogen elimination. The document also summarizes the different antibody classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD), their structures, functions, and roles in immunity.
Antibody
The five classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. IgG makes up around 80% of antibodies in serum and protects against circulating bacteria and viruses. IgM is involved in the primary response and is the first antibody to appear after infection. IgA is most common in mucous membranes and body secretions where it helps prevent pathogen attachment. IgD's function is unknown, while IgE binds to mast cells and basophils to trigger allergic reactions. Each class has distinct properties, locations, functions, and roles in the immune response.
Antigen and Antibody in fish immunology
Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids that elicit an immune response. Antigens are recognized by B cell receptors or T cell receptors when complexed with MHC. Antigenicity refers to the ability of an antigen to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Antibodies are Y-shaped glycoprotein molecules composed of light and heavy chains that bind to antigens with high specificity and affinity. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE) that have different structures and functions in the immune response.
Immunoglobulins, complement and immunodefeciency disorders
Immunoglobulins-structure and function of each, complement- various pathways and components, brief immunodeficiency disorders
antibodies.pptx
OUTCOMES
By the end of this session student should be able to know
The structure of antibody
Immunoglobulin classes
Monoclonal antibodies VS polyclonal
INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are globulin proteins (immunoglobulins [Ig]) that react specifically with the antigen that stimulated their production.
They make up about 20% of the protein in blood plasma. Blood contains three types of globulins,
alpha,
beta,
gamma,
Antibodies are gamma globulins.
INTRODUCTION
There are five classes of antibodies:
1. IgG,
2. IgM,
3. IgA,
4. IgD,
5. IgE
Antibodies are subdivided into these five classes based on differences in their heavy chains.
ROLE OF ANTIBODIES
The most important functions of antibodies are to
neutralize toxins and viruses,
to opsonize microbes
so they are more easily phagocytosed, to activate complement, and to prevent the attachment of microbes to mucosal surfaces.
In addition to these functions, antibodies have a catalytic (enzymatic) capability
Antibody Type
IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM
Function
Found in saliva, tears, mucus, breast milk and intestinal fluid, IgA protects against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
This antibody is found on the surface of your B cells. Though its exact function is unclear, experts think that IgD supports B cell maturation and activation.
Found mainly in the skin, lungs and mucus membranes, IgE antibodies cause your mast cells (a type of white blood cell) to release histamine and other chemicals into your bloodstream. IgE antibodies are helpful for fighting off allergic reactions.
This is the most common antibody, making up approximately 70% to 75% of all immunoglobulins in your body. It’s found mainly in blood and tissue fluids. IgG antibodies help protect your body from viral and bacterial infections.
Found in your blood and lymph system, IgM antibodies act as the first line of defense against infections. They also play a large role in immune regulation.
MONOCLONAL VS POLYCLONAL
A. Polyclonal antibodies contain a heterologous mixture of IgGs against the whole antigen
B. monoclonal antibodies are composed of a single IgG against one epitope.
Polyclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies
Refer to a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules that are secreted against a particular antigen.
Refer to a homogenous population of antibodies that are produced by a single clone of plasma B cells.
Produced by different clones of plasma B cells.
Produced by the same clone of plasma B cells.
A heterogeneous antibody population.
A homogenous antibody population.
Interact with different epitopes on the same antigen.
Interact with a particular epitope on the antigen.
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins made up of
1. light (L)
2. heavy (H) polypeptide chains.
The terms light and heavy refer to molecular weight
STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODY
The simplest antibody molecule has a Y shape consist of
antibodies ppt
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
vamsiantibodiesppt-170123093822.pdf
This document provides information on antibodies (also called immunoglobulins), which are large Y-shaped proteins produced by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The basic antibody structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains that form sites for antigen binding. There are five classes of antibodies (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE) that differ in their heavy chain type and have different functions such as activating immune responses, providing immunity to newborns, or causing allergic reactions through mast cell degranulation.
Immunochemistry
The document discusses the immune system and its response to foreign substances called antigens. It describes innate immunity, which is present from birth, and acquired immunity, which develops through exposure to antigens. Passive immunity provides temporary protection through antibodies transferred from mother to infant or through immunization. The document also details the structure and classification of immunoglobulins, which are antibody proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens.
The usage of immunological reactions in diagnostics of infectious diseases.
This document summarizes key concepts regarding immunological reactions used for diagnosing infectious diseases. It defines antigens and antibodies, describing their structures, properties, and functions. Antigens are non-self substances that stimulate antibody production, and have properties like foreignness, antigenicity, and specificity. Antibodies are immunoglobulins consisting of light and heavy chains that bind to antigens. The document outlines the five major immunoglobulin classes - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - and their roles in the immune response. It also describes common serological diagnostic tests like agglutination and indirect hemagglutination that detect antibodies bound to antigens.
ANTIBODIES AND ANTIGEN.pptx
Antibodies are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that bind to antigens like bacteria and viruses to help the immune system identify and neutralize pathogens. There are five classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - that have different structures and functions like providing immunity to newborns, binding antigens in tissues, and triggering allergic reactions. Antigens can be exogenous substances that enter the body from outside or endogenous and autoantigens that are inside the body and can trigger autoimmune responses.
Immuology
IgM represents about 10-15% of total serum immunoglobulins. It is the first antibody produced during a primary immune response and is responsible for agglutination, viral neutralization, and complement activation. IgM exists as a pentamer with 10 antigen binding sites, making it very efficient at combating pathogens early in the immune response.
IgA represents 15-20% of total circulating immunoglobulins. It exists as a monomer or dimer and is found predominantly in mucosal secretions like tears, sweat, saliva and gastrointestinal tract secretions. Secretory IgA provides local immunity by protecting mucous membranes from invading microorganisms.
IgD represents about 0.25%
Antibodies and Types
The document discusses the components of the immune system and the different classes of antibodies. It states that the immune system consists of cellular components like phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as molecular components like antibodies. It then goes on to describe the five major classes of antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD and IgA - and their different functions in the immune response.
IMMUNITY.pptx
The document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes two types of immunity: innate immunity, which provides natural resistance without specificity, and acquired immunity, which develops specific responses. The major components of the immune system are described, including antigens, antibodies, lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are discussed. Effects of immune deficiency are also summarized.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which differ in their structure and function. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body tissues, while IgA is predominantly found in secretions such as breast milk, tears, and saliva where it provides immune protection of mucosal surfaces. IgM is the first antibody to respond to new antigens and plays a key role in activating the complement system.
IgG group1.pptx
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most common antibody found in blood plasma, comprising 75-80% of all antibodies. IgG has four subtypes (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4) and can cross the placental barrier to provide immunity to fetuses. It has properties like binding to pathogens to neutralize toxins and protect against infection. IgG deficiency can be caused by factors like aging or medications and leaves the body susceptible to infections like pneumonia or ear infections.
Immunochemistry humoral immunity
The document discusses humoral immunity and the components of the immune system that provide it. It describes how antibodies recognize antigens through variable regions that bind epitopes. There are five classes of antibodies (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM) that have different structures and roles in the immune response such as neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation. Secretory IgA provides protection against pathogens at mucosal surfaces. The classes and subclasses of antibodies make up the antibody repertoire that allows the immune system to recognize a wide variety of antigens.
Structure of immunoglobulins
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Antibody (immunoglobulins(ppt).pptx
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens like bacteria and viruses. Antibodies have a Y-shaped structure consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains connected by disulfide bonds. There are five main classes of antibodies - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which differ based on their heavy chains. Antibodies have variable regions that recognize antigens and constant regions involved in effector functions. The major classes are IgG, the most abundant antibody in serum; IgA, found in secretions; and IgM, the first antibody produced during infection.
Similar to Antibody isotypes of mammals (20)
Immunoglobulins, complement and immunodefeciency disorders
Immunoglobulins, complement and immunodefeciency disorders
The usage of immunological reactions in diagnostics of infectious diseases.
The usage of immunological reactions in diagnostics of infectious diseases.
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Build Trust and Security:
Establish a safe and supportive environment where children feel comfortable expressing themselves.
Encourage Expression:
Enable children to articulate their thoughts, feelings, and experiences.
Promote Emotional Understanding:
Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
Develop children’s ability to listen attentively and respond appropriately.
Foster Positive Relationships:
Strengthen the bond between children and caregivers, peers, and other adults.
Support Learning and Development:
Aid cognitive and language development through engaging and meaningful conversations.
Teach Social Skills:
Encourage polite, respectful, and empathetic interactions with others.
Resolve Conflicts:
Provide tools and guidance for children to handle disagreements constructively.
Encourage Independence:
Support children in making decisions and solving problems on their own.
Provide Reassurance and Comfort:
Offer comfort and understanding during times of distress or uncertainty.
Reinforce Positive Behavior:
Acknowledge and encourage positive actions and behaviors.
Guide and Educate:
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Antibody isotypes of mammals
- 1. Antibody isotypes of mammals Name Types Description Antibody Complexes IgA 2 Found in mucosal areas,such as the gut, respiratory tract and urogenital tract,and prevents colonization by pathogens.[13] Also found in saliva, tears,and breast milk. IgD 1 Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.[14] It has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors.[15] IgE 1 Binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergy. Also protects against parasitic worms.[3] IgG 4 In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens.[3] The only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus. IgM 1 Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high avidity. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG.[3][14] IgG IgG is the main antibodyin blood. It is the only isotype that can pass through the placenta,and IgG transferred from the mother's body protects a newborn until a week after birth. IgG widely distributed to the blood and tissue,and protects the body.
- 2. IgM IgM is made up of 5 antibodies.IgM has a key role in the initial immune system.Itis distributed to the blood. IgA Secreted IgA is made up of 2 antibodies.It is distributed to serum, nasal discharge,saliva, breastmilk and bowel fluid.Breastmilk protects the gastrointestinal tractof newborns from bacterial and viral infection (maternal immunity). IgD IgD is presenton the surface of B cells and plays a role in the induction of antibody production. IgE IgE is believed to be related to immunity reactions to parasites,and has recentlybecome known as a key factor of allergies such as pollinosis. Population of 5 types of antibodies in blood (%) photosynthesisstages In light-dependent reactions, energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll converted into stored chemical energy. Light-independent reactions drive the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide using the chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions free energy free energyisreleasedfromsugarandstoredin carriermoleculesinthe cell (ATPandNADH, Carbohydrates are the primary source of cellular energyfor most organisms
- 3. why is it a good source It is readily available as source of energy in many foods, either in its direct form, or as a derivative of most amino acids (if memory serves me correctly only Leucine and Lysine aren't gluconeogenic) It's a polar molecule so is water soluble and can be carried around in the blood in an unbound form. The corollary of that is that it's not lipid soluble so can't pass through cell membranes by passive diffusion; it requires transporter proteins so its levels can be easily controlled according to tissue needs. It can be easily polymerised and stored as glycogen for use as a fast energy source Its metabolism can vary depending on substrate availability. In the absence of oxygen it can be used in anaerobic respiration to produce a small amount of ATP and lactate. how is peptide bond formed A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). isa covalentchemical bondformedbetweentwoaminoacidmolecules.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
- 4. mutation A pointmutation, or single base substitution,isa type of mutationthat causesthe replacementof a single base nucleotidewithanothernucleotide of the geneticmaterial, DNA orRNA silent;change of codonwithoutaffectingthe aaof the protein missense aaisreplacedbyanotheraa : sickle cell anemia nonsense type .thepolypeptide chainisterminated.egthalasemia anothertype of mutationbeside pointis( insertion,deletionandshiftmutation