This document summarizes several classes of antibiotics, including their mechanisms of action, indications, potential reactions, and examples. Sulfonamides work by blocking bacteria's ability to synthesize DNA, while penicillins and cephalosporins inhibit cell wall formation. Macrolides, ketolides, and quinolones target bacterial protein synthesis or DNA synthesis. Aminoglycosides also inhibit protein synthesis but require adjusted doses due to toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Each class has different gram-positive or gram-negative coverage and indications for urinary tract, respiratory, or other infections. Adverse reactions vary but often include gastrointestinal or allergic effects.

1. ANTIBIOTICS
Sulfonamides(sulfa drugs): are bacteriostatic(stops microbe
reproduction)
MOA: microbes need PABA to make adenine/guanine (DNA).
Sulfa drugs look like PABA and get used instead.
Indications: UTI, respiratory infection
Reactions: allergies, easy sunburn, kidney damage
Considerations:
Avoid sunlight, drink more water
Examples:
Bactrim
silvadene

2. ANTIBIOTICS-penicillins
The ‘miracle drug’ of WW2. Penicillium mold killed
staphylococci plate.
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall
formation yields lysis.
Indications: abcess, meningitis, pneumonia, respiratory
infection
Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea
Considerations: take with water, avoid cokes/food, can
interfere with birth control pills
Examples:
Amoxil
Ampicillin
bactocill

3. ANTIBIOTICS-cephalosporins
 cephalosporium fungus killed staph. aureus
 MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks cell wall
formation yields lysis.
 Indications: URI, sinus infection, surgeries,meningitis
 Reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, diarrhea, easy bleeding
 Considerations: avoid if allergic to penicillin,
diarrheas, can interfere with birth control pills
 Examples:
 keflex
 omnicef
 suprax

4. monobactams/carbapenems
 B-lactam ring(cyclic amine)
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks
cell wall formation yields lysis.
Kills gram negative bacteria.
adverse reaction---like penicillin…possible
increased seizures
example--azactram/aztreonam
carbapenems
MOA: drug will bind to cell wall and blocks
cell wall formation yields lysis.
Kills gram pos and negative bacteria.
example---impenem/primaxin

5. tetracyclines
 MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to
ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids
 indications---acne,bronchitis,walking
pneumonia, Lyme disease
 adverse reactions---GI issues,sunlight issues
 considerations---avoid with dairy, dental birth
defects, expired may cause death, avoid
under 9yoa
 4 hydrocarbon rings
 examples----tetracycline/achromycin
 doxycycline/monodox

6. macrolides
 MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to
ribosomes,prevents adding new amino acids
 kills gram positive
 indications---clamydia, pulmonary infection
 adverse reactions---GI issues, liver
 considerations--take with food
 examples----erythromycins
 azithromycin/zithromax
 clarithromycin/biaxin

7. ketolides
 MOA--inhibit protein synthesis by binding to
ribosomes at 2 sites,prevents adding new amino
acids
 derived from eryhtromycin structure change
 indications---lung/sinus infection
 adverse reactions---blurred vision and GI issues, liver
 only telithromycin/ketek available in US

8. quinolones
 block baterial DNA synthesis
 kills gram neg and positive
 indications---bone/joint infection, URI, UTI
 adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint
swelling
 considerations--avoid antacid, tendon
damage, avoid if pregnant
 examples----
 ciprofloxacin/cipro
 levofloxacin/lavaquin

9. streptogramins
 inhibits protein synthesis by binding to
bacterial ribosomes
 kills gram neg and positive
 indications---MRSA
 adverse reactions---GI issues, dizziness, joint swelling,site
reaction
 considerations---must not contact saline, refrigerate
 examples----
 quinupristin-dalfopristin combo /synercid

10. aminoglycosides
 inhibits protein synthesis by binding to
bacterial ribosomes
 indications---sepsis, life threatening infection
 adverse reactions---nephrotoxic, ototoxic, tinnitus,deafness
 considerations---adjust doses
examples----
 neomycin/mycifradin
 streptomycin/streptomycin
 tobracycin/nebcin