Antibiotic resistant bacteria pose a serious global threat as they have spread widely and evolved multiple defenses against antibiotics. Research shows these bacteria are present in 70-98% of samples from high contact surfaces on college campuses and in 63% of intestinal tract samples from yellow-headed blackbirds. Bacteria use mechanisms like pumps, permeable walls, and protein modification to defend against antibiotics. New research explores using plant oils to boost antibiotics, bacteria identification and expulsion in animals, and inhibiting bacterial DNA transfer to stop reproduction. Urgent global action is needed to address the growing severity of antibiotic resistance.

1. ANTIBIOTC
RESISTANT
BACTERIA THE NEXT
GLOBAL THREAT
ChristianWilson
Sponsor:ChristopherOsgood

2. •
INTRODUCTION
THE CURRENT SPREAD AND STATUS OF THESE
BACTERIA
THE OBSTACLES OF RESISTANT BACTERIAL
RESEARCH
THE CURRENT RESEARCH PROGRESS
CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION

3. INTRODUCTION
(THEIRISHTIMES.COM)
• The effectiveness of antibiotics is deteriorating.
• Includes common antibiotics such as Amoxicillin,
Azithromycin. Cephalexin, Ciprofloxacin and many more.
• Caused by the overuse and at times also misuse of these
antibiotics
• An average of 2 million people become infected with
these bacteria each year . As well as 23,000 people die
annually as a result of these infections in the United
states alone.
• The leading cause of death from these bacterial infections
is due to complications from the overuse of ineffective
treatments and bacterial side effects.
• Obstacles for researching a solution include the bacteria's
ability to continually change in structure, as well as
adding defense mechanisms to counter antibiotics.

4. THE CURRENT
SPREAD AND STATUS
OF THESE BACTERIA
• college campus
• When sampling bacteria from high contact
areas on college campuses the data showed a
range of 70-98% resistance to common
antibiotics such as when triclosan,
ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin
• With this study, researchers concluded that it
is a high possibility that antibiotic resistant
bacterial abundance is high in other high
contact areas.
( htthttp://porterbriggs.com/)
p://porterbriggs.com/)

5. THE CURRENT SPREAD AND
STATUS OF THESE BACTERIA
IIn a 2017 study researchers found
an abundance of antibiotic
resistant bacteria “Staphylococcus
epidermidis, Streptococcus
pneumoniae, Streptococcus
pyogenes when sampling student
cellphones and other devices
commonly used.
Data collected from the hand and mobile device samples showed the
presence of multiple strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria as well as the
variation in abundance based on the sample patient and the sample site
(Blankinship,L.Cotton,B.Gaston,J.2013).

6. THE CURRENT
SPREAD AND STATUS
OF THESE BACTERIA
• In 2019 Princeton university found antibiotic rates of
resistance that are above 50%, have increased in poultry
from 15% to 41% and livestock from 13% to 34% since
2000 due to the overuse of antibiotics in these animals.
• When sampling bacterial abundance inYellow headed
blackbirds , data showed these birds to carry 33 different
isolates of E.coli bacterial strains in their intestinal tract.
With 63% of them showing some form of resistance.
www.allaboutbirds.org
www.independent.co.uk

7. THE OBSTACLES OF
RESISTANT BACTERIAL
RESEARCH
Resistant bacteria can use mechanisms such as structural
pumps, a selectively permeable cell wall, destructive or
nullifying enzymes, and target modification to prevent
antibiotic harm to the cell. (www.thermofisher.com)
1.Bacterial Pump mechanisms:The structural mechanism
to pump harmful agents out of structure to prevent
damage to its cell.
2.Bacterial Neutralizing and Destructive Enzymes:
Enzymes that break and rearrange bond structures of
antibiotics to destroy or nullify the antibiotic.
3.Bacterial Shell/Wall advancement:The bacterial shell or
cell wall becomes selectively permeable to prevent the
entrance of harmful compounds into the cell.

8. THE OBSTACLES OF
RESISTANT BACTERIAL
RESEARCH
Resistant bacteria can use mechanisms such as structural
pumps, a selectively permeable cell wall, destructive or
nullifying enzymes, and target modification to prevent
antibiotic harm to the cell. (www.thermofisher.com )
4.Bacterial Camouflage :The bacteria changes the
composition of its structure by adding or removing
different specific compounds to hide identification by the
antibiotic.
5.Bacterial protein modification:The bacteria changes
protein target sites within or outside the cell to prevent
successful antibiotic binding.

9. The Current Research
Progress
Antibiotic Catalyst:
• T.ammi oils have been seen to increase the effects of
antibiotics when applied against different strains of
MRSA ,by acting as a catalyst as well as a supplemental
antibacterial aid.
health.clevelandclinic.org

10. The Current Research
Progress
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Thymol P-cymene γ-terpinene
MortalityPercentage
Antibiotic Type
Antibiotic and T.Ammi Oil Mortality Percentage
Thymol, P-cymene, γ-terpinene mortality percentage when applied withT.Ammi oil on MRSA
strains.(Chew,Y.L., Mahadi, A.M.,Wong, K.M.(2017))

11. The Current Research
Progress
Animal Resistance:
• Zebra Mussels when feeding create an incurrent and
excurrent streams to filter feed .
• Zebra mussels when exposed to large amounts of resistant
and nonresistant bacteria identify then expel harmful
bacteria using their excurrent siphon.
• Allowing the Zebra mussels to avoid major damage to its
internal system.
• Identification and expulsion mechanisms may be able to be
used in other animals as well to fight resistant bacteria.
www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
www.friendsofthefoxriver.org/

12. The Current Research
Progress
Bacterial DNA/RNA Inhibitors
• The use of biphosphate compounds has been seen to
inhibit the activation of the Relaxase enzyme which is
used to activate DNA/RNA transfer in bacteria.
• When the Relaxase is successfully blocked,
reproduction is stopped and eventually the bacteria
dies naturally with out the ability to reproduce and
pass on the resistance gene.
The bacterial reproduction process with the Relaxase enzyme activating
DNA transfer, followed by bacterial exporter usage for DNA to be
transferred into the new bacterial cell. (www.slideshare.net/mpattani )

13. Conclusion
____________
Discussion
• These bacteria have adapted to become resistant to
current antibiotics via evolutionary mechanisms such
as a newly adapted pumping mechanism, neutralizing
and destructive enzymes , an evolved outer shell, and
bacterial camouflage and modification.
• Their prominence ranges from the food we eat to daily
appliances and animals we encounter daily.
• New research advances are on the rise in areas of
T.Ammi oils, DNA and RNA inhibitors, and animal
resistance to try and combat this issue.
• Even so the severity of this issue is not going to go
away on its own, and the need for societal awareness
and backing to stop this threat needs to occur soon
before we reach a state where it is too late.

14. References
• Bighiu,M.Norman,A.Goedkoop,W.Ottoson,J.(2019) .Assessing microbial contamination and antibiotic resistant bacteria using zebra
mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). Science of theTotal Environment .650 .2141–2149.
• Blankinship,L.Cotton,B.Gaston,J.(2013).Survey of antibiotic resistance in cell phone and computer keyboard isolated bacteria.BIOS,
84(3) : 165-172.
• CDC.(2019)About Antimicrobial Resistance. Retrieved from. https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html
• Chew,Y.L., Mahadi, A.M., Wong, K.M..(2017). Anti-methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) compounds from Bauhinia
kockiana Korth. And their mechanism of antibacterial activity. BMC Complement Altern Med 18, 70 .
• Gibbs,P.Kasa,R.Newbre,J.Petermann,S.Wooley,R.(2007). Identification, AntimicrobialResistance Profiles, and Virulence of Members
from the Family Enterobacteriaceae from the Feces ofYellow Headed Blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) in North Dakota.
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• Kelley,M(2019). Antibiotic resistance in food animals nearly tripled since 2000. PRINCETON ENVIRONMENTAL
INSTITUTE.Retrieved from. https://environment.princeton.edu/news/antibiotic-resistance-in-food-animals-nearly-tripled-since-
2000/
• Lujan, Scott.(2019).Bacterial Conjugation and its Inhibition:The Hows and Whys of Conjugation and What Can be Done to Control
It.Affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
• NIHMedicinePlus.(2018) The End of Antibiotics? WinterIssue:Volume 12 Number 5 Page 8-11.
https://medlineplus.gov/magazine/issues/winter18/articles/winter18pg8-11.html
• React.(2019)Resistance mechanisms. Retrieved from. https://www.reactgroup.org/toolbox/understand/antibiotic-
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