AnswerCyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor of Cytochrome C.pdf
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Answer: Cyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor of Cytochrome C Oxidase (Complex IV) the fourth complex in the electron transport chain. Cyanide ions bind to the iron atom of the Complex IV in the mitochondrial membrane, which results in blockade of electrons transfer to the final electron acceptor oxygen. This blockade causes build up of proton motive force in the intermembrane space as the protons are not allowed to flow back into the matrix which subsequently halts ATP production. Solution Answer: Cyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor of Cytochrome C Oxidase (Complex IV) the fourth complex in the electron transport chain. Cyanide ions bind to the iron atom of the Complex IV in the mitochondrial membrane, which results in blockade of electrons transfer to the final electron acceptor oxygen. This blockade causes build up of proton motive force in the intermembrane space as the protons are not allowed to flow back into the matrix which subsequently halts ATP production..
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Cyanide is a potent toxin that can kill a human in minutes. It funct.pdf
Cyanide is a potent toxin that can kill a human in minutes. It functions by inhibiting complex IV
of the electron transport chain (ETC). Based on your understanding of cellular respiration,
Illustrate the ETC. Be sure to include all components of the electron transport chain, electron
donors, and the movement of both electrons and protons.
Indicate with an “X” the site of action for cyanide (color might be helpful)
Explain why cyanide exposure is lethal.
Briefly describe the effects it has on each process of cellular respiration.
Solution
Cyanide poisoning occurs when a person comes in direct exposure of cyanide gas. This cyanide
gas interfere with complex IV of electron transport chain. This complex IV is also known as
cytochrome C oxidase. it is a large transmembrane protein complex found in mitochondria of
human cells. This mitochondra is the cell organalle where cellular respiration through electron
transport chain occurs.
Electron transport chain: There are 5 components of electron transport chain which are found on
the inner membrane of mitochondria.
1. Nicotonamide nucleotides
2. Flavoproteins
3. Iron - sulphur proteins
4. Quinones and
5. Cytochromes
cytochrome I
cytochrome II
cytochrome III
cytochrome IV
During cellular respiration the cells consume oxygen for the oxidation of nutrients ( glucose,
fatty acids, amino acids) and this oxygen act as electron accapter. After kreb\'s cycle the electron
moves via NAD to FAD and then electron moves to cytochromes I to cytochrome II, cytochrome
III and finally to cytochrome IV. This cytochrome IV transfer electrons to oxygen atom due to
which oxygen atoms consumes 4 H+ ion from matrix to form water molecule. Due to
consumption of 4 hydrogen ion from matrix, 4 hydrogen ions from outside the mitochondria
enters to the matrix and converts ADP into ATP to store the biochemical energy. Hence the
whole process of electron transport chain can be shown as follows:
Electron------NAD------FAD-------Cytochrome I------cytochrome III-----\"X\"----cytochrome IV
Transfer of electrons from cytochrome III to cytochrome IV is catalysed by enzyme cytochrome
c oxidase (complex IV). During cyanide poisoning the cyanide ion interfers with this cytochrome
c oxidase enzyme and inhibit the transfer of electrons from cytochrome III to IV.
Since cyanide poisonong interferes with cellular respiration it interrupts the energy source for
humane being. It creates hypoxia. Thatswhy cyanide poisoning could be lethal..
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
Biochemistry Electron transport chain
The document summarizes electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase. It describes:
1) ETC consists of 5 complexes (I-IV and V) in the mitochondria that transport electrons from nutrients to oxygen, pumping protons out and building up a proton gradient.
2) Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons out while Complex V (ATP synthase) uses the proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
3) Electrons are passed through complexes via electron carriers like NADH, FADH2, and cytochromes while protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Biochem Respiratory chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttle electrons from electron carriers to oxygen. As electrons are passed through four protein complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, generating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase harnesses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing the majority of a cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The ETC and oxidative phosphorylation are essential metabolic pathways that generate energy to power cellular functions.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The document provides information on cellular respiration and how it generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It discusses the electron transport chain, made up of protein complexes I-IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which establishes a proton gradient by pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This proton gradient drives ATP synthase to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic theory explains how the potential energy in the proton gradient is used to produce ATP through rotation of the ATP synthase complex.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electrons that are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC involves four multi-subunit large enzymes complexes and two mobile electron carriers. Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are embedded within the membrane.
In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher redox potential, is used by the complexes in the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase.
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Electron Transport Chain
The document discusses the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. It describes the components and organization of the ETC, including the five protein complexes and electron carriers like NADH, FADH2, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes. The ETC transports electrons from donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen, pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This generates a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, with typically 3 ATP produced per NADH oxidized.
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Cyanide is a potent toxin that can kill a human in minutes. It funct.pdf
Cyanide is a potent toxin that can kill a human in minutes. It functions by inhibiting complex IV
of the electron transport chain (ETC). Based on your understanding of cellular respiration,
Illustrate the ETC. Be sure to include all components of the electron transport chain, electron
donors, and the movement of both electrons and protons.
Indicate with an “X” the site of action for cyanide (color might be helpful)
Explain why cyanide exposure is lethal.
Briefly describe the effects it has on each process of cellular respiration.
Solution
Cyanide poisoning occurs when a person comes in direct exposure of cyanide gas. This cyanide
gas interfere with complex IV of electron transport chain. This complex IV is also known as
cytochrome C oxidase. it is a large transmembrane protein complex found in mitochondria of
human cells. This mitochondra is the cell organalle where cellular respiration through electron
transport chain occurs.
Electron transport chain: There are 5 components of electron transport chain which are found on
the inner membrane of mitochondria.
1. Nicotonamide nucleotides
2. Flavoproteins
3. Iron - sulphur proteins
4. Quinones and
5. Cytochromes
cytochrome I
cytochrome II
cytochrome III
cytochrome IV
During cellular respiration the cells consume oxygen for the oxidation of nutrients ( glucose,
fatty acids, amino acids) and this oxygen act as electron accapter. After kreb\'s cycle the electron
moves via NAD to FAD and then electron moves to cytochromes I to cytochrome II, cytochrome
III and finally to cytochrome IV. This cytochrome IV transfer electrons to oxygen atom due to
which oxygen atoms consumes 4 H+ ion from matrix to form water molecule. Due to
consumption of 4 hydrogen ion from matrix, 4 hydrogen ions from outside the mitochondria
enters to the matrix and converts ADP into ATP to store the biochemical energy. Hence the
whole process of electron transport chain can be shown as follows:
Electron------NAD------FAD-------Cytochrome I------cytochrome III-----\"X\"----cytochrome IV
Transfer of electrons from cytochrome III to cytochrome IV is catalysed by enzyme cytochrome
c oxidase (complex IV). During cyanide poisoning the cyanide ion interfers with this cytochrome
c oxidase enzyme and inhibit the transfer of electrons from cytochrome III to IV.
Since cyanide poisonong interferes with cellular respiration it interrupts the energy source for
humane being. It creates hypoxia. Thatswhy cyanide poisoning could be lethal..
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
Biochemistry Electron transport chain
The document summarizes electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP synthase. It describes:
1) ETC consists of 5 complexes (I-IV and V) in the mitochondria that transport electrons from nutrients to oxygen, pumping protons out and building up a proton gradient.
2) Complexes I, III, and IV pump protons out while Complex V (ATP synthase) uses the proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.
3) Electrons are passed through complexes via electron carriers like NADH, FADH2, and cytochromes while protons are pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
Biochem Respiratory chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
The electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttle electrons from electron carriers to oxygen. As electrons are passed through four protein complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, generating an electrochemical gradient. ATP synthase harnesses this proton gradient to phosphorylate ADP, producing the majority of a cell's ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. The ETC and oxidative phosphorylation are essential metabolic pathways that generate energy to power cellular functions.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The document provides information on cellular respiration and how it generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It discusses the electron transport chain, made up of protein complexes I-IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which establishes a proton gradient by pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This proton gradient drives ATP synthase to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic theory explains how the potential energy in the proton gradient is used to produce ATP through rotation of the ATP synthase complex.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. The electrons that are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to the ETC involves four multi-subunit large enzymes complexes and two mobile electron carriers. Many of the enzymes in the electron transport chain are embedded within the membrane.
In an electron transport chain, the redox reactions are driven by the difference in the Gibbs free energy of reactants and products. The free energy released when a higher-energy electron donor and acceptor convert to lower-energy products, while electrons are transferred from a lower to a higher redox potential, is used by the complexes in the electron transport chain to create an electrochemical gradient of ions. It is this electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP via coupling with oxidative phosphorylation with ATP synthase.
ETC and Phosphorylation by Salman Saeed
ETC and Phosphorylation lecture for Biology, Botany, Zoology, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Electron Transport Chain
The document discusses the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria. It describes the components and organization of the ETC, including the five protein complexes and electron carriers like NADH, FADH2, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes. The ETC transports electrons from donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen, pumping protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This generates a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, with typically 3 ATP produced per NADH oxidized.
ETC.pptx electron transport chain PDUGMC
The document summarizes the structure and function of the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It describes the five protein complexes (I-IV and V) that make up the ETC and how they facilitate the transfer of electrons from donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This electron transfer is coupled to the pumping of hydrogen ions across the membrane, creating a proton gradient that Complex V uses to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Various inhibitors are also outlined that can disrupt electron transfer at different complexes or uncouple the proton gradient from ATP production.
Inhibitors
Inhibitors are the inhibiting agents that binds with different components of ETC and block the carrier.The most known inhibitors of the ETC are Amytal, Rotenone, Antimycin A, CO, c Sodium Azide and cyanide.
Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
The document summarizes electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes that NADH and FADH2 produced during metabolism are oxidized via ETC complexes I-IV to create a proton gradient, then ATP synthase uses this gradient to synthesize ATP. The ETC consists of Complexes I-V located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, with Complexes I, III, and IV pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space during electron transfer, building up proton motive force used by Complex V to drive ATP synthesis from ADP and phosphate.
Respiration
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose and other organic molecules to release energy. It occurs via aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does not. The electron transport system transports electrons and protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase consists of F0, which forms a channel for proton flow, and F1, where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from proton flow down their gradient.
There are many cases of human disease where an enzyme activity is lac.pdf
The United states has utilize multiple forms of liberalism through out its history. Please
distinguish the specific characteristics of classical and modern liberalism and outline the
evolution of these forms of liberalism within the united states. Please be sure to include specific
historic examples to support your points.
Solution
The easiest terms I would give would be that classical liberalism is worried about the methods
for government, while modern liberalism is centered around the finishes of government.
There\'s an inconspicuous distinction between the words \"freedom\" and \"flexibility,\" however
they\'re muddled in ordinary discussions. Opportunity is about the confinements one individual
places on another, while freedom involves compelling the instruments of government. They\'re
firmly related. In the US, the starting points of the country were significantly worried about
freedom—by which the designers implied setting limitations on the sorts of laws that might be
made—however they were not adequately (or by any stretch of the imagination, sometimes)
worried about flexibility, which is the reason the horrifying presence of subjection was permitted
to hold on. However the Bill of Rights and the Constitution completed an awesome arrangement
to guarantee freedom, seeing that the legislature was confined from limiting the rights and
benefits of residents. Yet, from a resident to a non-subject, there were extraordinary misuse.
Note the expressing of Lincoln\'s Gettysburg Address:
Four score and seven years prior our dads delivered on this landmass, another country,
considered in Liberty, and devoted to the suggestion that all men are made equivalent… [later]
… that this country, under God, should have another birth of flexibility—and that administration
of the general population, by the general population, for the general population, might not die
from the earth.
Note the distinctive uses there of freedom and opportunity. Freedom was the narrative of the
early republic, however now that we were moving in the direction of the abrogation of
subjection, we were with respect to it fundamental to the poise of all men made equivalent that
opportunity ought to in like manner be our incredible concern.
The issue was that in the US around then, opportunity and freedom kept running in coordinate
clash. The methods utilized to end servitude—that is, grow opportunity—required that huge
numbers of the limitations set on government be either relaxed or broken out and out. It is
sufficiently simple to make the inquiry, \"What esteem does freedom which controls government
have for a slave, desperate of all opportunity and all desire for the future?\" In the execution of
the Civil War and the early remaking, numerous infringement of freedom were made. Lincoln
was found to disregard old controls like habeas corpus (the keeping uncertainly of detainees
without due process), the thirteenth Amendment was passed with shady arrangements made, and
there were m.
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and TCA cycle are utilized in electron transport chain and ATP id generated by oxidative phosphorylation.
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This a power point presentation of Medical Biochemistry topic ETC.Which is also known as Oxidative Phosphorylation High yield points for PG entrance exam are also included in it.
Microbial metabolism
The document summarizes the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is located in the mitochondria and is composed of a series of electron carriers that transfer electrons from donors like NADH and FADH2 to oxygen. As electrons flow from carrier to carrier, their energy is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. The ETC consists of four complexes that transfer electrons step-wise to oxygen with complexes I, III, and IV pumping protons. The chemiosmotic hypothesis proposes that this proton gradient powers ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Chapter 19 - Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation- Biochemistry
The document discusses two processes that cells use to synthesize ATP - oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. Both processes involve the flow of electrons through electron transport chains to establish a proton gradient across a membrane. In oxidative phosphorylation, the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, while in photophosphorylation light provides the energy to drive the process in chloroplasts. The chemiosmotic theory proposes that it is the flow of protons back through ATP synthase, not a direct chemical reaction, that provides the energy for ATP synthesis.
Chapter19 160419084945
The document discusses two processes that cells use to synthesize ATP - oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. Both processes involve the flow of electrons through a transport chain coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. Energy from the electron transport is used to pump protons against their gradient, and when protons flow back through ATP synthase, the energy is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. The chemiosmotic theory proposed that this is how cells harness energy to drive the endergonic formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ETS.pptx Govt Nehru PG collage by SOMESH KUMAR
The document provides an overview of electron transport chain. It discusses the history, location, components and complexes of ETC. The key components include NADH, FADH2, ubiquinone, cytochromes and ATP synthase. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through these components via redox reactions to ultimately synthesize ATP. As electrons are passed through complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP.
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdf
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How would the following
conditions affect ATP production by the electron transport chain? (7 marks)
Abundance of NADH and O2
Cyanide added
Lack of O2
Solution
There are five major components in electron system. They are:
Complex I:
It is a large, multisubunit complex with about 40 polypeptide chains passes electron from NADH
to CoQ. It contains one molecule of FMN and 6-7 Fe-S clusters that participate in electron
transport process. During transport of each pair of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q,
complex I pumps 4 protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex II:
Succinate dehrogenase, an inner mitochondrial membrane bound enzyme is an integral
component of the succinate-CoQ reductase complex. It converts succinate to fumarate during
krebs cycle. The two electrons released in the conversion of succinate to fumarate are transferred
first to FAD, then to an Fe-S centre, and finally to CoQ. Thus, CoQ draws electrons into the
respiratory chain, not only from NADH but also from succinate. No protons are translocated
across the membrane by this complex.
Complex III:
Complex I and complex II donates two electrons to the complex III and regenerates oxidized
CoQ. Concomitantly, it releases two protons picked up on the cytosolic face into the
intermembrane space generating proton gradient. Within complex III, the released electrons are
transferred to an Fe-S centre and then to 2b-type cytochromes or cytochrome c. finally, the two
electrons are transferred to 2 molecules of the oxidized form of cytochrome c. 2 additional
protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane
for each pair of electrons transferred.
Complex IV:
Cytochrome c transports electrons, one at a time, to the complex IV. Within this complex,
electrons are transferred, first to a pair of copper ions, then to cytochrome a, next to a complex of
another copper ion and cyt a3 and finally to O2, the ultimate electron acceptor, yielding H2O.
ATP synthase:
The use of proton motive force for synthesis is catalyzed by ATP synthase. The multi protein
ATP synthase for F0-F1 complex or complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis as protons flow back
through the inner membrane down the electrochemical proton gradient.
2. Abundance of NADH and O2:
ETC occurs more to produce more ATP.
Cyanide added:
Cyanide binds with cytochrome oxidase complex and inhibits the terminal transfer of electrons
to oxygen. Cyanide react with the oxidized form of cytochrome.
Lack of O2:
ETC will not take place in the absence of oxygen..
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylationAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri
1. The document discusses cellular energetics and the electron transport chain (ETC) that generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
2. The ETC consists of protein complexes and electron carriers like nicotinamide nucleotides, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes that transfer electrons down the chain.
3. As electrons are passed down the ETC, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient. ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.Electron Transfer Chain in eukaryotes
The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transfers electrons from carriers like NADH and FADH2 through a series of protein complexes, using the energy to pump protons across the membrane and create an electrochemical gradient. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP, a process called oxidative phosphorylation. In this way, the electron transport chain harnesses the energy from electron transfers to produce the majority of the cell's ATP during aerobic respiration.
Biological oxidation i
This document provides an overview of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain in mitochondria. It discusses:
1) The chemiosmotic theory proposed by Peter Mitchell which explains how the transport of electrons through the respiratory chain is utilized to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. Proton pumping by Complexes I, III, and IV generates an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase.
2) The components of the electron transport chain, including NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and oxygen, arranged in order of increasing redox potential.
3) The four complexes of the electron transport chain - Complexes I-IV - and their roles in proton pumping and
Biological oxidation
1. Biological oxidation involves the transfer of electrons between electron donors and electron acceptors. This transfer is facilitated by enzymes called oxidoreductases.
2. The electron transport chain is a series of complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that transfers electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 through a series of redox reactions utilizing carriers like ubiquinone and cytochromes.
3. As electrons are transferred through the complexes of the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.
Biological oxidation
1. Biological oxidation involves the transfer of electrons between electron donors and electron acceptors. This transfer is facilitated by enzymes called oxidoreductases.
2. The electron transport chain is a series of complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that transfers electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 through a series of redox reactions utilizing carriers like ubiquinone and cytochromes.
3. As electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase utilizing oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation
The document discusses the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes how electrons from nutrients are transferred through enzyme complexes in the mitochondrial membrane to generate a proton gradient. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of the electron transport chain like cyanide and antimycin A prevent this process, while uncouplers allow electron transport without phosphorylation.
Electron Transport Chain
1) The document is an assignment submission on the electron transport chain from a student at PrimeAsia University.
2) It provides an overview of the electron transport chain as a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane that pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 through redox reactions to generate a proton gradient.
3) This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis, completing oxidative phosphorylation.
A is correct. Public and private community strings are used within S.pdf
A is correct. Public and private community strings are used within SNMP to read and write,
respectively.
B, C, and D are incorrect. B is incorrect because the choices are backwards. Private allows for
writing configuration data, while public allows for reading MIB information. C and D are
incorrect because they do not exist as community strings.
Solution
A is correct. Public and private community strings are used within SNMP to read and write,
respectively.
B, C, and D are incorrect. B is incorrect because the choices are backwards. Private allows for
writing configuration data, while public allows for reading MIB information. C and D are
incorrect because they do not exist as community strings..
4 ansit is periodic signal andSolution4 ansit is periodic .pdf
This short document discusses a periodic signal. It states that the solution involves a periodic signal but provides no other details about the context or meaning.
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Similar to AnswerCyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor of Cytochrome C.pdf
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It describes the five protein complexes (I-IV and V) that make up the ETC and how they facilitate the transfer of electrons from donors like NADH to final acceptors like oxygen. This electron transfer is coupled to the pumping of hydrogen ions across the membrane, creating a proton gradient that Complex V uses to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Various inhibitors are also outlined that can disrupt electron transfer at different complexes or uncouple the proton gradient from ATP production.
Inhibitors
Inhibitors are the inhibiting agents that binds with different components of ETC and block the carrier.The most known inhibitors of the ETC are Amytal, Rotenone, Antimycin A, CO, c Sodium Azide and cyanide.
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The document summarizes electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes that NADH and FADH2 produced during metabolism are oxidized via ETC complexes I-IV to create a proton gradient, then ATP synthase uses this gradient to synthesize ATP. The ETC consists of Complexes I-V located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, with Complexes I, III, and IV pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space during electron transfer, building up proton motive force used by Complex V to drive ATP synthesis from ADP and phosphate.
Respiration
Respiration is the process by which organisms break down glucose and other organic molecules to release energy. It occurs via aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen, or anaerobic respiration, which does not. The electron transport system transports electrons and protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, establishing a proton gradient used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase consists of F0, which forms a channel for proton flow, and F1, where ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from proton flow down their gradient.
There are many cases of human disease where an enzyme activity is lac.pdf
The United states has utilize multiple forms of liberalism through out its history. Please
distinguish the specific characteristics of classical and modern liberalism and outline the
evolution of these forms of liberalism within the united states. Please be sure to include specific
historic examples to support your points.
Solution
The easiest terms I would give would be that classical liberalism is worried about the methods
for government, while modern liberalism is centered around the finishes of government.
There\'s an inconspicuous distinction between the words \"freedom\" and \"flexibility,\" however
they\'re muddled in ordinary discussions. Opportunity is about the confinements one individual
places on another, while freedom involves compelling the instruments of government. They\'re
firmly related. In the US, the starting points of the country were significantly worried about
freedom—by which the designers implied setting limitations on the sorts of laws that might be
made—however they were not adequately (or by any stretch of the imagination, sometimes)
worried about flexibility, which is the reason the horrifying presence of subjection was permitted
to hold on. However the Bill of Rights and the Constitution completed an awesome arrangement
to guarantee freedom, seeing that the legislature was confined from limiting the rights and
benefits of residents. Yet, from a resident to a non-subject, there were extraordinary misuse.
Note the expressing of Lincoln\'s Gettysburg Address:
Four score and seven years prior our dads delivered on this landmass, another country,
considered in Liberty, and devoted to the suggestion that all men are made equivalent… [later]
… that this country, under God, should have another birth of flexibility—and that administration
of the general population, by the general population, for the general population, might not die
from the earth.
Note the distinctive uses there of freedom and opportunity. Freedom was the narrative of the
early republic, however now that we were moving in the direction of the abrogation of
subjection, we were with respect to it fundamental to the poise of all men made equivalent that
opportunity ought to in like manner be our incredible concern.
The issue was that in the US around then, opportunity and freedom kept running in coordinate
clash. The methods utilized to end servitude—that is, grow opportunity—required that huge
numbers of the limitations set on government be either relaxed or broken out and out. It is
sufficiently simple to make the inquiry, \"What esteem does freedom which controls government
have for a slave, desperate of all opportunity and all desire for the future?\" In the execution of
the Civil War and the early remaking, numerous infringement of freedom were made. Lincoln
was found to disregard old controls like habeas corpus (the keeping uncertainly of detainees
without due process), the thirteenth Amendment was passed with shady arrangements made, and
there were m.
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
NADH and FADH formed in glycolysis and TCA cycle are utilized in electron transport chain and ATP id generated by oxidative phosphorylation.
Electron Transport Chain
This a power point presentation of Medical Biochemistry topic ETC.Which is also known as Oxidative Phosphorylation High yield points for PG entrance exam are also included in it.
Microbial metabolism
The document summarizes the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC is located in the mitochondria and is composed of a series of electron carriers that transfer electrons from donors like NADH and FADH2 to oxygen. As electrons flow from carrier to carrier, their energy is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. The ETC consists of four complexes that transfer electrons step-wise to oxygen with complexes I, III, and IV pumping protons. The chemiosmotic hypothesis proposes that this proton gradient powers ATP synthase to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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The document discusses two processes that cells use to synthesize ATP - oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. Both processes involve the flow of electrons through electron transport chains to establish a proton gradient across a membrane. In oxidative phosphorylation, the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, while in photophosphorylation light provides the energy to drive the process in chloroplasts. The chemiosmotic theory proposes that it is the flow of protons back through ATP synthase, not a direct chemical reaction, that provides the energy for ATP synthesis.
Chapter19 160419084945
The document discusses two processes that cells use to synthesize ATP - oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. Both processes involve the flow of electrons through a transport chain coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane. Energy from the electron transport is used to pump protons against their gradient, and when protons flow back through ATP synthase, the energy is used to phosphorylate ADP into ATP. The chemiosmotic theory proposed that this is how cells harness energy to drive the endergonic formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate.
ETS.pptx Govt Nehru PG collage by SOMESH KUMAR
The document provides an overview of electron transport chain. It discusses the history, location, components and complexes of ETC. The key components include NADH, FADH2, ubiquinone, cytochromes and ATP synthase. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through these components via redox reactions to ultimately synthesize ATP. As electrons are passed through complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP.
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdf
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How would the following
conditions affect ATP production by the electron transport chain? (7 marks)
Abundance of NADH and O2
Cyanide added
Lack of O2
Solution
There are five major components in electron system. They are:
Complex I:
It is a large, multisubunit complex with about 40 polypeptide chains passes electron from NADH
to CoQ. It contains one molecule of FMN and 6-7 Fe-S clusters that participate in electron
transport process. During transport of each pair of electrons from NADH to coenzyme Q,
complex I pumps 4 protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Complex II:
Succinate dehrogenase, an inner mitochondrial membrane bound enzyme is an integral
component of the succinate-CoQ reductase complex. It converts succinate to fumarate during
krebs cycle. The two electrons released in the conversion of succinate to fumarate are transferred
first to FAD, then to an Fe-S centre, and finally to CoQ. Thus, CoQ draws electrons into the
respiratory chain, not only from NADH but also from succinate. No protons are translocated
across the membrane by this complex.
Complex III:
Complex I and complex II donates two electrons to the complex III and regenerates oxidized
CoQ. Concomitantly, it releases two protons picked up on the cytosolic face into the
intermembrane space generating proton gradient. Within complex III, the released electrons are
transferred to an Fe-S centre and then to 2b-type cytochromes or cytochrome c. finally, the two
electrons are transferred to 2 molecules of the oxidized form of cytochrome c. 2 additional
protons are translocated from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner mitochondrial membrane
for each pair of electrons transferred.
Complex IV:
Cytochrome c transports electrons, one at a time, to the complex IV. Within this complex,
electrons are transferred, first to a pair of copper ions, then to cytochrome a, next to a complex of
another copper ion and cyt a3 and finally to O2, the ultimate electron acceptor, yielding H2O.
ATP synthase:
The use of proton motive force for synthesis is catalyzed by ATP synthase. The multi protein
ATP synthase for F0-F1 complex or complex V catalyzes ATP synthesis as protons flow back
through the inner membrane down the electrochemical proton gradient.
2. Abundance of NADH and O2:
ETC occurs more to produce more ATP.
Cyanide added:
Cyanide binds with cytochrome oxidase complex and inhibits the terminal transfer of electrons
to oxygen. Cyanide react with the oxidized form of cytochrome.
Lack of O2:
ETC will not take place in the absence of oxygen..
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylationAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri
1. The document discusses cellular energetics and the electron transport chain (ETC) that generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
2. The ETC consists of protein complexes and electron carriers like nicotinamide nucleotides, flavoproteins, iron-sulfur proteins, coenzyme Q, and cytochromes that transfer electrons down the chain.
3. As electrons are passed down the ETC, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient. ATP synthase harnesses the potential energy of this proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.Electron Transfer Chain in eukaryotes
The electron transport chain is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transfers electrons from carriers like NADH and FADH2 through a series of protein complexes, using the energy to pump protons across the membrane and create an electrochemical gradient. This gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP, a process called oxidative phosphorylation. In this way, the electron transport chain harnesses the energy from electron transfers to produce the majority of the cell's ATP during aerobic respiration.
Biological oxidation i
This document provides an overview of oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain in mitochondria. It discusses:
1) The chemiosmotic theory proposed by Peter Mitchell which explains how the transport of electrons through the respiratory chain is utilized to produce ATP from ADP and Pi. Proton pumping by Complexes I, III, and IV generates an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase.
2) The components of the electron transport chain, including NADH dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochromes, and oxygen, arranged in order of increasing redox potential.
3) The four complexes of the electron transport chain - Complexes I-IV - and their roles in proton pumping and
Biological oxidation
1. Biological oxidation involves the transfer of electrons between electron donors and electron acceptors. This transfer is facilitated by enzymes called oxidoreductases.
2. The electron transport chain is a series of complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that transfers electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 through a series of redox reactions utilizing carriers like ubiquinone and cytochromes.
3. As electrons are transferred through the complexes of the electron transport chain, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase.
Biological oxidation
1. Biological oxidation involves the transfer of electrons between electron donors and electron acceptors. This transfer is facilitated by enzymes called oxidoreductases.
2. The electron transport chain is a series of complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane that transfers electrons from electron carriers like NADH and FADH2 through a series of redox reactions utilizing carriers like ubiquinone and cytochromes.
3. As electrons are transferred through the electron transport chain complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase utilizing oxidative phosphorylation.
Biological oxidation
The document discusses the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes how electrons from nutrients are transferred through enzyme complexes in the mitochondrial membrane to generate a proton gradient. This gradient is then used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of the electron transport chain like cyanide and antimycin A prevent this process, while uncouplers allow electron transport without phosphorylation.
Electron Transport Chain
1) The document is an assignment submission on the electron transport chain from a student at PrimeAsia University.
2) It provides an overview of the electron transport chain as a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane that pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 through redox reactions to generate a proton gradient.
3) This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis, completing oxidative phosphorylation.
Similar to AnswerCyanide is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor of Cytochrome C.pdf (20)
Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
There are many cases of human disease where an enzyme activity is lac.pdf
There are many cases of human disease where an enzyme activity is lac.pdf
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Chapter 19 - Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation- Biochemistry
Chapter 19 - Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation- Biochemistry
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdf
Describe the major components of the electron transport chain. How w.pdf
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain & oxidative phosphorylation
More from Ankitagarwaleleraipu
A is correct. Public and private community strings are used within S.pdf
A is correct. Public and private community strings are used within SNMP to read and write,
respectively.
B, C, and D are incorrect. B is incorrect because the choices are backwards. Private allows for
writing configuration data, while public allows for reading MIB information. C and D are
incorrect because they do not exist as community strings.
Solution
A is correct. Public and private community strings are used within SNMP to read and write,
respectively.
B, C, and D are incorrect. B is incorrect because the choices are backwards. Private allows for
writing configuration data, while public allows for reading MIB information. C and D are
incorrect because they do not exist as community strings..
4 ansit is periodic signal andSolution4 ansit is periodic .pdf
This short document discusses a periodic signal. It states that the solution involves a periodic signal but provides no other details about the context or meaning.
3030Solution3030.pdf
This very short document contains only numbers and the word "Solution" but provides no other context or information. It is not possible to generate an informative summary with just these limited elements given.
5Solution5.pdf
The document discusses a solution but provides no details about the problem or type of solution. It only contains the number "5" repeated five times with the word "Solution" in the middle, so there is not enough contextual information to generate a meaningful multi-sentence summary.
1. The smart phone, computer, navigation system and digital scanner .pdf
1. The smart phone, computer, navigation system and digital scanner have Microchip technology
in common.
2.
3.
Solution
1. The smart phone, computer, navigation system and digital scanner have Microchip technology
in common.
2.
3..
1-They have terrestrial adaptation and dominant sporophytic phase..pdf
1-They have terrestrial adaptation and dominant sporophytic phase.
2-ovule is produced, but but it is not enclosed within ovary wall.
3- all are heterosporous(producing mega and microspores).microspore termed pollen grains
make direct contact with the ovules . microgametophytes develops within the pollenwall)i.e
endosporic) and without male sex organ, antheridium. megaspors bears megagametophyte which
contain multicellular female sex organ (archegonium).
4-they dont require water for sperm to swim in to reach the egg, all gymnosperm have non
flagellated sperms.
5-no double fertilization to produce endosperm . the endosperm nutritive tissue is haploid.
1-Dominant sporophytic phase.
2-ovule develops within ovary of a carpel, and enclosed by ovary wall.
3-All are heterosporous(producing mega and microspores).micro or male gametophytes develops
within microspore (pollengrain) and without antheridium.megaspore bear mega or female
gametophyes and without archegonium. the gametophytes of angiosperms are much reduced in
size and cell number. the mature microgametophytes within the pollen grain consist of only three
cells, and the mature megagametophytes within the ovule , in most angiosperm. consists of only
seven to eight nuclei.
4-pollination is indirect in which pollen falls on the stigma of the carpel rather than directly on
the ovules .
5-double fertilization occurs , to produce embryo as well as endosperm . the endosperm, nutritive
tissue for the future embryo , is not haploid but triploid and forms after
fertilization.gymnospermsAngiosperm
1-They have terrestrial adaptation and dominant sporophytic phase.
2-ovule is produced, but but it is not enclosed within ovary wall.
3- all are heterosporous(producing mega and microspores).microspore termed pollen grains
make direct contact with the ovules . microgametophytes develops within the pollenwall)i.e
endosporic) and without male sex organ, antheridium. megaspors bears megagametophyte
which contain multicellular female sex organ (archegonium).
4-they dont require water for sperm to swim in to reach the egg, all gymnosperm have non
flagellated sperms.
5-no double fertilization to produce endosperm . the endosperm nutritive tissue is haploid.
1-Dominant sporophytic phase.
2-ovule develops within ovary of a carpel, and enclosed by ovary wall.
3-All are heterosporous(producing mega and microspores).micro or male gametophytes
develops within microspore (pollengrain) and without antheridium.megaspore bear mega or
female gametophyes and without archegonium. the gametophytes of angiosperms are much
reduced in size and cell number. the mature microgametophytes within the pollen grain consist
of only three cells, and the mature megagametophytes within the ovule , in most angiosperm.
consists of only seven to eight nuclei.
4-pollination is indirect in which pollen falls on the stigma of the carpel rather than directly on
the ovules .
5-double fertilization occurs , to produce embryo as well as endosperm . th.
(1)Solution(1).pdf
This 1 sentence document does not provide enough context or information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. The document consists of a single word - "Solution" - with no other details provided.
What does absense of MHC Class I indicateAlmost all nucleated cel.pdf
What does absense of MHC Class I indicate?
Almost all nucleated cells will have MHC Class I molecules on their surface and their main role
is to present foreign protein to cytotoxic T cells (Tc Cells) so that the cells which got infected
can be cleared by these Tc cells. But in some cases, it has been observed that some tumor cells
will escape killing or elimination by Tc cells by becoming MHC Class I negative, here they will
not express MHC Class I molecules on their surface and thus there will not be any expression of
tumor antigens to Tc cells and these will survive and will go on producing new cells and form
the tumor. Like this MHC class I negative cells present within the primary tumor will develop
into unnoticed micrometastases and will have an immunological equilibrium and succeeds in
surviving in a dormant stage for long periods of time
What does the presentation of tyrosinase indicate?
The tyrosinase will cleave the tumor proteins and will express the melanoma antigens on the cell
surface as peptides and overexpression of these antigens in tumor cells will result in an
abnormally high density of specific peptide:MHC complexes on the cell surface making them
immunogenic and provides them tolerance and is seen as tumor rejection in most of the cases.
What dos decreased CTL infiltratioin indicate?
It is the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) which will reject the tumor by infiltrating the
solid tumors by recognizing the tumor antigens, and will kill those tumor cells. And to do this
CTLs will try to infiltrate tumors in depth and it is done only when tumor cells express the
cognate CTL antigen. If the tumor will not express the cognate antigen, CTL infiltration will not
occur and the tumor cells cannot be killed and so the expression of tumor antigen on the cells
will attract CTL infiltration, at the same time when the tumor antigens are not presented on these
cells, it will decrease the CTL infiltration.
Solution
What does absense of MHC Class I indicate?
Almost all nucleated cells will have MHC Class I molecules on their surface and their main role
is to present foreign protein to cytotoxic T cells (Tc Cells) so that the cells which got infected
can be cleared by these Tc cells. But in some cases, it has been observed that some tumor cells
will escape killing or elimination by Tc cells by becoming MHC Class I negative, here they will
not express MHC Class I molecules on their surface and thus there will not be any expression of
tumor antigens to Tc cells and these will survive and will go on producing new cells and form
the tumor. Like this MHC class I negative cells present within the primary tumor will develop
into unnoticed micrometastases and will have an immunological equilibrium and succeeds in
surviving in a dormant stage for long periods of time
What does the presentation of tyrosinase indicate?
The tyrosinase will cleave the tumor proteins and will express the melanoma antigens on the cell
surface as peptides and overexpres.
The probabilities must add up to one. Add the ones you have and su.pdf
The probabilities must add up to one.
Add the ones you have and subtract their sum from one
to get the missing probability.
P(4) = 1- .74 = 0.26
Solution
The probabilities must add up to one.
Add the ones you have and subtract their sum from one
to get the missing probability.
P(4) = 1- .74 = 0.26.
The most likely F1 will be the one that is made from 4 and 5. This i.pdf
The document discusses two genetic maps between genes c and d. Map 1 shows a distance of 15 between the genes, while Map 2 shows a distance of 20. Since a greater distance between genes means more recombinants, the F1 offspring from parents 4 and 5 have a greater chance of losing homozygous recessive alleles due to less linkage between genes c and d in Map 2. Therefore, the F1 from parents 4 and 5 is most likely.
Subculturing or passage is the method of preserving or continuing th.pdf
Subculturing or passage is the method of preserving or continuing the culture for longer periods
Subculturing can be done in three procedures based on the cells we need to passage or
subculture.
1. Bacterial subculture.
2.Monolayer sub culture.
3. Suspension sub culture.
Requirements :-
For any of the sub culture it needs the following criteria
The adequate conditions like subculture should be done periodically, need of adding nutrients or
shifting of the innoculum both are considered as subculture.
1. MONOLAYER CULTURES when the continous cell lines or other adhered cells which are
grown on the roux flask or other surface which are cultured by removing by trypsinization
procedures and grown in the fresh medium eg DMEM medium Dulbeco modified Eagles
medium. So that the cells will grow vigorously and differentiate.
2. Suspension cultures when cells of the well grown medium is transferred to the fresh medium
components so that cells grow in high nutrient concentration,
3. Bacterial sub culturing : Transfer of innoculum(colony) from solid agar surface to broth
medium, solid surface to solid surface, liquid broth to liquid broth, liquid broth to solid agar
medium surface, sub culturing can be done by streaking, pouring, spreading onto fresh medium
components.
Solution
Subculturing or passage is the method of preserving or continuing the culture for longer periods
Subculturing can be done in three procedures based on the cells we need to passage or
subculture.
1. Bacterial subculture.
2.Monolayer sub culture.
3. Suspension sub culture.
Requirements :-
For any of the sub culture it needs the following criteria
The adequate conditions like subculture should be done periodically, need of adding nutrients or
shifting of the innoculum both are considered as subculture.
1. MONOLAYER CULTURES when the continous cell lines or other adhered cells which are
grown on the roux flask or other surface which are cultured by removing by trypsinization
procedures and grown in the fresh medium eg DMEM medium Dulbeco modified Eagles
medium. So that the cells will grow vigorously and differentiate.
2. Suspension cultures when cells of the well grown medium is transferred to the fresh medium
components so that cells grow in high nutrient concentration,
3. Bacterial sub culturing : Transfer of innoculum(colony) from solid agar surface to broth
medium, solid surface to solid surface, liquid broth to liquid broth, liquid broth to solid agar
medium surface, sub culturing can be done by streaking, pouring, spreading onto fresh medium
components..
public class Interest{double interest(double rate, double amount){.pdf
public class Interest{
double interest(double rate, double amount){
return amount+(amount*rate);
}
double totalSaving(int months,double monthly,double rate){
double yearly=rate/12;
for(int i=1;i<=months;i++){
System.out.print(\"After Month \"+i+\" Amount \");
monthly=interest(yearly,monthly);
System.out.println(monthly);
}
}
public static void main(String [] args){
Interest i=new Interest();
i.totalSaving(12,100,0.5)
}
}
Solution
public class Interest{
double interest(double rate, double amount){
return amount+(amount*rate);
}
double totalSaving(int months,double monthly,double rate){
double yearly=rate/12;
for(int i=1;i<=months;i++){
System.out.print(\"After Month \"+i+\" Amount \");
monthly=interest(yearly,monthly);
System.out.println(monthly);
}
}
public static void main(String [] args){
Interest i=new Interest();
i.totalSaving(12,100,0.5)
}
}.
Phototaxisthe Phenomenon of movement of motile unicellular organis.pdf
Phototaxis
the Phenomenon of movement of motile unicellular organisms such as algae and bacteria toward
or away from light is termed as phototaxis movement.
This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently
to receive light for photosynthesis.
Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of light and negative if the
direction is opposite.
Phototropism,
Growth with respect to light, expressed in all shoots and some roots.
Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli
Charles Darwin studied plant growth phenomena involving tropisms.
He found the bending of plants toward light. This phenomenon, which is caused by differential
growth, is called phototropism.
In experiments he used seedlings of canary grass (Phalaris canariensis), the youngest leaves are
sheathed in a protective organ called the coleoptile.
Coleoptiles are very sensitive to light, especially to blue light . If illuminated on one side with a
short pulse of dim blue light, they will bend (grow) toward the source of the light pulse within an
hour.
Simillarity between Phototaxis and phototropism
Both are related with abiotic factor i.e light.
___________________. .
Solution
Phototaxis
the Phenomenon of movement of motile unicellular organisms such as algae and bacteria toward
or away from light is termed as phototaxis movement.
This is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently
to receive light for photosynthesis.
Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of light and negative if the
direction is opposite.
Phototropism,
Growth with respect to light, expressed in all shoots and some roots.
Phototropism is one of the many plant tropisms or movements which respond to external stimuli
Charles Darwin studied plant growth phenomena involving tropisms.
He found the bending of plants toward light. This phenomenon, which is caused by differential
growth, is called phototropism.
In experiments he used seedlings of canary grass (Phalaris canariensis), the youngest leaves are
sheathed in a protective organ called the coleoptile.
Coleoptiles are very sensitive to light, especially to blue light . If illuminated on one side with a
short pulse of dim blue light, they will bend (grow) toward the source of the light pulse within an
hour.
Simillarity between Phototaxis and phototropism
Both are related with abiotic factor i.e light.
___________________. ..
Miller indices It is defined as by considerin.pdf
Miller indices:
It is defined as by considering the plane in which it intersects the main
crystallographic axes of the solid. A set of numbers which explains the intercepts and thus it may
be used to identify the plane or the surface.
Solution
Miller indices:
It is defined as by considering the plane in which it intersects the main
crystallographic axes of the solid. A set of numbers which explains the intercepts and thus it may
be used to identify the plane or the surface..
Marijuana is also called as cannabis and it is a preparation of cann.pdf
Marijuana is also called as cannabis and it is a preparation of cannabis plant and it is used as a
psychoactive drug or medicine.
Characteristics of Cannabis were studied to determine the suitable and efficient environmental
conditions for its indoor mass cultivation for pharmaceutical studies.
Effect of different photosynthetic photon flux densities,temperature and CO2 concentrations on
gas and water vapour exchange characteristics of the Cannabis.
The rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Cannabis increases with photosynthetic
photon flux densities at lower temperatures.
Genrally the photosynthetic process will occur by taking the carbondioxide and water and in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll it forms the glucose and oxygen and from the glucose the
plant makes the cellulose which gives the fibrous structures to the plant.
The osmosis process helps in the absorbption of water and minerals from soil. The osmotic
pressure mainly helpful in intake and transport of minerals and the soil condition also plays an
important role.
Cannabis gives its potential for better survival,growth and productivity in drier and CO2 rich
environment.
Solution
Marijuana is also called as cannabis and it is a preparation of cannabis plant and it is used as a
psychoactive drug or medicine.
Characteristics of Cannabis were studied to determine the suitable and efficient environmental
conditions for its indoor mass cultivation for pharmaceutical studies.
Effect of different photosynthetic photon flux densities,temperature and CO2 concentrations on
gas and water vapour exchange characteristics of the Cannabis.
The rate of photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Cannabis increases with photosynthetic
photon flux densities at lower temperatures.
Genrally the photosynthetic process will occur by taking the carbondioxide and water and in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll it forms the glucose and oxygen and from the glucose the
plant makes the cellulose which gives the fibrous structures to the plant.
The osmosis process helps in the absorbption of water and minerals from soil. The osmotic
pressure mainly helpful in intake and transport of minerals and the soil condition also plays an
important role.
Cannabis gives its potential for better survival,growth and productivity in drier and CO2 rich
environment..
IHD = 1 Therefore there can be only 1 -bond or ring. The two signals.pdf
IHD = 1 Therefore there can be only 1 -bond or ring. The two signals composed of singlets
means all the hydrogens are isolated from one another, but there are two types in the molecule
giving differing chemical shifts. The structure must be symmetrical. Likely compound is 2,2-
dimethylpropanal (three methyl groups contributing one signal, and one aldehyde hydrogen
contributing another signal. All non-equivalent hydrogens are too far apart to split the signal,
resulting in singlets)
Solution
IHD = 1 Therefore there can be only 1 -bond or ring. The two signals composed of singlets
means all the hydrogens are isolated from one another, but there are two types in the molecule
giving differing chemical shifts. The structure must be symmetrical. Likely compound is 2,2-
dimethylpropanal (three methyl groups contributing one signal, and one aldehyde hydrogen
contributing another signal. All non-equivalent hydrogens are too far apart to split the signal,
resulting in singlets).
I have the answer ready in paint but i am not able to upload. 1) F.pdf
I have the answer ready in paint but i am not able to upload.
1) F(0)=(1,0), F(pi/4)=(0,1), F(pi/2) =(-1,0), F(3pi/4)=(0,-1) & F(pi/2)=(1,0)
Hence the and moves in a circle of radius 1 unit.
2) F\'(t)= (-2sin2t, 2cos2t)
F\'(pi/2) = (0, -2)
This represents the Speed at t= pi/2
3) Integral 0 to 1 F(t) dt = Area of circle = pir^2 = pi (as r = 1)
Solution
I have the answer ready in paint but i am not able to upload.
1) F(0)=(1,0), F(pi/4)=(0,1), F(pi/2) =(-1,0), F(3pi/4)=(0,-1) & F(pi/2)=(1,0)
Hence the and moves in a circle of radius 1 unit.
2) F\'(t)= (-2sin2t, 2cos2t)
F\'(pi/2) = (0, -2)
This represents the Speed at t= pi/2
3) Integral 0 to 1 F(t) dt = Area of circle = pir^2 = pi (as r = 1).
homedesigninsertanimationsdevelopmentSolutionhomedes.pdf
This document appears to be about home design and development. It mentions home design, insert animations, and development as a potential solution. The document repeats these terms but does not provide much additional context or details to understand its purpose or meaning.
C is correct. DHCP is a statefull method of configuring IPv6 address.pdf
C is correct. DHCP is a statefull method of configuring IPv6 addresses. It maintains the address
states of each device.
A, B, and D are incorrect. Each is a stateless method with no device maintaining the address
states.
Solution
C is correct. DHCP is a statefull method of configuring IPv6 addresses. It maintains the address
states of each device.
A, B, and D are incorrect. Each is a stateless method with no device maintaining the address
states..
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Subculturing or passage is the method of preserving or continuing th.pdf
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public class Interest{double interest(double rate, double amount){.pdf
Phototaxisthe Phenomenon of movement of motile unicellular organis.pdf
Phototaxisthe Phenomenon of movement of motile unicellular organis.pdf
Marijuana is also called as cannabis and it is a preparation of cann.pdf
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IHD = 1 Therefore there can be only 1 -bond or ring. The two signals.pdf
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I have the answer ready in paint but i am not able to upload. 1) F.pdf
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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