Description :
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Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodontics/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
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Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodontics/ dental implant coursesIndian dental academy
Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
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Anthropology ortho /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental acad...Indian dental academy
Welcome to Indian Dental Academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy has a unique training program & curriculum that provides students with exceptional clinical skills and enabling them to return to their office with high level confidence and start treating patients
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Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
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Description :
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Human evolution is the evolutionary process leading up to the appearance of modern humans. It is the process by which human beings developed on Earth from now-extinct primates. It involves the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors. The study of human evolution involves many scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, ethology, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Scientific evidence shows that the physical and behavioural traits shared by all people originated from apelike ancestors and evolved over a period of approximately six million years.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Evolutionary Theory
3.0 Process of Evolution
4.0 History of Human Evolution
5.0 Paleoanthropology
6.0 Evidence of Evolution
6.1 Evidence from comparative physiology
6.2 Evidence from comparative anatomy
6.3 Evidence from comparative embryology
6.4 Evidence from comparative morphology
6.5 Evidence from vestigial organs
6.6 Genetics
6.7 Evidence from Molecular Biology
6.8 Evidence from the Fossil Record
7.0 Divergence of the Human Clade from other Great Apes
8.0 Anatomical changes
8.1 Anatomy of bipedalism
8.2 Encephalization
8.3 Sexual dimorphism
8.4 Other changes
9.0 Genus Homo
10.0 Homo Sapiens Taxonomy
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Description :
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Bone and Rheumatology Research Journal - SciDocPublishersScidoc Publishers
International Journal of Bone and Rheumatology Research (IJBRR) ISSN 2470-4520 is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that combines the interests of researchers and clinical practitioners across Bone, Orthopedic medicine, microsurgery and congenital anomalies. IJBRR publishes high quality papers, rapid communications, original papers, research letters and case reports pertaining to clinical reports and clinical studies in basic and applied Bone & Rheumatology Research.
IJBRR is to keep a record of the state-of-the-art research and to promote study, research and improvement within the various specialties of Osteology.
For more details: http://scidoc.org/bone-and-rheumatology-research.php
Investigadora norte-americana defende um sistema de medição e gestão do desempenho escolar nas escolas portuguesas e que passa por mais metas, mais avaliações, mais exames, mais avaliação, mais estatística.
Big Design Dallas 2015. Uncover the power of empathy in design and user experience. Explore the value of a truly user-centered approach to design, and the power that comes with taking yourself out of the equation.
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The mouth and teeth play an important role in social interactions around the world. The way people deal with their teeth and mouth, however, is determined culturally. When oral healthcare projects are being carried out in developing countries, differing cultural worldviews can cause misunderstandings between oral healthcare providers and their patients. The oral healthcare volunteer often has to try to understand the local assumptions about teeth and oral hygiene first, before he or she can bring about a change of behaviour, increase therapy compliance and make the oral healthcare project sustainable. Anthropology can be helpful in this respect. In 2014, in a pilot project commissioned by the Dutch Dental Care Foundation, in which oral healthcare was provided in combination with anthropological research, an oral healthcare project in Kwale (Kenia) was evaluated. The study identified 6 primary themes that indicate the most important factors influencing the oral health of school children in Kwale. Research into the local culture by oral healthcare providers would appear to be an important prerequisite to meaningful work in developing countries.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species.
Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years.
This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans.
-Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed.
-The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools
The Importance Of Human Evolution
Evolution Of The Human Society
Essay on The History of Human Evolution
Human Evolution
The Evolution of Man
Homo Sapien Human Evolution
Human Evolution Essay
The Evolution of Humans Essay
The Evolution Of Homo Sapiens
The Evolution of Man
Evolution Essay
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Evolution Of Human Evolution
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The Evolution Of The Human Species
Essay on The Importance of Human Evolution
Similar to Anthroplolgical concepts in clinical orthodontics/ oral surgery courses (12)
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Indian Dental Academy
Leader in continuing dental education
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skype:indiandentalacademy
+919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
Explore how micro-credentials are transforming Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) with this comprehensive slide deck. Discover what micro-credentials are, their importance in TVET, the advantages they offer, and the insights from industry experts. Additionally, learn about the top software applications available for creating and managing micro-credentials. This presentation also includes valuable resources and a discussion on the future of these specialised certifications.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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3. Introduction
What Is Anthropology?
Classification of Anthropology
Evolution
The Various Eras of Evolution.
Theories of Evolution
Hominid Evolution Process
Evolution of Human Face
Evolution of the jaw and joints
Evolution of teeth and its attachment apparatus
Orthodontic aspects of dental anthropology
Indices in anthropology
Crown shape, winged and shovel shaped incisors
Theory of overbite and buccal segment reproximation.
Carabelli Trait
Conclusion
www.indiandentalacademy.com
4. Introduction
Orthodontists are functioning anthropologists.
We measure the bones of the skull, face, and
teeth and study the relationships of these
structures.
We should also be interested, then, in
learning as much as possible about the
origins of human beings and evolutionary
development of our anatomy.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
5. What is Anthropology ?
Anthropology is the study of
humans in all places and at
all times. The term itself
comes from the Greek
(anthropos=man, logos=the
study of).
Anthropologists study
modern humans and their
direct ancestors whom we will
refer to as hominids.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
7. Physical Anthropology
It involves
mechanisms of
biological evolution,
genetic inheritance,
human adaptability
and
variation,
primatology, and
the fossil record of
human evolution
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8. Cultural Anthropology
Branch of Anthropology
that deals with Culture,
subsistence and other
economic patterns,
kinship, sex and
marriage, socialization,
social control, political
organization, class,
ethnicity, gender,
religion, and cultural
changes .
www.indiandentalacademy.com
9. Linguistic Anthropology
It is the human
communication process
focusing on the
importance of socio-
cultural influences;
nonverbal
communication; and
the structure, function,
and history of
languages
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10. Archaeology
Prehistory and early
history of cultures
around the world; major
trends in cultural
evolution; and
techniques for finding,
excavating, dating, and
analyzing material
remains of past
societies.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
11. WHAT IS DENTAL
ANTHROPOLOGY?
Dental Anthropology is the study of teeth in a
perspective beyond clinical science. That
perspective includes the study of dental
growth, theories on dental origin, primate
dentition, and population variation
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12. Evolution
Evolution is a continuous process of change
from one form to another.
Acc. to theory of evolution or origin of species
,all present forms of life have been derived
from earlier simple forms.
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14. Paleozoic era
Fossil fish first appear in the rocks of silurian
period.
Fossil amphibians in the Devonian period.
And the reptiles in the pennsylvanion period
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16. Mesozoic era
This era was dominated by reptiles.
In early triassic period fossils of first of primitive
mammals were found, and later those of first birds
were found.
In cretaceous period, fossils of first modern
mammals appeared, but by the end of this period
primitive mammals got extinct.
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18. Caenozoic era
The tertiary
1. The paleocene
2. The eocene
3. The oligocene
4. The miocene
5. The piliocene
The quaternary
1. The pleistocene
2. The halocene
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19. Fossil primates first appeared in the rocks of
paleocene epoch .
Fossil anthropoid apes appeared in the rocks
of oligocene epoch.
Australopithecus fossils from upper pliocene
and lower pleistocene epoch.
Earliest human fossils from pleistocene
epoch.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
20. Theories of evolution
Four main theories to explain the method by
which species of life that exist today have
evolved from earlier simpler forms.
1. The lamarckian theory.
2. The theory of orthogenesis.
3. The theory of natural selection.
4. The mendelian theory.
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21. The lamarckian theory
Characters acquired and changes taking
place during life of an organism are inherited
after the acquired character and changes
have persisted for a long time.
They are due to change in environment and
to the concerned effects of use and disuse.
Eg: girrafes with long necks.
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22. Theory of orthogenesis [development
in straight line]
Put forth by Haldane and Julian Huxley.
They considered that evolution proceeds in any
particular direction ,not because of any advantage
gained by the race or because of direct moulding
effect by the surrounding, but because of some
inner urge ,some necessity for the hereditary
constitution to change in just that particular way.
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23. Natural Selection
or Survival Of The Fittest
Charles Darwin
propounded this theory of
organic evolution.
This theory assumes that
every life on earth was
developed from previous
form.
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24. He attributed changes
in living organisms to
the action of natural
selection and in many
instances to the effect
of use and disuse.
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25. This theory can be summarized briefly as:
1. Struggle for existence
2. Natural selection
3. Heredity
4. Survival of the fittest.
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26. As the world has a limited surface, and more
animals are born into it than it is capable of
holding, this produces struggle for existence,
the outcome of which is natural selection or
survival of the fittest and new species
originates.
Natural selection exterminates the unfit.
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27. Mendel's law of inheritance
Mendel discovered the fact of segregation or
dissociation of characters from each other in
the course of formation of germ cell.
His research work was on edible pea.
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29. Hominid evolution
Hominids and apes have common ancestors.
They parted their way about 6 million years ago.
The study of the evolution of hominid provides
important clues about locomotion, behavior,
adaptation and lifestyle.
Homosapiens, maturing more slowly than other
primates, retained many primitive features, which
may be why the genus has been successful. Hands
and teeth, for eg, are quite primitive.
Genera that become specialized tend to become
extinct when their environment changes.
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31. The following order can be followed:
1) The Great apes : Chimpanzee, gorilla
and
orangutan.
2) The 'gracile' Australopithecines.
3) The 'robust' paranthropus group.
4) Homohabilis 'handy man' - early Homo.
5) Homo erectus 'upright man'
6) Neanderthals 'Archaic homosapiens'
7) Homo Sapiens 'wiseman'.
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32. The Great Apes
Orangutan
limited to borneo and
Indonesia
arboreal and frugiverous
(fruit eaters).
Legs are shortened with
arms lengthened.
skull and face are elongated
and surrounded by fur.
Dental formula
I-2,C-1,PM-2,M-3.
narrower jaws than Gorilla
and molars are of equal
size.
enamel on molar shows
marked wrinkling
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33. The Great Apes
Gorilla
Largest of living primates
Restricted to Africa.
Have clavicles which help in
brachiating.
Dental formula
I-2,C-1,PM-2,M-3.
Strong incisors with chisel
like edges.
Diastema between the
laterals and canines in both
arches.
Well defined maxillary
premolars
Canines exhibit sexual
dimorphism.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
34. The Great Apes
Chimpanzees
Closest match to Homo
Sapiens genetically.
Have a complex social
behaviour.
Dental formula
I-2,C-1,PM-2,M-3.
Have little wider arches than
organgutan's
Canines exhibit sexual
dimorphism - male have
heavier, longer and more
curved canines.
www.indiandentalacademy.com
35. The 'gracile' Australopithecines
Walked upright
Small brains, cranial capacity
of about 450 cc.
Large protruding faces.
Were highly dimorphic; male
about twice the size of
females.
Dental features are
intermediate between those of
apes and modern humans.
Arcade is omega shaped,
intermediate between the box
row and the parabolic curve in
humans
Lower first premolar has two
cusps.
Design of dentition being
more effective for grinding.
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36. The 'Robust' Paranthropus group
First identified by Robert
Broom
More sturdier
Molars are enormous
Lower jaws is very large
The entire skull has been
reorganized to
accommodate the massives
chewing apparatus.
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37. Homohabilis 'handy man' - 'Early
Home'
The evolutionary trend towards:
relatively greater cranial
capacity, i.e. about 600-650 cc.
orthognathy,
dental reduction,
greater body size,
which had begun in H.Habilis,
continued in its descendants.
Associated with stone tools.
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38. Homo Erectus 'upright man'
thick cranial vault
Cranial capacity of
about 850 cc.
prominent browridges
and the sagittal keel
sizes of the posterior
teeth are decreased
while anteriors are
larger than modern
humans
upper central incisors
are distinctively shovel
shaped.
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39. Neandertals, often called 'Archaic
Homosapiens' Ruggedly built, and short
stocky bodies
Developed skilled stone tool
technology
Had larger brains
Skull had characteristic
presence of an occipital 'bun'
at the rear end.
Have large canines and
incisors relative to their molars
and premolars
Dentition as a whole is placed
forward relative to the skull
vault, because of this
anatomical change - the
retromolar space is seen.
Frequent feature was
taurodontism.
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40. Homosapiens 'Wiseman'
Anatomically modern
Homosapiens first appeared
100,000 years ago
Skull is high and well
rounded
Orthognathic face
Modern humans have small
faces tucked under
enlarged brain cases
Cranial capacity increased
to about 1300 cc.
Teeth progressively
reduced in size, concurrent
with the reduction of
masticatory apparatus.
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41. Evolution of human face
In typical non
primates :dog ,sheep or
hedgehog ,the facial
skeleton projects in
front of cranial region of
skull.
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42. During primate
evolution facial
skeleton bent gradually
more downwards until
in man it lies below the
overhanging frontal
region of cranium.
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43. Erect posture in humans.
The arms and hands have become freed.
The manipulation of food and other objects
and defense, offense, and so forth, utilize
primarily the hands, rather than the shortened
jaws.
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44. The large size of the human
brain also relates to a
rotation of the orbits toward
the midline.
This results in a binocular
arrangement of the orbits, a
feature that complements
finger-controlled
manipulation of food, tools,
weapons, and so forth.
The absence of a long,
protrusive muzzle does not
block the close-up vision of
hand-held objects
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45. Complete orbital rotation into a forward-pointing direction,
however, has also caused a marked reduction in the
interorbital part of the face.
This is significant, because the area involved is the root of
the nasal region, and the result of man's close-set eyes is a
narrow nose
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46. Reduction in nasal
protrusion is accompanied by
a more or less equivalent
reduction of the jaw .
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47. The downward rotation of the olfactory bulbs and the whole
anterior cranial floor by the enlarged frontal lobes of the
cerebrum has caused a corresponding downward rotation of
the nasomaxillary complex.
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48. Facial rotation has led to the development of the human
maxillary sinus beneath the orbital floor and above the
shortened maxillary arch .
Because of its adaptation to facial rotation, the human maxilla
is uniquely rectangular, rather than triangular like that of most
other mammals. It is a distinctively shaped upper jaw.
An orbital floor has also been added to the human maxilla
because the middle and lower parts of the face have been
rotated to a position beneath the eyes.
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49. Evolution of jaws and joints
The first vertebrates did not have jaws.
These are collectively referred to as the "Agnatha"
(a=without, gnath=jaws), or jawless fish.
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50. Placoderms, an extinct group of early fishes, had 7
arches. The first arch was lost. Their new ‘first’ arch
became the mandibular arch that formed jaws.
The upper half of the mandibular arch became the
palatoquadrate cartilage, the lower half became the
mandibular or Meckel’s cartilage.
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51. At about the same time in the fossil record there
appears several major groups of fishes,
Elasmobrancs, in these groups, the jaws were
formed by components of arch #1 and #2. Arch #2 is
called the hyoid arch (upper half = hyomandibular
cartilage, lower half = hyoid cartilage).
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52. Amphibians
In amphibians, the hyomandibular cartilage became the
stapes in the middle ear.
The hyoid apparatus supports the tongue and larynx.
With the loss of remaining gill arches, associated dermal
bones that connected the head to pectoral girdle were also
lost creating an independent neck region.
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53. Reptiles and the evolution of the
secondary palate and middle ear ossicles
Reptiles invented the secondary palate that allows
us to eat and breathe at the same time.
The reptile line that led to mammals substantially
increased bite force by ultimately redesigning the
articulation of the jaw joint.
This in turn led to the development of the malleus
(hammer) and incus (anvil) ossicles in the middle
ear.
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54. The secondary palate
Fish have good noses.
They smell by passing water through a loop located on
their snout and extract dissolved oxygen.
The loop does not connect to the mouth cavity.
The lobe finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) breathed
atmospheric oxygen. One of the consequences of air
breathing is that the olfactory loop became redirected.
Instead of exiting back to the outside environment, the
loop turned and entered the anterior margin of the mouth
cavity, forming the internal nares. Thus, these fish could
breathe by bringing the tip of their snout to the surface.
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55. Amphibians inherited this
anatomy. Because the
internal nares are at the
anterior margin of the
mouth, amphibians have to
hold their breath while they
eat.
Amphibians can use
cutaneous gas exchange
until the prey is swallowed.
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56. Reptiles, with their hardened, dry skin do not have
that luxury. Any reptile that did a better job of eating
while breathing would be favored by natural
selection.
Over evolutionary time, the fossil record shows a
second shelf of bone forming across the roof of the
mouth.
First the premaxilla bone, then later, the maxilla
bone, then finally the palatine bone all extended a
shelf from each side of the jaw and met in the
middle.
This shelf formed a separate passage for air from
the external nares.
Over time, the internal nares entered the mouth
further and further toward the throat.
This shelf is the secondary palate. We know it in
humans as the hard palate.
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57. Evolution of TMJ
In reptiles generally, including the now extinct early synapsid
reptiles that gave rise to mammals, the jaw joint is formed by
the articular (lower) and quadrate (upper) bones.
The joint was a simple hinge at the posterior of the jaw.
The jaw closed putting even pressure along its margin
therefore, the force exerted on the joint was in proportion to
the bite pressure.
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58. In mid to late synapsid reptiles, the dentary bone (lower jaw)
increased in size as muscle and bite force increased, but force on the
joint decreased.
This was because muscle insertion points shifted to allow greater jaw
mobility.
The looser the joint became, the more control synapsids had over
specialized processing of food along regions of the jaw margin.
The articular and quadrate bones at the jaw joint became smaller and
more loosely associated with the dentary.
The coronoid process of the dentary bone formed to accommodate
these changing forces.
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59. Ultimately, the jaw joint shifted from a articular-
quadrate joint to a dentary-squamosal joint.
The condyloid process formed to create a new
articulating surface.
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60. Freed from jaw mechanics, selection pressure favoring
perception of sound took the evolutionary opportunity of
the articular and quadrate bones adrift at the margin of
the jaw joint and incorporated them into the middle ear.
The articular became the malleus (hammer) and the
quadrate became the incus (anvil). Humans, and all
mammals, have these bones to this day.
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61. Functional adaptation of TMJ in
various species.
In carnivora :
They mainly shear the food.
The condyle is almost on a level with the
lower teeth.
The condyle is much more rounded and
shorter in A-P direction.
But the condyle is elongated and large in the
transverse plane and is locked in a close-
fitting glenoid cavity which allows only a
hinged movement of the lower jaw.
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62. In Omnivora:
There is a slight lateral movement in the
omnivorous species where the condyle is
less firmly held in glenoid cavity.
The temporal muscle is huge and the
masseter is highly developed
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63. In herbivora:
The condyle is broad, flattened and slightly
convex and the glenoid cavity is shallow to
permit much free movement in all directions.
They mainly grind the food.
So it has a strong pterygoid muscles, i.e. the
lateral pterygoid muscles and medial
pterygoid muscles.
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64. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN MOLAR
OR TEETH
Six main theories :
1) Concrescence theory
2) Cingulum theory
3) Kinetogenetic theory
4) Tritubercular theory
5) Multitubercular theory
6) Dimer's theory
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65. Concrescence theory :
Given by
Mammalian teeth were developed from simpler cones
(Haplodont teeth) and the modern multiple -cusped
teeth are formed by the fusion of 2 or more of these
simple haplodont teeth into a compound tooth.
This might be due to - shortening of jaws, uniting the
teeth of the same series or by a fusion bucco-lingually,
uniting the teeth of one series with those of their
successors.
Ameghino, Rose and Kekentha
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66. Cingulum theory
Mammalian tooth is derived from haplodont
tooth.
"Marrett Tims" considers that basal ridge or
cingulum, with surrounds a tooth at its neck,
develops into a fresh cusp or cups- which
explains to a great extent the evolution of
complex tooth form.
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67. Kinetogenetic theory
Ryder, who upholds this theory, again regards the
earliest mammalian teeth as haplodont in origin.
He mentioned that the movements of TMJ, govern
the form of the tooth.
The simple cones become flattened by mutual
pressure, and the ridge and hollows are produced
by the movements of the lower jaw in mastication.
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68. Tritubercular theory or Cope - Osborn
theory
He considered that multicuspid mammalian are
developed from a simple haplodont or reptilian form
of tooth by the addition of extra cusps.
In this theory - original haplodont cone is known as
the protocone
When this original cone has two small accessory
cones on its mesial and distal surface and it is
known as protodont tooth.
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69. These small accessory cones develop in size until
the tooth consists of 3 cones in a straight line and
this is known as triconodont teeth.
Tooth anterior middle posterior
Maxillary Paracone Protocone Metacone
Mandibular Paraconid Protoconid Metaconid
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73. Multitubercular (or polybuny) theory
Forsyth Major, refutes the statement that the 1st
mammalian tooth can be traced back to a simple
haplodont or a tritubercular tooth.
Forsyth Major considers that human molars and
modern mammalian molar (whether tritubercular or
not) are derived from multitubercular teeth by
reduction in the number of tubercles.
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74. Dimer theory
It is the result of investigation by Prof. Bolk of
Amsterdam and advances the view that there is
one origin for all mammalian teeth, whether,
incisors, canine, premolars or molars.
Bolk's views are expressed under 4 headings :
i) Hypothesis of triconodonty
ii) Hypothesis of dimery
iii) Hypothesis of concentration
iv) Hypothesis of equivalence
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75. i) Hypothesis of triconodonty -
mammalian teeth are evolved from a
triconodont teeth, not a haplodont with one
large and 2 small cusps in a straight line
anteroposteriorly.
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76. ii) The hypothesis of dimery :
Every mammalian tooth = two reptilian teeth.
Labial and incisal portion of the incisors, canines
and buccal cusps of premolars and molars = one
series of reptilian teeth.
Cingulum of incisors, canine and lingual cusps of
premolars and molars = second or later series of
reptilian teeth.
Each longitudinal half of human tooth = monomere
buccal half = protomere
lingual half = deuteromere
together form a dimerous tooth.
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77. iii) Hypothesis of concentration :
The polyphyodont in reptiles is reduced to
diphyodontism in modern mammals.
There is a concentration of the tooth germs of
two reptilian teeth to form one mammalian
tooth.
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78. iv) Hypothesis of equivalence :
Elements of mammalian set of teeth are all
morphologically alike.
The terms monocuspidate and multicuspidate
possess only a descriptive anatomical value
and do not indicate any morphogenetic
differences.
The tooth germ of every tooth possesses the
potentiality of developing all the cusps found
in the most complicated tooth of set.
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79. Butler's Field Theory
In 1939, Butler, an English paleontologist,
proposed that the mammalian dentition can be
divided into several developmental fields - incisors,
canines and check teeth.
Within each field there is one tooth that is
presumed to be the stable 'best copy' - i.e., "Key"
tooth, the remaining teeth within the field become
progressively less stable.
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80. Considering each quadrant separately, the
molar/premolar field would consist of the first
molar as the key tooth, the second and third
molars on the distal end of the field, and the
first and second premolars on the mesial end.
The theory predicts that the third molar and
first premolar would be most variable in size
and shape
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81. Evolution of socket or attachment of
teeth
Four methods of attachment of teeth in
animal world:
1. Fibrous
2. Hinged
3. Ankylosis
4. Gomphosis
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82. Fibrous attachment
Seen in sharks and
rays.
The teeth are fixed by
the means of fibrous
bands to the
submucosa of the
fibrous membrane
which covers the jaws.
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83. Hinged attachment
Three main fishes have to be discussed as
they have different types of hinge
attachments.
1. Angler
2. Hake
3. Pike
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84. Angler
This fish has 2 rows of teeth
an outer anchylosed and
inner hinged row.
A hinged tooth is supplied
posteriorly by fibrous elastic
ligament, while its anterior
free edge rests upon a
buttress of bone.
The teeth bent towards the
throat, the hinge
compresses and teeth
return to their original
positions upon the force
being removed.
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85. The hake i) Calcified elastic part of hinge
which prolong downwards to the
bone of attachment
ii) ii) Uncalcified fibrous part of hinge
which lies in front of the calcified,
elastic portion.
- Between two part of hinge is a
triangular area containing
interlacing fibres - elastic in nature.
- The labial edge of base of teeth -
thickened and rounded - adapted
for resisting shock.
- This edge is at higher level - than
the lingual edge and fits upon a
buttress of bone. So that tooth
cannot be bent outward without
injury to lingual hinge.
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86. Pike
The hinged teeth of pike sit
anteriorly on a small pedestal of
bone - but posterior hinge does
not possess elasticity.
In pike teeth (osteodentine) , the
central trabeculae do not calcify
but remain soft and elastic-
responsible for returning the
teeth to their erect posture when
backward pressure is released.
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87. Anchylosis attachment
When a tooth is fixed to the
jaw by calcified tissue it is said
to be anchylosed.
There is no intervention of
fibrous or uncalcified tissue.
Eel fish : The teeth of the Eel
rest upon little cylinder or cups
of bone of attachment and is
described as " Acrodont
anchylosis".
Here dentinal tubules do not
fuse with bone of attachment,
but little fibrous "annular
ligament" surrounds the base
of tooth and allows a slight
movement.
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88. In Mackerel
Teeth are slung up between
the plates of the jaws by
means of osseous trabeculae
which pass between the inner
sides of the alveolus and outer
sides of teeth, the bases of
latter resting upon nothing
hard, the attachment is
pleurodont.
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89. Gomphosis (attachment in sockets)
Seen in man, mammalia, reptiles and in
some fish eg :saw fish, pristis.
In man, mammals and crocodile, a
membrane (alveolar dental membrane) exists
between the tooth and the socket of bone in
which the tooth is situated.
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90. Our field exists
today due to
excellent
remodeling capacity
of the PDL and
alveolar bone in
gomphosis type of
attachment
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92. What is anthropometry ?
Anthropometry is a division of anthropology,it
has been described by Hrlicka as the
systemized art of measuring and taking
observations on man ,his skeleton , his brain
or other organs, by the most reliable means
and methods and for scientific purposes.
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93. Method of holding sliding caliper method of holding spreading caliper
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99. What is craniometry ?
Craniometry, a subdivision of anthropometry, has
been an important study in orthodontic research
,because orthodontics is concerned primarily with
the correction of morphologic deviations from the
accepted norms in dentofacial area.
Measurements of the extent of these deviations
entails some knowledge of physical anthropology
and the ability to recognize and use the
anthropologic landmarks.
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104. Palatal height index
Given by Korkhaus.
Palatal height X 100
posterior arch width
Normal value is 42 in mixed
dentition
39.3 51.3
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106. What is Orthodontic odontometry?
The anthropologic science of measuring the size
and proportion of teeth is called odontometry.
Orthodontists practice some form of odontometry as
a part of routine case diagnosis.
Traditionally, orthodontic odontometry has been
limited to the determination of the amount of dental
arch space deficiency.
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107. Crown Shape
In some odontometric studies, crown shape
has been found to be a determining factor in
the presence and absence of mandibular
incisor crowding.
MD
Crown shape = ------- ratio
FL
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108. The maximum limit of desirable index values
for lower incisors are
88-92 for the mandibular central incisors
90-95 for the mandibular lateral incisors.
Lower incisors within or below the ranges is
considered favorably shaped.
Any lower incisor with MD/FL index above
these ranges, possesses a crown shape
deviation, which contribute to crowding
phenomenon.
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109. Clinical implication:
The relationship between tooth shape and
lower incisor alignment is important in
mesiodistal enamel's stripping or
reproximation.
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111. Winged incisors A peculiar arrangement often
seen between central
incisors, both maxillary and
mandibular, was first reported
by Leigh in 1926.
Called incisor winging by
Dahlberg.
Characterised by mesiolinguo
version of the central incisors
creating a v-shaped notch in
the arch at the midline.
Noted in Mongoloid
dentitions.
Show unfavourable prognosis
for permanent orthodontic
correction.
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112. Shovel shaped incisors
Present another variation of
incisor morphology.
Prominence of the mesial
and distal marginal ridges
enclosing the central fossa
in the lingual surface of
incisor teeth.
Often present a problem in
overjet correction.
In such cases, reducing the
prominence of the marginal
ridges is helpful.
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113. Theory of Overbite
Overbite is present in greatly varying degrees among
modern populations.
Primitive people, past and present, tend to display
edge - to edge anterior bite (labidonty) or at most,
slight scissor bites (psalidonty) of less than two
millimeters.
Overbites in excess of two millimeters are largely
limited to those living in relatively civilized
environments.
It is generally reasoned that overbite has accrued
among the civilized because substantial tooth wear is
no longer present to compensate for natural incisor
eruption.
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114. Another insight into the origins of overbite in man
has been suggested by Brace and Mahler in 1971.
They observed that overbite was widely expressed
among Europeans only after the Middle Age.
At that time, also the table fork was introduced in
Italy and aimed popularity in Europe.
The personal fork and knife took the functions of
holding and shearing food away from the incisors.
Protrusive function, essential to the holding and
shearing process, swiftly became obsolete, and
deep overbite and its related occlusal deviations
have since proliferated unchecked.
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115. Buccal segment reproximation
The orthodontic community has known about natural
tooth wear, largely through the work of Raymond
Begg on the Australian aboriginal population.
All teeth become smaller mesiodistally as they wear
down with age.
The contact areas between become flatter and
broader.
The mesiodistal enamel reduction of all permanent
teeth in the developing adolescent dentition would
be a method to produce artificial tooth wear
mimicking the natural wear pattern of primitive
population.
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116. The Carabelli Trait
In 1842, Carabelli gave
his name to a
frequently occurring
tubercle on the lingual
aspect of mesio lingual
cusp (protocone) of the
maxillary first
permanent molar.
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117. Many theories have been advanced explaining the
occurrence of the Carabelli trait.
One holds that the Carabelli cusp has its origin in
the cingulum, and numbers among its proponents
Gregory (1922), Cope (1888), Osborn (1907), Adioff
(1908), and Korenhoff (1960).
A second school, led by Rose (1892) and Baufjeiff
(1896),.claims that the Carabelli cusp arose as a
separate tooth germ.
The third group bases its rea-soning upon the
"Dimer" theory of Bolk (1914) in calling upon a "trito-
mere" for the origin of the cusp.
Other explanations are brought forth by individual
authors such as Weidenreich (1937), who
considered the Carabelli cusp an accidental
variation" of the procone.
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118. It is indeed a most remarkable phenomenon
in the history of biological research that so
little is known about a structure of which so
much has been written.
As Jorgensen rightfully points out that “our
actual knowledge of the evolutionary and
racial significance of Carabelli's cusp is quite
disproportionate to the number of pages
published about this structure
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119. Conclusion
Variation in size, shape, number,
arrangement, and wear pattern of the teeth of
man has long been an area of great interest
to physical anthropologists.
It is important that orthodontist cultivates an
anthropologists eye for tooth variation.
Since the orthodontist ponders many of these
same variables in his daily battle with
malocclusion, many aspects of dental
anthropology can prove helpful in
understanding orthodontic problems and in
formulating their successful treatment.
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120. References
Dimensions of anthropology – vol.2; V.Rami Reddy.
Dental anthropology – vol.1; V.Rami Reddy.
Anthropology and modern human teeth – Scott and
Turner.
Human adult odontometrics – Julius A. Kieser.
Anthropology and orthodontics – AO vol.67(1);1997,73
– 77.
Harmonious anthropometric relationships – AO
vol.31(1);1961,18 – 34.
Dental variation among population – an anthropologic
view – DCNA vol.19(1);1975,125 – 139.
Orthodontic aspects of dental anthropology – AO
vol.45(2);1975,95 – 102.
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121. Crown dimensions and mandibular incisor alignment
– AO vol.42;1972,148 – 53.
Stone age man’s dentition – AJO vol.40;1954,298 –
312.
Begg orthodontic theory and technique – Begg and
Kesling – third edition.
An index to assessing tooth shape deviations
applied to mandibular incisors – AJO
vol.61;1972,384 – 402.
Textbook of orthodontics – Salzmann.
Color atlas of orthodontic diagnosis – Rakosi.
Evolution Atlas, Chapter 6: The Skeletal System:
Axial Division.(internet)
Functional adaptation of jaw joint,Evolution atlas,the
skeletal system;axial division(internet)
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