Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Elastics and Elastomeric are routinely used as a active component of orthodontic therapy.
Elastics have been a valuable adjunct of any orthodontic treatment for many years.
There use combined with good patient cooperation provides the clinician with the ability to correct both
Antero-posterior and vertical discrepancies. The latex elastics have become integral part of orthodontics after being first discussed by Calvin. S. case in 1893 at the Columbia dental congress but the credit goes to Henry A. Baker for the use of these elastics in clinical practice to exert a class II intermaxillary forces.
Both natural rubber and synthetic elastomers are widely used in orthodontic therapy. Naturally produced latex elastics are used in the Begg technique to provide intermaxillary traction and intramaxillary forces. Synthetic elastomeric materials in the form of chains find their greatest application with edgewise mechanics where they are used to move the teeth along the arc
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Elastics and Elastomeric are routinely used as a active component of orthodontic therapy.
Elastics have been a valuable adjunct of any orthodontic treatment for many years.
There use combined with good patient cooperation provides the clinician with the ability to correct both
Antero-posterior and vertical discrepancies. The latex elastics have become integral part of orthodontics after being first discussed by Calvin. S. case in 1893 at the Columbia dental congress but the credit goes to Henry A. Baker for the use of these elastics in clinical practice to exert a class II intermaxillary forces.
Both natural rubber and synthetic elastomers are widely used in orthodontic therapy. Naturally produced latex elastics are used in the Begg technique to provide intermaxillary traction and intramaxillary forces. Synthetic elastomeric materials in the form of chains find their greatest application with edgewise mechanics where they are used to move the teeth along the arc
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
MBT system in orthodontics /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian den...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Canine retraction in pre adjusted edgewise technique /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Canine retraction in pre adjusted edgewise technique /certified fixed orthodo...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
1ST, 2ND AND 3RD ORDER BENDS IN STANDARD EDGEWISE APPLIANCE SYSTEM /Fixed ort...Indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals
who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry,
Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Molecular basis of inheritance, Patterns of genetic transmission, Gene mutation, structure of chromosome, chromosomes in Man, Genetic disorders, Numerical disorders, structural disorder, Genetics in an orthodontic perspective, Butler's field theory, methods of studying role of genes.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all
aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Evolution of jaws & temporomandibular joint / dental crown & bridge coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tooth development and eruption /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Esthetic orthodontic brackets /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Postero anterior cephalometry/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Anthropological concepts in clinical orthodontics /certified fixed orthodonti...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodontics/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodonticsprosthodontic coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodontics/ oral surgery courses Indian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
https://userupload.net/69zxggv1yww1
The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
Anthropology ortho /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
State of the art comprehensive training-Faculty of world wide repute &Very affordable.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Similar to Anthropological concepts in clinical /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy (20)
Opportunity for Dentists (BDS/MDS )to relocate to United kingdom -Register as a DENTAL HYGIENIST/ DENTAL THERAPIST without Board exams and after approval you can register in GDC as a DH/DT and start working as a DH/DT Immediately and get paid.
You can complete the whole process in 3-4 months.Salary range for DH/DT is around 2500-3500 Pounds per month.
Eligibility / requirements-
1. An International English Language Testing System (IELTS) certificate
at the appropriate level.(Within 2 yrs of application date )
2: A recent primary dental qualification that has been taught and examined in English..(Within 2 yrs of application date )
3: A recent pass in a language test for registration with a regulatory authority in a country where the first language is English.
If you are interested Please contact us for more details.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
I –Aligners are made with FDA approved transparent thermoplastic materials using 3D scanning, 3D Printing and finally Trays with Pressure vacuum formers.
Dear Doctor,
Indian Dental Academy Now offers comprehensive online Orthodontics course.
Course includes:
1.whiteboard lecture presentations
2.Case Discussions
3.with hundreds of pictures.
4.Demo on Models
5.Demo on Patients
6. subtitles in your own language
12 months unlimited access and support @350 USD only.
For Demo please visit :www.idalectures.com/preview/
For more details visit: www.idalectures.com
Please contact us for any clarifications:
idalectures@gmail.com
indiandentalacademy@gmail.com
Thanks & Regards
Indian Dental Academy
--
Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Cytotoxicity of silicone materials used in maxillofacial prosthesis / dental ...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Diagnosis and treatment planning in completely endntulous arches/dental coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Properties of Denture base materials /rotary endodontic coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Use of modified tooth forms in complete denture occlusion / dental implant...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Dentalcasting alloys/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anthropological concepts in clinical /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy
1. Anthropological Concepts In
Clinical Orthodontics
INDIAN DENTAL ACADEMY
Leader in continuing dental education
www.indiandentalacademy.com
www.indiandentalacademy.com
2.
Introduction
What Is Anthropology?
Classification of Anthropology
Evolution
The Various Eras of Evolution.
Theories of Evolution
Hominid Evolution Process
Evolution of Human Face
Evolution of the jaw and joints
Evolution of teeth and its attachment apparatus
Orthodontic aspects of dental anthropology
Indices in anthropology
Crown shape, winged and shovel shaped incisors
Theory of overbite and buccal segment reproximation.
Carabelli Trait
Conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
3. Introduction
Orthodontists are functioning anthropologists.
We measure the bones of the skull, face, and
teeth and study the relationships of these
structures.
We should also be interested, then, in
learning as much as possible about the
origins of human beings and evolutionary
development of our anatomy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. What is Anthropology ?
Anthropology is the study of
humans in all places and at
all times. The term itself
comes from the Greek
(anthropos=man, logos=the
study of).
Anthropologists study
modern humans and their
direct ancestors whom we will
refer to as hominids.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
6. Physical Anthropology
It involves
mechanisms of
biological evolution,
genetic inheritance,
human adaptability
and
variation,
primatology, and
the fossil record of
human evolution
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Cultural Anthropology
Branch of Anthropology
that deals with Culture,
subsistence and other
economic patterns,
kinship, sex and
marriage, socialization,
social control, political
organization, class,
ethnicity, gender,
religion, and cultural
changes .
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8. Linguistic Anthropology
It is the human
communication process
focusing on the
importance of sociocultural influences;
nonverbal
communication; and
the structure, function,
and history of
languages
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9. Archaeology
Prehistory and early
history of cultures
around the world; major
trends in cultural
evolution; and
techniques for finding,
excavating, dating, and
analyzing material
remains of past
societies.
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10. WHAT IS DENTAL
ANTHROPOLOGY?
Dental Anthropology is the study of teeth in a
perspective beyond clinical science. That
perspective includes the study of dental
growth, theories on dental origin, primate
dentition, and population variation
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11. Evolution
Evolution is a continuous process of change
from one form to another.
Acc. to theory of evolution or origin of species
,all present forms of life have been derived
from earlier simple forms.
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13. Paleozoic era
Fossil fish first appear in the rocks of silurian
period.
Fossil amphibians in the Devonian period.
And the reptiles in the pennsylvanion period
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15. Mesozoic era
This era was dominated by reptiles.
In early triassic period fossils of first of primitive
mammals were found, and later those of first birds
were found.
In cretaceous period, fossils of first modern
mammals appeared, but by the end of this period
primitive mammals got extinct.
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17. Caenozoic era
The tertiary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The paleocene
The eocene
The oligocene
The miocene
The piliocene
The quaternary
1.
2.
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The pleistocene
The halocene
18.
Fossil primates first appeared in the rocks of
paleocene epoch .
Fossil anthropoid apes appeared in the rocks
of oligocene epoch.
Australopithecus fossils from upper pliocene
and lower pleistocene epoch.
Earliest human fossils from pleistocene
epoch.
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19. Theories of evolution
Four main theories to explain the method by
which species of life that exist today have
evolved from earlier simpler forms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The lamarckian theory.
The theory of orthogenesis.
The theory of natural selection.
The mendelian theory.
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20. The lamarckian theory
Characters acquired and changes taking
place during life of an organism are inherited
after the acquired character and changes
have persisted for a long time.
They are due to change in environment and
to the concerned effects of use and disuse.
Eg: girrafes with long necks.
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21. Theory of orthogenesis [development
in straight line]
Put forth by Haldane and Julian Huxley.
They considered that evolution proceeds in any
particular direction ,not because of any advantage
gained by the race or because of direct moulding
effect by the surrounding, but because of some
inner urge ,some necessity for the hereditary
constitution to change in just that particular way.
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22. Natural Selection
or Survival Of The Fittest
Charles Darwin
propounded this theory of
organic evolution.
This theory assumes that
every life on earth was
developed from previous
form.
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23.
He attributed changes
in living organisms to
the action of natural
selection and in many
instances to the effect
of use and disuse.
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24. This theory can be summarized briefly as:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Struggle for existence
Natural selection
Heredity
Survival of the fittest.
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25.
As the world has a limited surface, and more
animals are born into it than it is capable of
holding, this produces struggle for existence,
the outcome of which is natural selection or
survival of the fittest and new species
originates.
Natural selection exterminates the unfit.
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26. Mendel's law of inheritance
Mendel discovered the fact of segregation or
dissociation of characters from each other in
the course of formation of germ cell.
His research work was on edible pea.
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28. Hominid evolution
Hominids and apes have common ancestors.
They parted their way about 6 million years ago.
The study of the evolution of hominid provides
important clues about locomotion, behavior,
adaptation and lifestyle.
Homosapiens, maturing more slowly than other
primates, retained many primitive features, which
may be why the genus has been successful. Hands
and teeth, for eg, are quite primitive.
Genera that become specialized tend to become
extinct when their environment changes.
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30. The following order can be followed:
1) The Great apes : Chimpanzee, gorilla
and
orangutan.
2) The 'gracile' Australopithecines.
3) The 'robust' paranthropus group.
4) Homohabilis 'handy man' - early Homo.
5) Homo erectus 'upright man'
6) Neanderthals 'Archaic homosapiens'
7) Homo Sapiens 'wiseman'.
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31. The Great Apes
Orangutan
limited to borneo and
Indonesia
arboreal and frugiverous
(fruit eaters).
Legs are shortened with
arms lengthened.
skull and face are elongated
and surrounded by fur.
Dental formula
I-2,C-1,PM-2,M-3.
narrower jaws than Gorilla
and molars are of equal
size.
enamel on molar shows
marked wrinkling
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32. The Great Apes
Gorilla
Largest of living primates
Restricted to Africa.
Have clavicles which help in
brachiating.
Dental formula
I-2,C-1,PM-2,M-3.
Strong incisors with chisel
like edges.
Diastema between the
laterals and canines in both
arches.
Well defined maxillary
premolars
Canines exhibit sexual
dimorphism.
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33. The Great Apes
Chimpanzees
Closest match to Homo
Sapiens genetically.
Have a complex social
behaviour.
Dental formula
I-2,C-1,PM-2,M-3.
Have little wider arches than
organgutan's
Canines exhibit sexual
dimorphism - male have
heavier, longer and more
curved canines.
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34. The 'gracile' Australopithecines
Walked upright
Small brains, cranial capacity
of about 450 cc.
Large protruding faces.
Were highly dimorphic; male
about twice the size of
females.
Dental features are
intermediate between those of
apes and modern humans.
Arcade is omega shaped,
intermediate between the box
row and the parabolic curve in
humans
Lower first premolar has two
cusps.
Design of dentition being
more effective for grinding.
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35. The 'Robust' Paranthropus group
First identified by Robert
Broom
More sturdier
Molars are enormous
Lower jaws is very large
The entire skull has been
reorganized to
accommodate the massives
chewing apparatus.
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36. Homohabilis 'handy man' - 'Early
Home'
The evolutionary trend towards:
relatively greater cranial
capacity, i.e. about 600-650 cc.
orthognathy,
dental reduction,
greater body size,
which had begun in H.Habilis,
continued in its descendants.
Associated with stone tools.
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37. Homo Erectus 'upright man'
thick cranial vault
Cranial capacity of
about 850 cc.
prominent browridges
and the sagittal keel
sizes of the posterior
teeth are decreased
while anteriors are
larger than modern
humans
upper central incisors
are distinctively shovel
shaped.
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38. Neandertals, often called 'Archaic
Ruggedly built, and short
Homosapiens'
stocky bodies
Developed skilled stone tool
technology
Had larger brains
Skull had characteristic
presence of an occipital 'bun'
at the rear end.
Have large canines and
incisors relative to their molars
and premolars
Dentition as a whole is placed
forward relative to the skull
vault, because of this
anatomical change - the
retromolar space is seen.
Frequent feature was
taurodontism.
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39. Homosapiens 'Wiseman'
Anatomically modern
Homosapiens first appeared
100,000 years ago
Skull is high and well
rounded
Orthognathic face
Modern humans have small
faces tucked under
enlarged brain cases
Cranial capacity increased
to about 1300 cc.
Teeth progressively
reduced in size, concurrent
with the reduction of
masticatory apparatus.
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40. Evolution of human face
In a typical non
primates :dog ,sheep or
hedgehog ,the facial
skeleton projects in
front of cranial region of
skull.
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41.
During primate
evolution facial
skeleton bent gradually
more downwards until
in man it lies below the
overhanging frontal
region of cranium.
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42.
Erect posture in humans.
The arms and hands have become freed.
The manipulation of food and other objects
and defense, offense, and so forth, utilize
primarily the hands, rather than the shortened
jaws.
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43. The large size of the human
brain also relates to a
rotation of the orbits toward
the midline.
This results in a binocular
arrangement of the orbits, a
feature that complements
finger-controlled
manipulation of food, tools,
weapons, and so forth.
The absence of a long,
protrusive muzzle does not
block the close-up vision of
hand-held objects
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44.
Complete orbital rotation into a forward-pointing direction,
however, has also caused a marked reduction in the
interorbital part of the face.
This is significant, because the area involved is the root of
the nasal region, and the result of man's close-set eyes is a
narrow nose
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45.
Reduction in nasal
protrusion is accompanied by
a more or less equivalent
reduction of the jaw .
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46.
The downward rotation of the olfactory bulbs and the whole
anterior cranial floor by the enlarged frontal lobes of the
cerebrum has caused a corresponding downward rotation of
the nasomaxillary complex.
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47.
Facial rotation has led to the development of the human
maxillary sinus beneath the orbital floor and above the
shortened maxillary arch .
Because of its adaptation to facial rotation, the human maxilla
is uniquely rectangular, rather than triangular like that of most
other mammals. It is a distinctively shaped upper jaw.
An orbital floor has also been added to the human maxilla
because the middle and lower parts of the face have been
rotated to a position beneath the eyes.
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48. Evolution of jaws and joints
The first vertebrates did not have jaws.
These are collectively referred to as the "Agnatha"
(a=without, gnath=jaws), or jawless fish.
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49.
Placoderms, an extinct group of early fishes, had 7
arches. The first arch was lost. Their new ‘first’ arch
became the mandibular arch that formed jaws.
The upper half of the mandibular arch became the
palatoquadrate cartilage, the lower half became the
mandibular or Meckel’s cartilage.
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50.
At about the same time in the fossil record there
appears several major groups of fishes,
Elasmobrancs, in these groups, the jaws were
formed by components of arch #1 and #2. Arch #2 is
called the hyoid arch (upper half = hyomandibular
cartilage, lower half = hyoid cartilage).
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51.
Amphibians
In amphibians, the hyomandibular cartilage became the
stapes in the middle ear.
The hyoid apparatus supports the tongue and larynx.
With the loss of remaining gill arches, associated dermal
bones that connected the head to pectoral girdle were also
lost creating an independent neck region.
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52. Reptiles and the evolution of the
secondary palate and middle ear ossicles
Reptiles invented the secondary palate that allows
us to eat and breathe at the same time.
The reptile line that led to mammals substantially
increased bite force by ultimately redesigning the
articulation of the jaw joint.
This in turn led to the development of the malleus
(hammer) and incus (anvil) ossicles in the middle
ear.
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53. The secondary palate
Fish have good noses.
They smell by passing water through a loop located on
their snout and extract dissolved oxygen.
The loop does not connect to the mouth cavity.
The lobe finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) breathed
atmospheric oxygen. One of the consequences of air
breathing is that the olfactory loop became redirected.
Instead of exiting back to the outside environment, the
loop turned and entered the anterior margin of the mouth
cavity, forming the internal nares. Thus, these fish could
breathe by bringing the tip of their snout to the surface.
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54.
Amphibians inherited this
anatomy. Because the
internal nares are at the
anterior margin of the
mouth, amphibians have to
hold their breath while they
eat.
Amphibians can use
cutaneous gas exchange
until the prey is swallowed.
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55.
Reptiles, with their hardened, dry skin do not have
that luxury. Any reptile that did a better job of eating
while breathing would be favored by natural
selection.
Over evolutionary time, the fossil record shows a
second shelf of bone forming across the roof of the
mouth.
First the premaxilla bone, then later, the maxilla
bone, then finally the palatine bone all extended a
shelf from each side of the jaw and met in the
middle.
This shelf formed a separate passage for air from
the external nares.
Over time, the internal nares entered the mouth
further and further toward the throat.
This shelf is the secondary palate. We know it in
humans as the hard palate.
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56. Evolution of TMJ
In reptiles generally, including the now extinct early synapsid
reptiles that gave rise to mammals, the jaw joint is formed by
the articular (lower) and quadrate (upper) bones.
The joint was a simple hinge at the posterior of the jaw.
The jaw closed putting even pressure along its margin
therefore, the force exerted on the joint was in proportion to
the bite pressure.
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57.
In mid to late synapsid reptiles, the dentary bone (lower jaw)
increased in size as muscle and bite force increased, but force on the
joint decreased.
This was because muscle insertion points shifted to allow greater jaw
mobility.
The looser the joint became, the more control synapsids had over
specialized processing of food along regions of the jaw margin.
The articular and quadrate bones at the jaw joint became smaller and
more loosely associated with the dentary.
The coronoid process of the dentary bone formed to accommodate
these changing forces.
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58.
Ultimately, the jaw joint shifted from a articularquadrate joint to a dentary-squamosal joint.
The condyloid process formed to create a new
articulating surface.
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59.
Freed from jaw mechanics, selection pressure favoring
perception of sound took the evolutionary opportunity of
the articular and quadrate bones adrift at the margin of
the jaw joint and incorporated them into the middle ear.
The articular became the malleus (hammer) and the
quadrate became the incus (anvil). Humans, and all
mammals, have these bones to this day.
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60. Functional adaptation of TMJ in
various species.
In carnivora :
They mainly shear the food.
The condyle is almost on a level with the
lower teeth.
The condyle is much more rounded and
shorter in A-P direction.
But the condyle is elongated and large in the
transverse plane and is locked in a closefitting glenoid cavity which allows only a
hinged movement of the lower jaw.
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61. In Omnivora:
There is a slight lateral movement in the
omnivorous species where the condyle is
less firmly held in glenoid cavity.
The temporal muscle is huge and the
masseter is highly developed
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62. In herbivora:
The condyle is broad, flattened and slightly
convex and the glenoid cavity is shallow to
permit much free movement in all directions.
They mainly grind the food.
So it has a strong pterygoid muscles, i.e. the
lateral pterygoid muscles and medial
pterygoid muscles.
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63. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN MOLAR
OR TEETH
Six main theories :
1) Concrescence theory
2) Cingulum theory
3) Kinetogenetic theory
4) Tritubercular theory
5) Multitubercular theory
6) Dimer's theory
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64. Concrescence theory :
Ameghino, Rose and Kekentha
Given by
Mammalian teeth were developed from simpler cones
(Haplodont teeth) and the modern multiple -cusped
teeth are formed by the fusion of 2 or more of these
simple haplodont teeth into a compound tooth.
This might be due to - shortening of jaws, uniting the
teeth of the same series or by a fusion bucco-lingually,
uniting the teeth of one series with those of their
successors.
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65. Cingulum theory
Mammalian tooth is derived from haplodont
tooth.
"Marrett Tims" considers that basal ridge or
cingulum, with surrounds a tooth at its neck,
develops into a fresh cusp or cups- which
explains to a great extent the evolution of
complex tooth form.
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66. Kinetogenetic theory
Ryder, who upholds this theory, again regards the
earliest mammalian teeth as haplodont in origin.
He mentioned that the movements of TMJ, govern
the form of the tooth.
The simple cones become flattened by mutual
pressure, and the ridge and hollows are produced
by the movements of the lower jaw in mastication.
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67. Tritubercular theory or Cope - Osborn
theory
He considered that multicuspid mammalian are
developed from a simple haplodont or reptilian form
of tooth by the addition of extra cusps.
In this theory - original haplodont cone is known as
the protocone
When this original cone has two small accessory
cones on its mesial and distal surface and it is
known as protodont tooth.
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68.
These small accessory cones develop in size until
the tooth consists of 3 cones in a straight line and
this is known as triconodont teeth.
Tooth
anterior
middle
posterior
Maxillary
Paracone
Protocone
Metacone
Mandibular
Paraconid
Protoconid
Metaconid
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72. Multitubercular (or polybuny) theory
Forsyth Major, refutes the statement that the 1st
mammalian tooth can be traced back to a simple
haplodont or a tritubercular tooth.
Forsyth Major considers that human molars and
modern mammalian molar (whether tritubercular or
not) are derived from multitubercular teeth by
reduction in the number of tubercles.
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73. Dimer theory
It is the result of investigation by Prof. Bolk of
Amsterdam and advances the view that there is
one origin for all mammalian teeth, whether,
incisors, canine, premolars or molars.
Bolk's views are expressed under 4 headings :
i)
Hypothesis of triconodonty
Hypothesis of dimery
Hypothesis of concentration
Hypothesis of equivalence
ii)
iii)
iv)
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74. i) Hypothesis of triconodonty -
mammalian teeth are evolved from a
triconodont teeth, not a haplodont with one
large and 2 small cusps in a straight line
anteroposteriorly.
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75. ii) The hypothesis of dimery :
Every mammalian tooth = two reptilian teeth.
Labial and incisal portion of the incisors, canines
and buccal cusps of premolars and molars = one
series of reptilian teeth.
Cingulum of incisors, canine and lingual cusps of
premolars and molars = second or later series of
reptilian teeth.
Each longitudinal half of human tooth = monomere
buccal half = protomere
lingual half = deuteromere
together form a dimerous tooth.
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76. iii) Hypothesis of concentration :
The polyphyodont in reptiles is reduced to
diphyodontism in modern mammals.
There is a concentration of the tooth germs of
two reptilian teeth to form one mammalian
tooth.
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77. iv) Hypothesis of equivalence :
Elements of mammalian set of teeth are all
morphologically alike.
The terms monocuspidate and multicuspidate
possess only a descriptive anatomical value
and do not indicate any morphogenetic
differences.
The tooth germ of every tooth possesses the
potentiality of developing all the cusps found
in the most complicated tooth of set.
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78. Butler's Field Theory
In 1939, Butler, an English paleontologist,
proposed that the mammalian dentition can be
divided into several developmental fields - incisors,
canines and check teeth.
Within each field there is one tooth that is
presumed to be the stable 'best copy' - i.e., "Key"
tooth, the remaining teeth within the field become
progressively less stable.
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79.
Considering each quadrant separately, the
molar/premolar field would consist of the first
molar as the key tooth, the second and third
molars on the distal end of the field, and the
first and second premolars on the mesial end.
The theory predicts that the third molar and
first premolar would be most variable in size
and shape
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80. Evolution of socket or attachment of
teeth
Four methods of attachment of teeth in
animal world:
1.
Fibrous
Hinged
Ankylosis
Gomphosis
2.
3.
4.
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81. Fibrous attachment
Seen in sharks and
rays.
The teeth are fixed by
the means of fibrous
bands to the
submucosa of the
fibrous membrane
which covers the jaws.
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82. Hinged attachment
Three main fishes have to be discussed as
they have different types of hinge
attachments.
1.
Angler
Hake
Pike
2.
3.
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83. Angler
This fish has 2 rows of teeth
an outer anchylosed and
inner hinged row.
A hinged tooth is supplied
posteriorly by fibrous elastic
ligament, while its anterior
free edge rests upon a
buttress of bone.
The teeth bent towards the
throat, the hinge
compresses and teeth
return to their original
positions upon the force
being removed.
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84. The hake
i)
ii)
Calcified elastic part of hinge
which prolong downwards to the
bone of attachment
ii) Uncalcified fibrous part of hinge
which lies in front of the calcified,
elastic portion.
- Between two part of hinge is a
triangular area containing
interlacing fibres - elastic in nature.
- The labial edge of base of teeth thickened and rounded - adapted
for resisting shock.
- This edge is at higher level - than
the lingual edge and fits upon a
buttress of bone. So that tooth
cannot be bent outward without
injury to lingual hinge.
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85. Pike
The hinged teeth of pike sit
anteriorly on a small pedestal of
bone - but posterior hinge does
not possess elasticity.
In pike teeth (osteodentine) , the
central trabeculae do not calcify
but remain soft and elasticresponsible for returning the
teeth to their erect posture when
backward pressure is released.
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86. Anchylosis attachment
When a tooth is fixed to the
jaw by calcified tissue it is said
to be anchylosed.
There is no intervention of
fibrous or uncalcified tissue.
Eel fish : The teeth of the Eel
rest upon little cylinder or cups
of bone of attachment and is
described as " Acrodont
anchylosis".
Here dentinal tubules do not
fuse with bone of attachment,
but little fibrous "annular
ligament" surrounds the base
of tooth and allows a slight
movement.
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87. In Mackerel
Teeth are slung up between
the plates of the jaws by
means of osseous trabeculae
which pass between the inner
sides of the alveolus and outer
sides of teeth, the bases of
latter resting upon nothing
hard, the attachment is
pleurodont.
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88. Gomphosis (attachment in sockets)
Seen in man, mammalia, reptiles and in
some fish eg :saw fish, pristis.
In man, mammals and crocodile, a
membrane (alveolar dental membrane) exists
between the tooth and the socket of bone in
which the tooth is situated.
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89. Our field exists
today due to
excellent
remodeling capacity
of the PDL and
alveolar bone in
gomphosis type of
attachment
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91. What is anthropometry ?
Anthropometry is a division of anthropology,it
has been described by Hrlicka as the
systemized art of measuring and taking
observations on man ,his skeleton , his brain
or other organs, by the most reliable means
and methods and for scientific purposes.
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92. Method of holding sliding caliper
method of holding spreading caliper
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98. What is craniometry ?
Craniometry, a subdivision of anthropometry, has
been an important study in orthodontic research
,because orthodontics is concerned primarily with
the correction of morphologic deviations from the
accepted norms in dentofacial area.
Measurements of the extent of these deviations
entails some knowledge of physical anthropology
and the ability to recognize and use the
anthropologic landmarks.
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103. Palatal height index
Given by Korkhaus.
Palatal height X 100
posterior arch width
Normal value is 42 in mixed
dentition
39.3
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51.3
105. What is Orthodontic odontometry?
The anthropologic science of measuring the size
and proportion of teeth is called odontometry.
Orthodontists practice some form of odontometry as
a part of routine case diagnosis.
Traditionally, orthodontic odontometry has been
limited to the determination of the amount of dental
arch space deficiency.
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106. Crown Shape
In some odontometric studies, crown shape
has been found to be a determining factor in
the presence and absence of mandibular
incisor crowding.
MD
Crown shape = ------- ratio
FL
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107.
The maximum limit of desirable index values
for lower incisors are
88-92 for the mandibular central incisors
90-95 for the mandibular lateral incisors.
Lower incisors within or below the ranges is
considered favorably shaped.
Any lower incisor with MD/FL index above
these ranges, possesses a crown shape
deviation, which contribute to crowding
phenomenon.
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108. Clinical implication:
The relationship between tooth shape and
lower incisor alignment is important in
mesiodistal enamel's stripping or
reproximation.
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110. Winged incisors
A peculiar arrangement often
seen between central
incisors, both maxillary and
mandibular, was first reported
by Leigh in 1926.
Called incisor winging by
Dahlberg.
Characterised by mesiolinguo
version of the central incisors
creating a v-shaped notch in
the arch at the midline.
Noted in Mongoloid
dentitions.
Show unfavourable prognosis
for permanent orthodontic
correction.
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111. Shovel shaped incisors
Present another variation of
incisor morphology.
Prominence of the mesial
and distal marginal ridges
enclosing the central fossa
in the lingual surface of
incisor teeth.
Often present a problem in
overjet correction.
In such cases, reducing the
prominence of the marginal
ridges is helpful.
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112. Theory of Overbite
Overbite is present in greatly varying degrees among
modern populations.
Primitive people, past and present, tend to display
edge - to edge anterior bite (labidonty) or at most,
slight scissor bites (psalidonty) of less than two
millimeters.
Overbites in excess of two millimeters are largely
limited to those living in relatively civilized
environments.
It is generally reasoned that overbite has accrued
among the civilized because substantial tooth wear is
no longer present to compensate for natural incisor
eruption.
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113.
Another insight into the origins of overbite in man
has been suggested by Brace and Mahler in 1971.
They observed that overbite was widely expressed
among Europeans only after the Middle Age.
At that time, also the table fork was introduced in
Italy and aimed popularity in Europe.
The personal fork and knife took the functions of
holding and shearing food away from the incisors.
Protrusive function, essential to the holding and
shearing process, swiftly became obsolete, and
deep overbite and its related occlusal deviations
have since proliferated unchecked.
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114. Buccal segment reproximation
The orthodontic community has known about natural
tooth wear, largely through the work of Raymond
Begg on the Australian aboriginal population.
All teeth become smaller mesiodistally as they wear
down with age.
The contact areas between become flatter and
broader.
The mesiodistal enamel reduction of all permanent
teeth in the developing adolescent dentition would
be a method to produce artificial tooth wear
mimicking the natural wear pattern of primitive
population.
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115. The Carabelli Trait
In 1842, Carabelli gave
his name to a
frequently occurring
tubercle on the lingual
aspect of mesio lingual
cusp (protocone) of the
maxillary first
permanent molar.
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116.
Many theories have been advanced explaining the
occurrence of the Carabelli trait.
One holds that the Carabelli cusp has its origin in
the cingulum, and numbers among its proponents
Gregory (1922), Cope (1888), Osborn (1907), Adioff
(1908), and Korenhoff (1960).
A second school, led by Rose (1892) and Baufjeiff
(1896),.claims that the Carabelli cusp arose as a
separate tooth germ.
The third group bases its rea-soning upon the
"Dimer" theory of Bolk (1914) in calling upon a "tritomere" for the origin of the cusp.
Other explanations are brought forth by individual
authors such as Weidenreich (1937), who
considered the Carabelli cusp an accidental
variation" of the procone.
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117.
It is indeed a most remarkable phenomenon
in the history of biological research that so
little is known about a structure of which so
much has been written.
As Jorgensen rightfully points out that “our
actual knowledge of the evolutionary and
racial significance of Carabelli's cusp is quite
disproportionate to the number of pages
published about this structure
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118. Conclusion
Variation in size, shape, number,
arrangement, and wear pattern of the teeth of
man has long been an area of great interest
to physical anthropologists.
It is important that orthodontist cultivates an
anthropologists eye for tooth variation.
Since the orthodontist ponders many of these
same variables in his daily battle with
malocclusion, many aspects of dental
anthropology can prove helpful in
understanding orthodontic problems and in
formulating their successful treatment.
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119. References
Dimensions of anthropology – vol.2; V.Rami Reddy.
Dental anthropology – vol.1; V.Rami Reddy.
Anthropology and modern human teeth – Scott and
Turner.
Human adult odontometrics – Julius A. Kieser.
Anthropology and orthodontics – AO vol.67(1);1997,73
– 77.
Harmonious anthropometric relationships – AO
vol.31(1);1961,18 – 34.
Dental variation among population – an anthropologic
view – DCNA vol.19(1);1975,125 – 139.
Orthodontic aspects of dental anthropology – AO
vol.45(2);1975,95 – 102.
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120.
Crown dimensions and mandibular incisor alignment
– AO vol.42;1972,148 – 53.
Stone age man’s dentition – AJO vol.40;1954,298 –
312.
Begg orthodontic theory and technique – Begg and
Kesling – third edition.
An index to assessing tooth shape deviations
applied to mandibular incisors – AJO
vol.61;1972,384 – 402.
Textbook of orthodontics – Salzmann.
Color atlas of orthodontic diagnosis – Rakosi.
Evolution Atlas, Chapter 6: The Skeletal System:
Axial Division.(internet)
Functional adaptation of jaw joint,Evolution atlas,the
skeletal system;axial division(internet)
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