Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to the use of these medicines. Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and animals, and the infections they cause are harder to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.

1. Antibiotic
Resistance
GLOBAL THREAT TO PUBLIC
HEALTH

2. • Antibiotics are medicines used to prevent and treat
bacterial infections. Antibiotic resistance occurs when
bacteria change in response to the use of these
medicines.
• Bacteria, not humans or animals, become antibiotic-
resistant. These bacteria may infect humans and
animals, and the infections they cause are harder to
treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria.
• Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs,
prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.
Introduction

3. Discovery of Antibiotics
The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Sir
Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) marked the
beginning of the antibiotic revolution. Ernst
Chain and Howard Florey purified the first
penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942 but became
widely available outside the Allied military in
1945.
Alexander Fleming was awarded the 1945
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly
with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter
Florey "for the discovery of penicillin and its
curative effect in various infectious diseases."
Sir Alexander Fleming

4. Development of Antibiotics

6. • Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to
global health, food security, and development today.
• Antibiotic resistance can affect anyone, of any age,
in any country.
• Antibiotic resistance occurs naturally, but misuse of
antibiotics in humans and animals is accelerating
the process.
• A growing number of infections - such as
pneumonia, tuberculosis, gonorrhoea, and
salmonellosis - are becoming harder to treat as the
antibiotics used to treat them become less effective.
• Antibiotic resistance leads to longer hospital stays,
higher medical costs and increased mortality.
Antibiotic Resistance

9. Antibiotics Method of Resistance
β-lactams,
erythromycin,
lincomycin
Eliminated or reduced binding of antibiotic to cell
target
β-lactams,
aminoglycosides,
chloramphenicol
Enzymic cleavage or modification to inactivate
antibiotic molecule
Tetracycline Active efflux from the cell
Sulfonamides,
trimethoprim
Metabolic bypass of inhibited reaction
Mechanism of Resistance

10. • Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria - their name
translates as 'bacteria eaters'.
• Bacteriophages, meanwhile, only target a narrow range of
strains within the same bacterial species.
• Plus, they only replicate if their target bacteria are in the
local area. Taken together, this means that they only attack
the desired bacterium, and they continue to replicate until
they have wiped out the infection. Because of this, phages
are described as ‘bacteria specific’.
• With antibiotic resistance becoming an even more real
issue, though, the US National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases is planning large-scale clinical trials of
phage-based therapies.
Bacteriophage
Alternative to Antibiotics

11. Prevention & Control of Antibiotic Resistance
• Only use antibiotics when prescribed by a
certain health professional.
• Always take the full prescription, even if
you feel better.
• Never use leftover antibiotics.
• Never share antibiotics with others.
• Prevent infections by regularly washing
your hands, avoiding contact with sick
people and keeping your vaccinations up
to date.

12. • Advice the hospitals about the selection and use
of appropriate antibiotics, disinfectants and
sterilant.
• Arrange the review program for accessing and
improving the quality of antimicrobial therapy.
• Quantitative data on antimicrobial drug use
should be routinely generated and used.
• Offer an effective medication therapy
management.
• Counselling on consumption of medicines and also
engage patients in their appropriate, efficacious,
safe and responsible use.
• Consulting and collaborating with physicians
to ensure optimal and responsible use of
antibiotics.
Role of Pharmacist

13. • Pharmacist can educate rural people through
posters, leaflets and some prevention acts related to
antibiotic resistance.
• Pharmacist can also educate people about rational
use of antibiotics.
• Also pharmacists have great involvement in
women’s hygiene.
• Pharmacist can also organise health camp or
vaccination with the help of physicians.
Role of Pharmacist in Prevention of Antibiotic Resistance
in Rural areas

14. Thank
You.
For Your Attention