This document summarizes monoclonal antibodies. It discusses that antibodies are proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced by a single B cell clone that recognize a specific epitope. There are several types of monoclonal antibodies including murine, chimeric, humanized, and human antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies have therapeutic potential due to their high specificity and ability to activate immune responses. They are produced through hybridoma technology and have various clinical applications.

1. Monoclonal
Antibodies
ABSHA BASHEER

2. ANTIBODY

3. ANTIBODIES
O An antibody is a protein used by the immune system to identify
and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
O Each antibody recognizes a specific antigen unique to its
target.
O Also known as an immunoglobulin (ig)
O It is a large, y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells
that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens
such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

4. O Antibody contains 2 light chains and two heavy chains
joined together by disulfide bonds.
O Each heavy chain contains carbohydrate residue.
O Bottom trunk portion is known as constant region (fc).
O The upper arms are the antigen binding regions (fab)
known as variable region.
O This region in turn has several “hypervariable” regions
known as complementarity determining regions (cdr)
which show greater variability than the rest of the
variable region.

5. Antigen antibody reaction
O The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the
pathogen, called an antigen, via the Fab's variable
region.
O Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a paratope
(analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular
epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen
O This allows these two structures to bind together with
precision

7. CLASSIFICATION OF
ANTIBODIES
O Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are antibodies that are
identical because they were produced by one type of
immune cell, all clones of a single parent cell.
O Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived
from different cell lines. They differ in amino acid
sequence. Immunoglobulin (Ig) are structurally
related glycoproteins that function as antibodies

8. Antibodies as Drugs
O Antibodies are naturally occurring
O Discovery of their innate properties hinted at
great therapeutic potential
O High-specificity in binding
O Already present in the body
O Can activate and couple components of the
immune system
O Modification to structure and refinement in
production methods have made antibodies a
viable modern drug

9. MONOCLONALANTIBODIES
(mAb)
O Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are
identical immunoglobulins, generated from
a single B-cell clone.
O These antibodies recognize unique epitopes,
or binding sites, on a single antigen.

10. How to make monoclonal
antibodies

11. TYPES OF MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES (mAb)
O 1. Murine Monoclonal Antibodies
O 2. Chimeric Monoclonal Antibodies
O 3. Humanized Monoclonal Antibodies
O 4. Human Monoclonal Antibodies

12. MURINE MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
O A murine antibody is one of which both chain
types are of mouse origin.
O Eg: capromab pendetide
O Major problems associated with murine
antibodies include
O Reduced stimulation of cytotoxicity
O Formation of complexes after repeated
administration
O Allergic reactions
O Anaphylactic shock

13. CHIMERIC MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
O A chimeric antibody (cAb) is an antibody made
by fusing the antigen binding region (variable
domains of the heavy and light chains, VH and
VL ) from one species like a mouse, with the
constant domain (effector region) from another
species such as a rabbit.
O Eg: cetuximab, infliximab, basiliximab

14. humanized monoclonal
antibody
O A type of antibody made in the laboratory by
combining a human antibody with a small part
of a mouse or rat monoclonal antibody.
O The process of "humanization" is usually applied
to monoclonal antibodies developed for
administration to humans.
O Eg: bevacizumab, atezolizumab, natalizumab

16. HUMAN MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODIES
O A human antibody is one of which both chain types,
and the J chain in the case of polymeric antibodies,
are of human origin.
O A human antibody is identified by the pre-stem -u- in
its INN.
O The monoclonal antibodies produced by using mice
are quite suitable for in vitro use.
O Their administration to humans is associated with
immunological complications
O Production of human monoclonal antibodies is
preferred.
O It is difficult to produce human MAbs by conventional
hybridoma technology.

17. O Eg:
O Canakinumab
O Daratumumab
O Durvalumab

18. Potential advantages of
monoclonal antibodies

20. Clinical significance

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