An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
Basic Concepts, Explanation, and Application. Fundamental Remote Sensing; Advantage/ disadvantages, Imaging/non Imaging sensors, RAR and SAR, SAR Geometry, Resolutions in the microwave, Geometric Distortions in SAR, Polarization in SAR, Target Interaction, SAR Interferometry
An Antenna is a transducer, which converts electrical power into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
An Antenna can be used either as a transmitting antenna or a receiving antenna.
A transmitting antenna is one, which converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves and radiates them.
A receiving antenna is one, which converts electromagnetic waves from the received beam into electrical signals.
In two-way communication, the same antenna can be used for both transmission and reception.
Basic Parameters
Frequency
Wavelength
Impedance matching
VSWR & reflected power
Bandwidth
Percentage bandwidth
Radiation intensity.
Basic Concepts, Explanation, and Application. Fundamental Remote Sensing; Advantage/ disadvantages, Imaging/non Imaging sensors, RAR and SAR, SAR Geometry, Resolutions in the microwave, Geometric Distortions in SAR, Polarization in SAR, Target Interaction, SAR Interferometry
Frequency-independent (FI) antennas are radiating structures capable of maintaining consistent impedance and pattern characteristics over multiple-decade bandwidths. Their finite size limits the lowest frequency of operation, and the finite precision of the center region bounds the highest frequency of operation.
Working Processes Of Radar
History – Before Radar
Principle Of Operation
Radio Detection And Ranging
Radar Functions
Radar Bands And Usage
Terminology Of Radar Systems
Radar Range Equation
Types Of Radar
Pulse RADAR
Duplexer Using Pin Switches
Doppler Effect
Principle Of Continuous Wave Radar
Principles Of MTI RADAR
Different Types Of RADAR & It’s Applications
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERS
Antenna
1. VIRTUAL FACULTY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
(22.6.2020-26.6.2020)
INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS
PRESENTED BY
Dr. S. ASHA,
PROF/ECE/SEC
2. ANTENNAS AND MICROWAVE ENGINEERING
• UNIT-1 : INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND ANTENNAS .
(Dr.S.ASHA /PROF/SEC)
• UNIT-II : RADIATION MECHANISMS AND DESIGN ASPECTS .
(Mr.C.MAHENDRAN /ASST.PROF/ACGCET)
• UNIT-III : ANTENNA ARRAYS AND APPLICATIONS .
(Dr.A.AMSAVENI /PROF/KCT)
• UNIT –IV : PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MICROWAVE DEVICES .
(Dr.G.KAVYA/PROF/SAEC)
• UNIT-V : MICROWAVE DESIGN PRINCIPLES.
(Dr.M.SELVI/PROF/SEC)
3. AGENDA
• ENGINEERING
• MICROWAVE
• FREQUENCY BANDS
• APPLICATION
• WHY ANTENNA
• WHAT IS ANTENNA
• ANTENNA REGIONS
• ANTENNA PARAMETERS
• FRISS TXN EQUATION
4. ENGINEERING
• PHYSICS(PARTICLE,WAVE)
• ELECTRON (SMALLEST/INVISIBLE/INTERATOMIC NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLE
,ONE MILLIONTH OF THICKNESS OF FIBRE)
• ELECTRON IS A WAVE(SINGLE/RAY/BUNCH)
• ELECTRON OSCILLATION(RADIATION)
• MATHEMATICS(DISTANCE,TIME)
• (TIME-STATIC,DYNAMIC)
• (DISTANCE ,INFORMATION)
8. MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BAND
• Higher the frequency more the bandwidth but shorter coverage area.
• K band is not generally used in communication because it absorbs water vapour in the
atmosphere easily.
• To transmit large volume of data for eg high speed wireless broadband network in an office V
and W band can be preferred.
9. MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BAND
• L band and S band are used for space communication.
• Five satellites of the ISRO including INSAT 3DR sent real time images to the ground station .
• It played key role in saving lives in rain battered Kerala, monitoring the grave flood situation and
assisting in relief work.(Image dated Aug 19,2018).
10. MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS
• Microwaves are suitable for Wireless Transmission of signals having larger bandwidth.
• SPACECRAFT (Aircraft safety and mobile navigation to avoid terrain collision , wind shear ).
• MOBILE (Wireless charging of mobile phones using microwaves).
11. MICROWAVE APPLICATIONS
• LAW ENFORCEMENT & HIGHWAY SAFETY (Radar speed meters are used by Police for enforcing
speed limit).
• MINE ( Inspection purpose).
• MICROWAVE OVEN (In households for preparation of food).
13. UNIT-1(INTRODUCTION TO MICROWAVE SYSTEMS AND
ANTENNAS)
• ENGINEERING ,MICROWAVE , ANTENNA
• MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS
• ANTENNA REGIONS
ANTENNA PARAMETERS:
• CIRCUIT QUANTITIES
• FIELD QUANTITIES
FRISS TRANSMISSION EQUATION
• LINK BUDGET AND LINK MARGIN
14. WHY ANTENNA
• Short distance (Voice Communication) between two persons is sound waves.
• Long distance (Wireless communication )convert sound waves into EM waves.
15. ANTENNA
• Coordinate system - Address of a point in space .
• Vector - Why? (wind blow)
• Spherical system - Why?
16. ANTENNA
• Point P(r ,θ ,φ ) - (r )radial distance, (θ)-elevation angle( angle between point P and z axis)
,(φ)-azimuthal angle ( angle between projection of point P in xy plane and the x-axis).
17. ANTENNA
• Slicing of lemon fruit.
• Side to side it is cut .
• Top to bottom it is cut.
18. ANTENNA
• Isotropic – Uniform with respect to viewing angle.
• Homogeneous - Uniform with respect to position.(To be the same throughout).
19. ANTENNA – INTERFACE
• EYE – Converts electromagnetic photons into circuit current.
• ANTENNA – Unlike eye interfaces between electrons on conductors with photons in space and
vice versa . It can handle transition in both the directions.(Reciprocity).
21. WHAT IS ANTENNA
• ANTENNAE or AERIAL
• Transducer(electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and vice versa).
• Transition device between guided wave(plane wave) and free space wave(spherical wave) and vive
versa.
• Conductor which radiates(electrons accelerated and retarded repeatedly),(flow of energy) .
• WEBSTERS dictionary., IEEE Std(metallic tubing device i.e rod or wire for radiating or receiving radio
waves).
• Spatial Filter.( It has the property of being more sensitive to one direction than other which provides
ability to spatially filter signals from its environment).
• Polarization Filter.(It has the property of being more sensitive to one polarization than other which
provides ability to filter signals based on polarization).
• Impedance Transformer.(Intrinsic impedance of free space is (η) E/H =377 Ω).,
(Characteristic impedance of transmission line (ZO) V/I = 50 Ω ) .
• Propagation mode Adapter.(It must serve as a probing device in addition to directional and impedance
transformation device).
22. WAVE PROPAGATION
• SURFACE WAVE - (Ground wave) follows contour of earth .
• SKY WAVE - Signal is reflected from ionized layer of atmosphere back down to earth .
23. ANTENNA REGIONS
• RNFR -Reactive Near Field Region
• FRESNEL -Radiative Near Field Region (Transition).
• FRAUNHOFER - Radiative Far Field Region .
• L – length of the antenna, λ –wavelength
25. PRINCIPAL PATTERN
• The radiation pattern is a graphical (pictorial) ,mathematical representation of the radiation
properties of an antenna as a function of space coordinates. (E/H Plane Patterns)
• Graphically, we surround the antenna by a sphere and evaluate the electric / magnetic fields (far
field radiation fields) at a distance equal to the radius of the sphere.
• For a dipole, this leads to the doughnut pattern in 3D because of the dependence of Eθ on sin θ.
27. RADIATION PATTERN
• MAJOR LOBE : Radiation lobe containing direction of maximum radiation (main beam).
• MINOR LOBE : Is any lobe except major lobe.
• SIDELOBE : Radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended lobe .
• BACK LOBE : Radiation lobe which makes an angle of approximately 180 degrees with respect
to beam of an antenna
28. RADIATION PATTERN
• HALF POWER BEAMWIDTH : The angular separation between two identical points on opposite
side of pattern maximum . The term beamwidth usually refers to HPBW.
• FIRST NULL BEAMWIDTH : The angular separation between the first nulls of the pattern is
called FNBW.(FNBW).
• The beam width decreases , then side lobe increases and vice versa.
• It describes resolution capabilities ,to distinguish two adjacent sources or targets.
29. ISOTROPIC PATTERN
• It is a hypothetical reference.
• In reality this antenna cannot exist , but is used to compare real antennas with each other . All
real antennas have gain that is compared to this reference.
• The Sun radiates energy equally in all directions.
30. DIRECTIONAL PATTERN
• Designed to be pointed or focused ,in a single direction , somewhat like a flash light .(The light of
the flashlight is strongest at the center of beam and tapers off toward the edges).
• When there is clear LOS from the antenna to the cell tower.
• When all required cell towers are off in the same direction.
31. OMNI DIRECTIONAL
• The 360 degree characteristic of omni antenna is similar to the light bulb throwing light in all
directions .
• They radiate in the horizontal plane.
• When there is no LOS from the antenna to the cell tower.(Areas with mountains or Dense
forests).
• When signal is acquired from cell towers in multiple directions.(Antenna attached to moving car).
32. ISOTROPIC/OMNI DIRECTIONAL/DIRECTIONAL
• The isotropic radiator has got ball(round) shaped radiation.
• Omni directional radiate in the horizontal plane, donot radiate in the vertical plane.
• Directional antenna is focused in a single direction.
33. BEAM SOLID ANGLE
• RADIAN is a measure of plane angle. 1 rad subtends an arc of length r.
• Since the circumference of a circle is 2πr, the number of radians in a complete circle is C/r = 2π
rad.
• STERADIAN is a measure of solid angle. 1 sr subtends a spherical area of area r2 .
• Since a complete sphere has a surface area of 4πr2, there are A/r2 = 4π sr in a sphere.
38. ANTENNA GAIN
• The gain of an antenna takes into account the efficiency and directional abilities. But directivity
describes only directional properties controlled by the pattern.
• Defn: measurement of antennas ability to direct or concentrate the radiated signal emitting from
it.(dBi -decibels relative to isotropic radiator)
• Why?-in specification sheet, gain is quoted than directivity because it takes in to account the
actual losses that occur.(Reflection losses, Polarisation losses).