Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injuries

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injuries
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries comprise some of the highest incidents in athletic
injuries, comprising up to a total of 3–5% (1) with nearly 70% coming from non–contact
mechanisms. (2,3) Moreover, these injuries can lead to loss of time on the field in around 88% of the
time (1). There is a substantial difference in gender as well, with female athletes being of higher risk
to sustain an ACL injury. (4, 5, 6) Overall, ACL injuries can lead to early sport terminaton in athletes
as well as serious disabilities in the non–athletic population (7).(Siegel's anatomy, physiology, and
pathol....(29)) To provide measurements for safe reintroductions of the athletes to their respected
sports, Standard Functional Tests (SFT) have been developed. (8,9,10) Most of these tests combined
complex movements together to test and measure strength and neuromuscular control of athletes
with activities that resemble athletic movements such as jumping, landing, and cutting. No universal
accepted protocol exists to date (11), however, hop tests are the most common used in determining
return to play follow ACL reconstruction (12) and have shown good reliability (13,14) and validity
(14). Hop tests include single leg hop (SLH), triple hop (TH), cross over hop (COH), and timed
hops (15). The single leg hop has been studied extensively and can help detect function limitations
for up to 54 weeks postoperatively with good test–retest reliability. (16,17,18,19,20) It has also been
shown to be
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Role Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Most people will never understand the many complexities of the world. The same can be said about
the human body and the different structures that work together to produce movement. Some people
who desire to be in highly competitive sporting environments, will attest to the excruciatingly
painful, life–altering moment when they were engaged in play and heard the quintessential "pop"
sound from their knee and they are immediately falling to the floor unable to move that knee. This is
usually followed by a diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament tear and within a few weeks,
surgical methods must be taken if the athlete wishes to return to their sport at the same high level.
This paper will seek to properly define what the role of the anterior cruciate ligament (more
commonly called the ACL) is, shed light on the procedures necessary for an athlete to return to play,
and analyze data found through research to determine the likelihood of re–injury and, therefore, the
effectiveness of ACL surgery. The anterior cruciate ligament "is a ligament that connects the femur
(thigh bone) to the tibia (lower leg bone) and is one of four major ligaments in the knee" (Putukian
1). It is responsible for stabilizing the knee, especially in sports/activities that require cutting,
pivoting, turning maneuvers, landing, sudden deceleration, and planting. It is this ligament that is
responsible for also preventing tibial translation onto the femur. Injury to the ACL usually happens
when

Examination And Examination Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Health History: A 25–year–old male injured his left knee in a recent skiing accident. The patient
stated that he lost his balance because the inner edge of his right ski got caught while skiing. This
resulted in the right leg being externally rotated followed by and audible "pop" as he lost footing. By
evening, the right knee joint had become swollen, causing intense pain. The primary care physician
referred the case to an orthopedist.
Presentation and Examination: The knee anterior drawer test is a commonly used during orthopedic
examinations to evaluate the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The test is conducted
with the patient supine; hips and knees are flexed at a 45 and 90–degree angles with feet flat on the
table. While holding the calf distal to the knee joint pulling suddenly away from the patient tests the
anterior drawer while pushing back tests the posterior drawer. In this case, the positive anterior
drawer test indicated ACL damage.
Diagnosis: Results from the orthopedic exam indicated two torn ligaments. The medial collateral
ligament (MCL), which originates at the medial femoral epicondyle and inserts at the periosteum of
proximal tibia, deep to the pes anserine and the ACL which originates on the Lateral wall of the
intercondylar notch at its posterior aspect and inserts at the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau
between the tibial eminences. As well, a medial meniscal injury was considered likely.
At the Tibiofemoral

The Depths Of An Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Imagine an athlete at the top of their game coming to a sudden halt because of a life–altering injury,
tearing their Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL). This happens to athletes everywhere because of
lack of awareness and lack of prevention. To a non–athlete, this injury might not sound life–altering,
but when an athlete hears that they have torn their ACL, they know that there will be a hard journey
in front of them. Until an athlete endures the hardships of recovering from this injury, they do not
understand the intricacies and the pains that an athlete endures when facing this game–changing
injury. Not all athletes can avoid an ACL injury by preventative strengthening exercises, so they
must endure a long process of recovery in order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are also the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL).
These two ligaments coexist in the center of the knee and balance out the weakness of the other; the
ACL "prevents the shin bone from sliding out in front of the thigh bone" while the PCL "prevents
the shin bone from sliding backwards under the femur" (Vorvick). Despite how the ACL and the
PCL work together, the ACL is one of the most well–known major injuries in sports.
In her article, "High School ACL Injury Rates", Dawn Comstock shows that in 2009, about sixty
percent, of all sports surgeries involve the knee; within the sixty percent, about fifty percent of the
knee surgeries are ACL reconstructions. Sports that could have a higher tendency for an athlete to
tear the ACL are sports that require an athlete to decelerate quickly or need to cut and change
direction instantly. For example, an article shows that a high–impact sport has a higher percentage
of ACL tears when compared to a low–impact sport, such as football and women's soccer; football
has a forty–one percent ACL injury rate while women's soccer only has nineteen percent. Not only
does the level of impact effect the likelihood of ACL injury, but the gender of the athlete as well.
When looking at women's and men's soccer, men have a merely thirteen percent ACL injury rate
because their physical structure along with their techniques when doing certain exercises.
According to Comstock's article, "girls are

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injury
Introduction
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sports injury occurs widely in the USA with
the majority of suffered by healthy individuals with 70%of non contact period, during variety of
movements such as jump landing, cutting and pivoting (9). Different risk factors should be
considered for injury such as environmental, hormonal and biomechanical (8, 1). ACL injury
prevalence is very high in soccer as well as other sports in females compared with males (15).
Anterior shear force, valgus collapse, quadriceps to hamstring strength ratio (9, 11, 16, 6) are
consider as other main risk factors in both genders. Co–contraction of the hamstring and quadriceps
has been shown to provide dynamic stability to the frontal plane at the knee that protects maximum
knee abduction loading (6). So, main focus of the study should be on muscular strength between
agonist –antagonist muscle of lower limbs and recovery after injury. Female athletes gets injured
almost 2–8 time higher than the male counterparts (22,6,1,3,9,10,12,15,16). Interesting point in
comparing injuries in sports, dominancy of leg plays a role in ACL injury. In a non contact injury,
females are more prone to get injured in their supporting leg whereas male soccer athletes tend to
injure the ACL in their preferred kicking leg(22).Biomechanical point of view such as more
extended hip–knee landing technique postures, knee pressure in different plane

Exterior Cruciate Ligament Summary
The purpose of the clinical commentary is to provide a good understanding on how anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) is loaded during weight bearing and non–weight bearing exercises. Thus this article
compared the most commonly utilized weight and non–weight bearing exercises in ACL
reconstruction rehabilitation. Both weight bearing and non–weight bearing showed increased load
on ACL between ten to 30 degree of knee flexion. The load on ACL decreases beyond 50 degree of
knee flexion. However, the load is greater when performing open kinetic chain exercise such as
seated knee extension compared to the close chain exercises. In order to decrease the force on the
ACL with seated knee extension, the resistance pad should be placed proximal to the

What Is Anterior Cruciate Ligament?
One can say that an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tear, is an athlete's worst nightmare. The
ACL is one of four major ligaments that stabilizes and supports the knee. Its main function is to
prevent anterior movement of the tibia off of the femur along with hyperextension. The ACL injury
occurs from overstretching the ligament often caused by a sudden change in direction, awkward
landing from a jump, sudden deceleration, or even a direct collision (3). More importantly, three out
of four ACL injuries occur from non–contact instances (2). During the onset of the injury, a distinct
popping noise can be heard with an instantaneous sharp pain causing the athlete to fall to the
ground. It is the most common type of injury in the knee in the ... Show more content on
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With a wider pelvis, women have a lower center of gravity pertaining with shorter legs and an
increased femoral anteversion than males (3). In addition, females have differences in femoral notch
shape and width that contribute to increased flexibility and hyperextension of the knee (4). Another
point to consider is the size of the female knee in comparison to a male knee. Because the female
knee is smaller than the male knee, there is less restraint in anterior and displacement forces when
landing. As women naturally place more exaggeration on their lower extremities, different
neuromuscular imbalances are present including ligament dominance. Ligament dominance is the
condition in which muscles do not sufficiently absorb high amounts of force during brief time
periods (4). Due to excess emphasis on their lower extremities and anatomical structure differences,
women naturally place more stress on areas within the knee that create more of a risk for an ACL
injury.
When absorbing ground reaction forces during physical activity, rather than using the muscular
prime movers of the lower extremity, females act on the use of bony configuration and articular
cartilage and ligaments to absorb these forces (4). Newton's third law states that for every action,
there is an equal and opposite reaction. In any action of sports whether a soccer player makes a cut
on the field, or a basketball player lands from grabbing a rebound, the reaction force is actually
greater than an

Essay On Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a major stabilizing force of the knee joint. The ACL
prevents hyperextension; furthermore, it limits excessive tibial rotation and valgus/varus stresses to
the knee joint. Maneuvers put excessive force on an athlete's knee; consequently, athletes frequently
suffer ACL tears resulting in the need for surgical intervention. Returning to prior level of
competition is a common goal for athletes upon release from their physician. The purpose of this
review is to identify a few variables that increase the possibility of an ACL reinjury and briefly
introduce and assess various tools that clinicians apply to athletes to determine when an athlete can
return to sports. There are several variables to consider prior to allowing an athlete to return to
sports. Intent to return to prior level of competitiveness, pre–operative strength, and gender are the
highlighted examples. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It appeared that time based protocols were based on averages of clinician research; subsequently
time was frequently combined with strength due to the ease of its measurability. Some clinicians
strictly used isokinetic testing, while others measured a combination of the other muscle groups that
affect the knee joint. Subsequently, clinicians identified weak muscle above or below the knee joint
that negatively impacted the knee joint. The high incident of ACL re–injury with time and strength
measurements alone, may be the reason that functional tests became necessary. Functional tests
allowed the clinician to identify movements the athlete will encounter upon release. Stability, agility,
and jump tests are examples of functional tests that clinicians use to analyze the accuracy of
movement. Some examples of hops test were side to side, vertical jumps, and long jump. They all
analyze different movements that were specific to the

The Injury Of An Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay
When an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is torn/ruptured it can be considered one of the most
agonizing experiences in an athlete's career. It is thought to be one of the first things that pops into
an athlete's mind and for many even their greatest fear when they injure their knee on the field. A
ruptured ACL can be so detrimental that it can possibly mean the end to an athlete's career. It can
signify for young athletes losing that chance of getting a scholarship as in this case and the end of
their careers for those who have gone professional. A ruptured ACL can result in large amounts of
pain, numerous surgeries and months of strenuous exercise and rehabilitation. It requires an athlete
to be dedicated and patient as pushing too hard can result in further injury. This essay will discuss
the pathology, the rehabilitation progress from six weeks to final stage including the athletes return
to play after experiencing an ACL injury.
Pathology
The ACL is part of a cruciate ligament that lies inside the knee joint and attaches the front of the
tibia with the back of the femur. It is made up of strong fibres (collagen) that act like the strands of a
rope or cable and this enables the ligament to prevent knee hyperextension, limit excessive tibial
rotation, resist excessive anterior translation of the tibia on the femur as well as varus and valgus
forces. In the Northstar web page it is stated that, "The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most
important ligaments to

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ( Acl )
Anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) can be detrimental for individuals who want to excel in
their sport. The debilitating injury leads to a period of regression in performance essentially
deconditioning the athlete, which can be a huge drawback for individuals of different levels of
competition. The knee is one of the most commonly injured joints of the human body and carries an
increased risk of injury with sports participation. Recent research states approximately 40% of all
ligamentous knee injuries are ACL related and 70% of all ACL injuries occur during sports (Lam et
al., 2009). Sporting activities involving jumping, cutting and decelerating are ranked the highest
provokers of ACL injury (Renstrom et al., 2008). ACL injuries have produced a mass of research
surrounding the mechanisms and biomechanics leading to the injury and the rehabilitation outcomes
to effectively bring back the original state of an individuals impaired limb. The majority of literature
in the present has undertaken an overview of rehabilitation and the effects it may or may not have on
individuals at a neuromuscular and proprioceptive level. These interventions may require further
research and revision on the programs delivered itself to foresee what may be optimal due to the
majority of research indicating the various effects an ACL injury has at a neurophysiological and
mechanical level. The programs are of upmost importance as the redevelopment of robust sufficient
muscle mass after a

Essay On Anar Cruciate Ligament Injuries
The anterior cruciate ligament injuries (ACL) are the most common and detrimental injury in young
athletes.1 More than 200,000 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions (ACLR) are conducted in
the United States annually to reconstruct the ligament and stabilize the knee.1,2 According to the
CDC, ACLR cost over $1 billion dollars to the health care system.3 ACL injuries are increasing in
female's secondary to their increased involvement in sports activities, from recreational to
competitive sports.4 ACL injuries are commonly classified into two categories, contact and non–
contact injuries with approximately 70% of the injuries being non–contact and the remaining 30% a
result of direct contact.4 Females athletes are 3 times more likely to ... Show more content on
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According to Mauro et al.11, 25% of patients who undergo ACLR suffered a deficit of full knee
extension (FKE) at 4 weeks. Research indicates a loss of 5° of knee extension post–ACLR may
cause a flexed–knee gait that leads to increased tibia–femoral joint loading, patellofemoral pain, and
quadriceps inhibition. Furthermore, loss of knee extension can reduce the amount of torque
generated by the quadriceps muscle. Consequently, the research suggests that if FKE after ACLR is
unable to be restored, the patient may have to function without the ability of the quadriceps muscle
to fully activate and produce enough force for functional activities as squatting and ascending or
descending stairs. Moreover, predisposing the patient the future complications.
Evidence of JMT–current literature–little evidence
According to the existing literature, one of the most effective tools physical therapist can utilize to
restore FKE is joint mobilization techniques (JMT). According to Hunt et al.12, a clinician can
achieve an increase of 2° of knee extension in a single treatment with the anterior tibia–femoral joint
glides post ACLR. In addition, JMT has been proven to be efficient and effective in treating
hypomobilities and reducing pain in knee OA, ACL rehabilitation, total knee arthroplasty, and total
knee replacements. Furthermore, implementing JMT in knee OA has demonstrated to provide short–
term relief in pain and improve joint mobility.13 JMT with exercise is a useful adjunct

Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Review of Literature The following is a review of literature pertaining to the anterior cruciate
ligament, ACL, reconstruction and the rehabilitation used for it. First, an overview of the anatomy
and physiology of the anterior cruciate ligament, ACL, will be given. The process by which the ACL
is the ACL injury is managed through reconstruction, repair, and rehabilitation will be seen from
previous literature. There are two types of exercises types that will be focused on and that is closed
kinetic chain exercises, open kinetic chain exercises, and using the two in combination.
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The anterior Cruciate Ligament also known as the ACL is located in the knee behind the patella. It
attaches to the tibia at the anterior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From this one article we would say that closed kinetic chain exercises are better than open kinetic
chain exercises because they cause less stress. However, I would have to go with the theory that
pairing them together would work better than choosing one or the other. "We conclude that a
combination of CKC and OKC quadriceps exercises is better than strengthening the quadriceps with
only CKC exercises after ACL reconstruction, since this leads to significantly better quadriceps
muscle torque and significantly earlier return to the original sports at the same level as prior to
injury without compromising knee joint stability." (Mikkelsen, Werner, & Eriksson,

The Treatment Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay
Review of Literature
With the use of several different search engines such as Medline, UpToDate, The new England
journal of medicine, 2015 Toronto Notes, and Google scholar. The information was gathered using
several key wards such as anterior cruciate ligament injury, anterior cruciate ligament treatment,
anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation.
The first study reviewed was a randomized control trial of treatment for ACL tears by, Frobell,
Roos, Roos, Ranstam, & Lohmander (2010)
The two treatment modalities were early surgical treatment with rehabilitation, and aggressive early
rehabilitation; with the option for later surgery if needed. This compares the major differences in
thought on treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries between surgical and non–surgical.
(Frobell, Roos, Roos, Ranstan, & Lohmander, 2010)
This study was a randomized control trial in patients of 18 to 35 years of age, who presented to an
emergency department with recent rational knee trauma to a previously uninjured knee within the
last four weeks. Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency was determined by clinical exam, and a
score of five to nine on a tenner activity scale before the injury. 5 indicating participation in
recreational sports and nine representing competitive sports. Possible participants were excluded if
they had a full thickness rupture seen on magnetic resonance imaging, or if they have had a previous
knee injury. (Frobell, Roos, Roos, Ranstan, & Lohmander, 2010)
Both

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Essay
Every year, just in the United States, there are about 200,000 ACL or Anterior Cruciate Ligament
injuries occur. About one in every 3500 people in the united states alone has had or has an Anterior
Cruciate Ligament injury. ACL injuries happen in both genders. But which gender actually has a
higher chance of injuring there ACL? I believe that guys are less susceptible to these injuries;
making the girls more susceptible. I think this because females were made different and function
differently from males. The knee is a hinge joint and is also one of the largest and most complex
joints in the human body. The knee joint is made up of four bones connected by ligaments, and
surrounded my muscles, ligaments, and meniscus. It sits in between the ... Show more content on
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They also perform tasks and movements differently than how the opposite sex does them. Girls tend
to jump and run with the soles of their feet rather than the balls of their feet, and land flat footed and
straight legged, instead of on their toes and knees bent. Landing with straight legs makes it harder
for the bodies meniscus to absorb the shock that is made when our bodies make contact with a
surface. Females' knees are naturally turned in towards the midline more than the opposing sex. The
knees in woman also tend to be more flexible, which puts them at a higher chance of hyperextending
it. All of these different possibilities put possible strains or stress on the Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
Woman naturally have a bigger pelvis or hips than boys, because it comes along with woman and
their bodily cycles. These differences in sizes effect the knees' natural alignment that it is supposed
to be in. This makes them more likely to have knees that will move forward. This is also known as
knock–kneed. This also put more weight on the knee joint that the males' knees don't have to worry
about. The extra weight that the body has also adds stress to the ACL and other knee

Sports and Injuries: Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The sport I have chosen is soccer, soccer is the most popular sport in the world as every country in
the world plays soccer. Soccer has many injuries as the high tempo of the game kills the athletes
bones, but one of the most common injuries in soccer is the anterior cruciate ligament. Anterior
Cruciate ligament also know as ACL is a heartbreaking knee injury to the athlete which puts them
out for years. This injury occurs when the athlete has done overtraining and has worked to hard on
his knees in sports such as soccer which leads to this devastating injury. The symptoms of this injury
is when the athlete is running and he/she hears a popping sound, the knee buckles up ,feels
wobbly,mil meted knee movement, knee swelling in the first couple of hours and pain of the outside
of the knee.
When you have an ACL injury you are normally out of your favourite sports and hobbies for 1 to 3
years. This happens with soccer players as they jump a lot to win the ball which leads to jarring of
knee and other key features are getting kicked in the knee, landing on the knee after being tripped
and collisions with players and goalkeepers
So today I will be showing interesting facts about the injury known as anterior cruciate ligament
toward my sport, soccer. How you can prevent this injury and make it a less of a occurrence to an
athlete than I will be talking about rehabilitation and treatment so what to do when you have this
injury and how to get back

Women 's Higher Rate Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament
This paper will review the work of others in regarding women's higher rate of anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) injury in comparison to men. Evidence regarding these elevated rates includes
alternated motor control strategies, differences in sex hormones, differences in knee flexion angles,
and core strength differences in men and women athletes. Numerous studies have produced
correlating data in reference to women's higher susceptibility to knee injury during upper level
athletics. Although it seems unpreventable a couple of different preventative measures have been
suggested to reduce the number of knee injuries a year. These measures include supplements and
active correction training of muscle movements, also a higher degree of weight training in the
athletic curriculum for women's athletics. I have personally witnessed the benefits from some of
these preventative measures and can credit at least weight training as a preventative measure. There
could always be more testing to see how these injuries could be better prevented in female athletes
due to the fact that our knowledge of prevention is still vague at times. ACL injuries are one of the
most common injuries in female athletes and also have one of the longest recoveries time periods in
comparison to other injuries.
Background:
This scientific review is about women in professional sports knee injuries vs men's knee injuries.
Many scientists have researched this topic and have found data that correlates with other

A Torn Anterior Cruciate Ligament Analysis
All high school I have seen this injury happen to several athletes affecting their performance.
Usually from what I have noticed this disability, although temporary, can ruin an athlete's
opportunity to continue in the sport thus making them lose several opportunities. The disability I am
speaking of is an ACL tear. "A torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a common knee injury,
especially for athletes. Ligaments are long, rope–like bands that fasten bones together. The ACL's
role is that it helps give the knee its stability. This injury usually occurs through movements such as
pivoting, stopping, or turning on a dime. People also can also receive this injury if they jump up and
when they are on their way down their knee is locked instead of flexed. This puts pressure on the
knee joint and causes the ACL to tear or break apart"(Jr. A.). ACL injuries are quite often in sports I
was privileged to interview someone who has experienced it on a ... Show more content on
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She did make an adjustment because of her disability, and that was to change her major. This
decision would better herself because she would choose a career that would one day make a
difference in someone's life as it did to hers. She said that if she would want to tell people who work
with disabilities one thing it would be that they are doing a good job because they never know who
is watching, or helping them see what career they wish to follow. One thing she wanted to mention
is that life does not always go the way we envision it, yet it is what forms us to the people we are
today. It is not only the happy times that defines our character, but also the person we are when we
are down. Never giving up is the secret to reaching any goal you might have, persistence is

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl )
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) are all too in today's athletic injuries, comprising up to a total of
3–5%. (1) Nearly 70% of these stem from non–contact mechanisms. (2,3) Moreover, these injuries
can lead to loss of time on the field in around 88% of cases. (1) There is a substantial difference in
gender as well, with female athletes being at higher risk to sustain an ACL injury. (4, 5, 6) Overall,
ACL injuries can lead to early sport termination in athletes as well as serious disabilities in the non–
athletic population. (7) To provide measurements for safe reintroductions of the athletes to their
respected sports post ACL injury, Standard Functional Tests (SFT) have been developed. (8,9,10)
Most of these tests combine complex movements ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(22,24,25) With the help of the TJA, clinicians can identify female athletes that are at risk for ACL
injury due to their improper landing mechanics and thus be likely to benefit from neuromuscular
training. (26) The Limb Symmetry Index (LSI) in commonly used to compare the performance on
functional tests of the injured limb to that of the uninjured limb during the rehabilitation process.
(11) This is because of an inherent difference in the performance on these tests between patients, as
well as the promotion of better rates of return to play and lower rates of reinjure associated with the
use of limb symmetry. (27,28,29) When determining return to play, literature supports a LSI
threshold of 90%. (13) However, little is known regarding the performance of uninjured athletes
participating in ACL injury prone sports vs. non–ACL injury prone sports. Participating in sports
can facilitate preprogramed motor programs, which may predetermine functional asymmetries and
could potentially skew results on Standard Functional Tests (find resources). The purpose of this
study is to present any existing differences

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl )
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a ligament that can be found in the knee. The ACL attaches
two of three bones that link to form the knee joint. These bones are the tibia, which is the larger
bone in the calf area, and the femur, which is the bone found in the thigh. The third, non–connected
bone is the patella, which is the kneecap that offers protection to the overall area. The knee joint
houses four primary ligaments, which are separated into the following two groups. The collateral
ligaments, which consist of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and the medial collateral ligament
(MCL), can be found toward the left and right of the patella. Collateral ligaments regulate sideways
movements along with bracing for atypical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Grade one strains/tears being the mildest and grade three strains/tears being the most extreme. The
ligament has experienced trivial damage in a grade one sprain by that of a minor strain, but is still
able to offer substantial stability to the knee joint. A grade two sprain, also known as a partial tear of
the ligament, overstretches the ligament to the point where it loses its tautness. Grade three sprains,
most commonly referred to as a "complete tear" of the ligament, splits the ligament into two pieces,
leaving the knee joint hardly stable. Partial tears of the ACL are infrequent; most ACL injuries are
complete or near complete tears.
Several studies have shown that female athletes have a considerably larger probability of
experiencing an ACL injury than male athletes. Females who partake in high interval, vigorous, and
physically demanding sports including basketball, soccer, and gymnastics have a higher risk of ACL
injury. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, "female athletes who
participate in jumping and pivoting sports are two to ten times more likely to sustain a knee
ligament injury, than male athletes participating in the same sports." Scholars and surgeons have
suggested that females are at a higher risk of knee injury due to strength, conditioning, and
neuromuscular control. Other suggested causes for increase injury in females include a narrower

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction : Open Or Closed?
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Open or Closed?
The Physical Therapy profession has been around for many years. "The American physical therapy
profession emerged during and following the First World War as a result of the need for trained
providers of therapeutic exercise – who practiced under the supervision of a physician – for the
rehabilitation of injured soldiers." (Wrynn, 2014) The profession over the past few years has had a
huge expansion in need. "Physical therapists (PTs) provide services that help restore function,
improve mobility, relieve pain, and prevent or limit permanent physical disabilities of patients with
injuries or disease. (Physical Therapist, 2012) Physical Therapist work with the patient to make sure
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the past an injury to the ACL has been considered "career ending." The anatomy of the anterior
cruciate ligament is created to support the knee. The ACL creates a cross in the knee when prepared
with the posterior cruciate ligament, PCL. The job of the anterior cruciate ligament is to keep the
tibia from moving anteriorly and the femur from rotating.
In recent years is has become one of the most rehabilitated ligament is in the body right up there
with the bicep tendon. Over the past few years anterior cruciate ligament injuries have increased and
are spreading across different age and gender lines. Most of the ACL injuries that we see can be
classified as a contact injury. I use a contact injury here to mean that two people or even a person
and an object, such as a ball, collide with a massive force and cause the movement of the knee in a
way that tears the ligament. An example of this would be when two soccer players collide as they
are going for the ball and the force of player one hits player two on the back of the knee causing the
tibia to move in that anterior motion further than the limits of the anterior cruciate ligament and
causing the tear. The fix for this is through surgery known and an ACL Reconstruction.
The anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the most common option to repair the ACL after
injury. An anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction consists of

The Ligament Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament, also known as the ACL, plays an important role in the stabilization
of the knee. The ACL connects the femur to the tibia. The ACL passes, in a diagonal, from the outer
area of the femur to the inner area of the tibia. The main function of the ACL is to restrain forward
movement and the inner rotation of the bottom half of the leg, as well as prevent hyperextension of
the knee (Schwager, 2009). Three bones meet to form the knee joint. These include the thighbone, or
femur, the shinbone, or tibia, and the kneecap, or patella. These bones are connected to other bones
by ligaments. There are four major ligaments in the knee. These ligaments include the Medial
Collateral Ligament, or MCL, the Lateral Collateral Ligament, or LCL, the Anterior Cruciate
Ligament, or ACL, and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament, or PCL.
There are two types of ligaments, Collateral and Cruciate. The Collateral ligaments control the
sideways movement of the knee and protect it from unusual movement. These ligaments are found
on the sides of the knee. The MCL is located on the inside of the knee while the LCL is located on
the outside of the knee. The Cruciate ligaments control the back and forth motion of the knee by
crossing each other on the inside of the knee and forming an "X". The ACL is located in the front
part of the "X" while the PCL is located in the back (OrthoInfo, 1995–2015).
The ACL runs at a diagonal through the middle of the knee joint. The ACL

Evaluation Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Estimations indicate that each year in the United States 200,000 ACL tears occur, with
approximately 50 percent of those tears requiring reconstructive surgery: Furthermore, about half of
those ACL tears are accompanied by a torn meniscus (the cartilage that acts as the shock absorber
between the shin bone and the thigh bone) and/or injuries to other ligaments. Common symptoms of
a torn ACL include knee instability, swelling and pain.
What is the ACL?
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) and the Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) are located
inside the knee joint. The ACL and PCL form an 'X' behind the kneecap (patella), with the ACL
resting in front of the PCL. Both of these ligaments are responsible for controlling the back and
forth motion of the knee joint; however, the ACL is responsible for stabilizing the kneecap ). In
addition, the ACL is responsible for preventing the shin bone (tibia) from sliding forward on the
thigh bone (femur). The ACL provides the knee with stability while an individual pivots or twists.
This ligament is critical because without it, performing any kind of rotational activity is impossible,
particularly when it comes to playing sports like soccer and basketball.
What Does It Mean When Someone Has a Torn ACL?
An ACL tear is among the most common knee injury reported. This injury involves a breakage of
the fibers making up the ACL. Sometimes, the entire Anterior Cruciate Ligament is torn; whereas,
other times it is just partially torn.
What

Essay Anterior Cruciate Ligament
With an ever increasing number of people becoming involved with athletic activities, there is an
increasing number of injuries occurring which can be devastating for the individual. Most of the
injuries that affect athletes occur in one of four structures in the human body: bones, muscles,
tendons, or ligaments. Because ligaments attach bone to bone and play a major part in providing
stability for joints, the major stabilizing ligament in the knee, the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL),
assists in performing everyday actions of the human body including sitting, standing, walking,
running, dancing, and participating in other sports. The injury that specifically affects this ligament
is very serious and always ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This short and round ligament, like all other ligaments, prevents slippage within the joint and allows
the joint to properly pivot when performing an action (Duff 300). Without this particular ligament,
the knees would be fragile and more susceptible to injury. Therefore, it would be impossible to do
the simplest movements that are done by humans everyday, like walking and even sitting. This is
one reason why many athletes should be aware of the physical indications that arise if they have torn
their ACL while participating in athletic activities.
In many cases, the symptoms that the patient feels after the trauma has occurred can help the doctor
make his or her diagnosis. Many times a doctor will ask the patient to recall what happened after the
injury was sustained. Usually with an ACL injury, the patient will describe a so–called pop or snap
that he or she heard during the impact. Pain, which is not terribly excruciating, will immediately
follow, and if the individual tries to stand, he or she will be faced with an overwhelming feeling of
instability, the leg will buckle under, and the individual will ultimately fall down onto the ground.
Although the patient is experiencing pain, he or she cannot point out exactly where the injury has
occurred. Garrick states, "some people say that their knee shifts in position – which it actually does"
(118). Other symptoms that may arise are stiffness and swelling which may continue for a long

Treatment Of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay
With the use of several different search engines such as Medline, UpToDate, The new England
journal of medicine, 2015 Toronto Notes, and Google scholar. The information was gathered using
several key wards such as anterior cruciate ligament injury, anterior cruciate ligament treatment,
anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation.
The first study reviewed was a randomized control trial of treatment for ACL tears by, Frobell,
Roos, Roos, Ranstam, & Lohmander (2010)
The two treatment modalities were early surgical treatment with rehabilitation, and aggressive early
rehabilitation; with the option for later surgery if needed. This compares the major differences in
thought on treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries between surgical and non–surgical.
(Frobell, Roos, Roos, Ranstan, & Lohmander, 2010)
This study was a randomized control trial in patients of 18 to 35 years of age, who presented to an
emergency department with recent rational knee trauma to a previously uninjured knee within the
last four weeks. Anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency was determined by clinical exam, and a
score of five to nine on a tenner activity scale before the injury. 5 indicating participation in
recreational sports and nine representing competitive sports. Possible participants were excluded if
they had a full thickness rupture seen on magnetic resonance imaging, or if they have had a previous
knee injury. (Frobell, Roos, Roos, Ranstan, & Lohmander, 2010)
Both groups were started on a

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) of the knee is arguably one of the most notorious parts of the
body in the sporting industry. When torn and repaired with surgery, it can leave an athlete out of
play for up to 12 months if therapy is consistent over that time period1. There are several different
ways to repair the ligament in order to regain functionality and recover stability. In any case,
physical therapy plays a vital role in regaining these abilities and returning a person's knee back to
normal. The anterior cruciate ligament of the knee can be injured in several ways. According to the
Physical Therapist's Guide to ACL Tear, by MoveForwardPT , the ACL "can tear if you: twist your
knee while keeping your foot planted on the ground, stop suddenly while running, suddenly shift
your weight from one leg to the other, jump and land on an extended knee, stretch the knee farther
than you should, or experience a direct hit to the knee" (Bise, 2011). As you can see, the anterior
cruciate ligament can be injured by direct or indirect contact, and in combination with the extended
recovery time, it becomes a structure that needs to be protected. Once torn, if the patient desires to
become active in sporting or physical activities ever again, surgical repair of the ligament is almost
an unavoidable option. There is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The repair of the ligament is available via a number of different procedures, most of which are
decided by the patient and the surgeon. As mentioned, semitendinosus tendon repair and patellar
tendon repair are the two most common, however some studies show that the semitendinosus repair
allows a more functional outcome in the long term2. Finally, after successful surgery, a lengthy
process of rehabilitation can return a knee joint back to full functionality and strength, thanks to the
guidelines provided by a physical

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Preface:
As a formerly competitive snowboarder with two previous ACL injuries that occurred while
snowboarding, I am personally interested in the higher rate of ACL injuries among women, and how
current research can relate to women's snowboarding. While at the 2015 ACSM–NW conference in
Bend, Oregon, I attended a talk given by Christine Pollard. I was extremely interested in her
research about the prevalence of knee valgus activity in female landing tasks, and the force it creates
on the ACL. As a snowboarder of 12 years, and an instructor for 5, I have repeatedly seen knee
valgus in many of the females I have coached at all levels of snowboarding. The vast majority of my
female snowboarding cohorts have had at least one ACL ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
(Arendt et all, 1999)
A 6 year study collected data from 1432 snowboard athletes, identified as elite by their participation
in world cup competitions. The study found an injury rate of 40%, with 17.8% of those injuries knee
related (Major et all, 2013). That is, a knee injury occurs in 7.12% of advanced snowboarders. For
perspective, the table above shows knee injury rates in soccer, none of which come close to 7
percent.
Snowboarding is a relatively new sport, and very few large–scale studies have occurred relating to
knee injury rates, especially among elite female athletes. However ACL injury rates are higher for
females, and higher for elite snowboarders, so it is logical to assume that there is an increased risk
for elite female snowboarders.
Kinematics:
There have been many studies done to explain the higher rate of ACL injury in female athletes. The
most convincing findings relate to knee kinematics and neuromuscular control. In a study of 20
subjects (10 male and 10 female) forces from jump tasks were recorded using 3–D videography and
force plates. One conclusion from the study was that force on the ACL was greatest during the
landing phase of a jump tasks. Females frequently showed more leg extension and valgus
movements during the landing phase, which also puts more stress on the ACL (Chappel et all, 2002).
A similar study found that internal rotation combined with valgus movement creates

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury?
Anterior cruciate ligament injury is a common injury, especially among athletes. There are several
factors that contribute to the likelihood of ACL rupture. These factors can be genetic, environmental,
structural, and behavioral. Reconstruction is the best option for those wishing to be able to
participate in physical activity again. The autograft, a graft taken from the individual, is the most
common choice. The graft can be taken from the patellar bone or the hamstring tendon. Each graft
has distinct advantages and disadvantages. ACLR also has physical effects including knee pain,
decrease in athletic ability at high intensity levels, and osteoarthritis.
Introduction:
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) provides knee joint ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Different doctors support different types of grafts, as each graft has its own set of advantages and
disadvantages (Li et al. 2011).
ACLR is commonly linked to osteoarthritis, whether it is believed to be caused by the BPTB graft
(Li et al. 2011) or abnormal knee motion arising from ACLR itself (Scanlan et al. 2010). ACL
rupture is also believed to be a cause of psychological symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and
fear of re–injury, which is harmful to athletes attempting to return to their previous level of sports
performance (Ardern et al. 2012). The cause of anterior cruciate ligament rupture will be discussed,
as well as the most common autograft reconstruction options and the potential physiological and
psychological effects of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Methods:
The Evangel University library website, http://web.evangel.edu/library/index.asp, accessed from the
Evangel University home page, was used to access the ProQuest database. Key phrases such as
"anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction" and "bone–patellar tendon–bone graft versus hamstring
graft" were used to find scholarly journal articles through ProQuest. Limitations of the ProQuest
search included articles published after Jan. 1, 2010, and selection of the 'Full text' and 'Peer
reviewed' boxes.
Data/ Discussion: Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament is oftentimes a result of several
contributing

The Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is regarded as critical to the normal functioning of the knee,
its disruption causing functional impairment, meniscal lesions, and the early onset of joint
degeneration (Daniel 1994). The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee originates from the
anterior aspect of the tibial plateau, inserting on the lateral femoral condyle. The ligament resists
anterior translation and medial rotation of the tibia to the femur (Dai, 2012).
Injury of the ACL is now the most common ligamentous injury of the knee and accounts for about
30 injuries per 100,000 of the population (Irrgang, 1996). Over time it became apparent that
multiple variables act in combination to influence ACL injury risk(Wojtys, 2003). Risk ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No definitive management strategy exists for patients with this injury, a case particularly evident
when deciding between conservative rehabilitation and reconstruction, and between methods of
reconstruction (Risberg, 2001a). Healing properties of the ACL are poor due to inadequate
vascularity, owing to and its presence within the synovial fluid (Freeman, 2007). Currently, ACL
reconstruction is most often performed using an arthroscopically assisted technique (Irrgang, 1996).
For the past two decades, the gold standard in ACL reconstructions has been the patellar tendon
graft from the middle third of the patella tendon(Keays, 2001), but increasingly the Hamstring graft
has been used. This shift in popularity has occurred for several reasons, including, concerns about
damaging the knee extensor apparatus using the patella tendon procedure and the potential for
subsequent anterior knee pain, patella fracture, ligament rupture, and infra patella contraction(Beard,
2001). The semi–tendinosus tendon with or without the gracilis tendon is harvested, typically from
the ipsilateral leg. The resultant tissue is fashioned into a four strand graft which is then used to
reconstruct the ACL (Daniel, 2014).
This review of literature is

Cranial Cruciate Ligament ( Ccl ) Tears Essay
Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) Tears in Dogs: Treating the Injury
http://www.yurtopic.com/family/pets/ccl–dog–treatment.html A Common Leg Injury in Dogs
Leg injuries in dogs are one of the most commonly experienced problems. Among this, the frequent
injury is a cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tear which is much similar to an anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) injury that occur in humans. The cranial cruciate ligament (otherwise, the anterior
cruciate ligament) is one among the several ligaments in the knee that becomes the easy victim.
Where the Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CCL) is Located?
These ligaments are present in the knee that connect the femur which is the thigh bone to the tibia.
The 3 main functions that CCL has, is to prevent cranial displacement, to prevent Hyperextension
that occur in the knee, and to prevent the internal rotation of the tibia. In dogs, it is located in the
knee joint of their back leg. When these ligaments rupture, instability in the joint occurs or lameness
is the typical result of CCL. In case if this problem is left untreated or unnoticed, the injury can lead
to joint degeneration or even worse, for further injury to other connective tissues.
The knee joint supported with four articular ligaments and are made up of the lateral and medial
collateral ligaments of the stifle. The CCL itself affixes to the large bone in the thigh (that is, the
femur), and covers the stifle joint before it gets connected to the tibia. These bones, tibia and fibula

Anterior Cruciate Ligament In The Knee
A torn ACL is a injury in which also is a torn anterior cruciate ligament in the knee. When someone
tears their ACL they have to have a surgery to replace it. ACL injuries range from mild, such as a
small tear, to severe such as when the ligament tears completely or when the ligament and part of
the bone separate from the rest of the bone. A lot of the time some of the other knee ligaments or
parts of the knee are also injured. This includes cartilage such as the menisci, or bones in the knee
joint they also can be broken. Your ACL can be broken during sport activities. During an activity if
your leg is planted firmly on the ground then hit by a heavy/large force it could tear the ACL. Some
ways your ACL can be tore is by being bent backwards,

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Essay
Abstract Our study proposes to examine the effects of a training program on high school female
soccer athletes in regards to their risk for an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear using surrogate
markers. A randomized control trial will be employed on eligible female soccer athletes that are age
fourteen to eighteen taken from two different schools. We will be using a convenience sample with
one school being the control group and the other being the experimental group having a total of 56
participants after accounting for attrition. A seven question screener survey was created for this
experiment to help screen out possible confounders. Data will be gathered by careful measuring of
the exercises performed. More specifically, weight increase, range of motion increase, and
repetitions performed. A proportion test will be used to analyze the data. The purpose of this study is
to determine if, at the high school level, a specialized exercise program will help decrease the
chance of ACL tears through strengthening the hamstrings.
Keywords: Anterior cruciate ligament, surrogate markers, high school female soccer athletes,
randomized control trial, hamstrings.
Hypotheses
H1: Implementing an exercise program on high school female soccer athletes will increase
hamstring strength which is our surrogate marker for ACL tears.
H0: Implementing an exercise ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of ACL injuries occur during landing from a jump or sudden deceleration. The ACL
has been shown to be under higher degrees of stress when the knee is in extension or only minimally
flexed, (such as 5–20 degrees as opposed to 60 degrees) and when it is under valgus stress, (also
often described as knee internal rotation), which are common mechanisms in female athletes who
have injured their ACL (Voskanian,

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Analysis
This assignment will focus on the gross and histological structure of the anterior cruciate ligament
(ACL), the biomechanical changes of the lower limb when it is ruptured and the other structures
which help to stabilise an uninjured knee. It will be split into three separate parts.
a) The ACL is an extra synovial, intra–articular structure (Palastanga and Soames., 2012). It attaches
the intercondylar area on the tibia, running posteriorly, superiorly, and laterally to the lateral femoral
condyle on the posteromedial surface (Moore et al., 2009, Palastanga and Soames., 2012).
The gross structure of the ACL consists of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundle which prevent
excessive movements of the knee (Guy and Lamb, 2016). During flexion, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If fully ruptured, the magnitude of load is reduced, causing the tibia to be displaced during the
extension of the knee, leading to a risk of 'giving way' under tension (Mayo clinic., 2017).
It also enhances the knee's 'screw home mechanism'. (Liu–Ambrose et al.,2003). During extension,
the quadriceps contract to extend the knee which creates passive tension in the ACL to prevent
excessive anterior translation on the tibia from occurring (Nuemann., 2010). Therefore, if ruptured,
the mechanism would be unable to occur due to too much anterior translation preventing the knee
from 'locking' (Liu–Ambrose et al., 2003).
The ACL provides a secondary restraint in internal rotation (Zantop et al., 2008). Kiapour et al
(2015) found that it takes '20 newton metres' of force during internal rotation. A rupture will
therefore have no restraint to internal rotation and lead to extra motion in the medial compartment of
the knee, which may cause damage to structures such as medial meniscus and medial collateral
ligament (Meyer and Haut,

An Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injury
Helen Keller, who succeeded in life even with being blind, deaf and mute, once stated, "Character
cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be
strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved." Maybe it is true that everyone encounters an
injury of different degrees; however, how that injury affects the outcome of a person is entirely up to
the individual. People can either choose to be defeated by an injury or they can choose to be one
who overcomes the obstacle. One particularly difficult injury to overcome, and the most common in
female athletes, is known as an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. An ACL injury is serious
but very much treatable. Current research reveals there are many different techniques to repair and
prevent this particular ligament so that athletes can get back to playing the sport they love as soon as
possible. Many athletes do not realize how important the anterior cruciate ligament is and the roll it
plays in their bodies. The rope–like ACL, just over an inch long, stabilizes the knee during pivoting
and twisting movements (Swift). The ACL is cruel not just because it breaks so often, but because
unlike most ligaments, it does not heal (Swift). Ligaments have a bone–to–bone connection, and the
two bones that the anterior cruciate ligament connects are known as the femur and tibia. The ACL is
located behind the patella, otherwise known as the kneecap, and above the tibia (shinbone)

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Tears Essay
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tears in Females Every Tuesday and Thursday, Dr. Alpert wakes
up at 6:30 AM, which allows him enough time to brew his morning coffee and prepare for the day
all before making his first cut in the operating room at 8:00 AM. He performs his surgeries at either
Ashton Surgical Center in Hoffman Estates, IL on Tuesday, or at Algonquin Road Surgical Center in
Lake In the Hills, IL on Thursday. "I typically have surgeries from eight in the morning to about two
in the afternoon, which allows three to five patients per day depending on the procedure. Every time
I have an ACL reconstruction, I turn on my some of my favorite oldies music to get me in the
groove." During a typical ACL reconstruction, Dr. Alpert scrapes out the old, ruptured ACL and
swaps it with a graft that is most commonly obtained from the hamstring or the patellar tendon. "I
prefer to use the hamstring, especially with women. The procedure classically takes about an hour
and a half to complete, and the patient is able to start rehab the next day. With ACL tears being such
a frequent injury among female athletes, particularly in non–contact sports, it is currently being
researched just why that is." Women are at higher risk for many possible reasons, but none of which
are 100 percent matter of fact. One of the reasons that Dr. Alpert suggests is that it could be
hormonal. "Estrogen levels rise during certain hormonal cycles, which loosens the ligament and
causes it to weaken, and

Background
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is a strong rope–like structure that runs through the center of
the knee connecting the femur to the tibia. An ACL prevents the femur from moving anteriorly while
weight bearing, helps prevent rotation of the joint and is the primary stabilizing structure of the knee
and its integrity is essential for walking and any physical activities (Sports Medicine Australia,
2015). An ACL sprain or tear is one of the most common knee injuries, especially among athletes
who engage in high demanding sports including football, soccer and basketball. This is the case as
this type of injury is likely to occur when; turning/twisting rapidly, stopping suddenly, landing
awkwardly when jumping, slowing down ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the ACL tears, it cannot heal on its own and surgery is necessary for the knee to return to its
normal function. It is common that other structures in the knee will be affected alongside an ACL
injury such as the meniscus, other ligaments in the knee or the articular cartilage which would also
need addressing during the surgical procedure (Parker, 2014).
There are tests designed to diagnose ACL tears including the Lachman Test which involves the
therapist stabilizing the femur while the knee is flexed, and applying a posteroanterior pull on the
tibia along the plane of the joint (Petty, 2011). This paper will discuss the Lachman's test, how it is
applied clinically and the relevance and reliability of the technique itself. John W. Lachman,
chairman and professor of orthopedic surgery at Temple University, founded the Lachman Test
(Torg, Conrad, & Kalen, 2012).
Assessment
Method
The patient lies supine with the leg to be tested, beside the examiner. The examiner holds the
patient's knee between full extension and 30 degrees of flexion. The patient's femur is stabilised with
one of the examiner's hands while the proximal aspect of the tibia is moved posterioranteriorly
(forward) with the other hand. (Magee, 2008 p. 768) There are also a number of commonly used
modifications to the above technique. The examiner should select the method which they find most
effective. These include;
1. Patient sits with their legs over the edge of the plinth. The

Anterior Cruciate Ligaments Of Knee
The knee is a synovial, hinge joint that is critical to every day body functions. Its complicated yet
simple structure gives it all it needs in order to flex and extend the legs.
The knee is made up of four bones: patella, femur, tibia, and fibula. The femur is the largest bone in
the body and is supported by the weight bearing knee joint. The bones are connected and supported
by tendons and ligaments. The four ligaments each have a job to keep the structure of the knee and
move it. First off, the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) prevents the knee from hyperextending in a
forward motion. Along with the ACL, the posterior cruciate ligament(PCL) prevents the joint from
displacing and sliding off. In the same sense, the medial collateral ligament

Personal Narrative: Anterior Cruciate Ligament
"Zoe! Can you hear me?" I opened my eyes.
Waking up to a nurse and terrible pain on my right leg, I realized I just got out of surgery. Six
months prior I was injured playing the sport that was once my life, soccer. I completely tore my
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), a ligament that holds the femur (the bone on top of the knee)
and the tibia (a bone below the knee); it controls reasonable movements and prevents forward
movements of the tibia. As a result, I received a traumatizing surgery in my knee causing my
muscles to shut down. It felt as horrible as it sounds. As result of this terrible experience, I had to
work with many physical therapists to recover from the surgery. At that time my soul was crushed, I
have lost hope. It was my senior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My goal is to obtain my education. Becoming a physical therapist, I will do what I cherish the most,
which is helping others, especially if they are in pain; also, being a physical therapist will provide
the opportunity to help my parents. I come a from low income family, where education was not an
option for them. I am really blessed to be able to attend college, and I want to take advantage of that
opportunity. As mention earlier, I would love to help those in need and my parents; and I love that
physical therapy will provide that opportunity, by providing a helpfull work environment, and a
good paying salary. It will take time and money, but I trust God that he will help me on my

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injury
INTRODUCTION
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sports injury occurs widely in the USA with
the majority of suffering by healthy individuals with 70% of non contact period, during a variety of
movements such as jump landing, cutting and pivoting (21). Different risk factors should be
considered for injury, such as environmental, hormonal and biomechanical (18, 19). ACL injury
prevalence is very high in soccer as well as other sports in females compared with males (29).
Anterior shear force, valgus collapse, quadriceps to hamstring strength ratio (1, 21, 35, 37) are
considered as other main risk factors in both genders. Co–contraction of the hamstring and
quadriceps has been shown to provide dynamic stability to the frontal plane at the knee that protects
maximum knee abduction loading (35). So, the main focus of the study should be on muscular
strength between agonist –antagonist muscle of lower limbs and recovery after injury. Female
athletes get injured almost 2–8 time higher than the male counterparts (1,5,7,19,21,24,29,33,35).
Interesting point for comparing injuries in sports, dominancy of leg plays a role in ACL injury. In a
non contact injury, females are more prone to get injured in their supporting leg, whereas male
soccer athletes tend to injure the ACL in their preferred kicking leg (5). Biomechanical point of
view, such as more extended hip–knee landing technique postures, knee pressure

Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Analysis
The injury I chose to write about in this week's forum is anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) sprain.
You will commonly see an ACL sprain in athletes associated with contact sports that require them
come to an abrupt stop and pivot.
The knee joint is a hinge joint that connects the femur to tibia. The anterior muscles of the
quadriceps and the posterior muscles of the hamstrings help stabilize the knee joint (Prentice &
Bobo & Benson, 2014). The ACL consists of long rope like bands that fasten bones together to keep
the knee stable. The ACL is one of four ligaments that stabilize the knee, and it is one of the most
injured ligament in the knee. The medial and collateral ligaments run along the outside of the knee
and prevent the knee from shifting side to side, and the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are
located inside the knee and prevent the knee from shifting forward and backward (Prentice & Bobo
& Benson, 2014). All these muscles and ligaments work together to keep our knee stabilized ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ACL runs through the narrow femoral notch as it attaches the femur and tibia. The femoral
notch is the space in the knee created by the femoral condyles (Prentice & Bobo & Benson, 2014).
The femoral condyles make contact with the tibial plateau of the knee. The narrow femoral notch
will decrease with every step through normal daily activities. When the leg is hyperextended while
simultaneously pivoting space is lost and the ACL gets pinched between bones (Prentice & Bobo &
Benson, 2014). Depending on the amount of space in the narrow femoral notch and how much
forced placed on the ACL will depend on the severity of the injury (Prentice & Bobo & Benson,
2014). ACL injuries fall in to one of three categories. Depending on the grade of the sprain depends
on what type of treatment is needed, and how long it takes the injury to heal. Knee sprains can last
up to12 months to

Anterior Cruciate Ligament ( Acl ) Injuries

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