Answer The major objective of implementing a health information man.pdf
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Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system. Solution Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system..
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Ensuring Data Integrity
In Health Information Exchange
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unresolved duplicate records from contributing MPI files. EMPI systems that leverage
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systems if there is only one existing viable matching record. If the EMPI system identifies
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AHIMA HIE Practice Council Contributors:
Linda Bailey-Woods, RHIA, CPHIMS; Teresa
M. Hall, MHA, RHIT, CPC; Aviva M. Halpert,
RHIA, MA, CHPS; Steven Kotyk ; Shirley Neal,
RHIT; Letha Stewart, MA, RHIA; and Susan O.
Torzewski, RHIA
Editor: Anne Zender, MA
Design: Candy Ramos
Representing more than 64,000 specially
educated health information management
professi ...
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Discuss the benefits of in-built coding software within the Health Information Managements
Systems?
Note: Mention your references
words limit: 500 words no plagiarism
Solution
Health information management (HIM) is information management applied to health and health
care. It is the practice of acquiring, analyzing and protecting digital and traditional medical
information vital to providing quality patient care. With the widespread computerization of
health records, traditional (paper-based) records are being replaced with electronic health records
(EHRs). The tools of health informatics and health information technology are continually
improving to bring greater efficiency to information management in the health care sector. Both
hospital information systems and health human resources information systems (HRHIS) are
common implementations of HIM.
Paper-based records have been in existence for centuries* and their gradual replacement by
computer-based records has been slowly underway for over twenty years in western healthcare
systems. Computerised information systems have not achieved the same degree of penetration in
healthcare as that seen in other sectors such as finance, transport and the manufacturing and retail
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specialty and in may cases has revolved around local systems designed for local use.
In record time and at an unprecedented pace, the electronic health record (EHR) has spurred a
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accompanying technology like health information exchange, computer-assisted coding, voice
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incentive programs-are modifying many aspects of HIM.
An information system consists of four interrelated components—data, information technology,
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systems in healthcare organizations, the roles of HIM professionals have expanded into
information technology (IT) and user support, which usually are the functions of IT supporting
services. HIM professionals’ training and experience in the intersection of clinical and
management sciences as well as their knowledge about data quality equip them with the
capability to maintain the integrity and accessibility of health information, although they may not
necessarily have the particular skills to support technical operations of a health information
system.
Electronic medical record systems lie at the center of any computerised health information
system. Without them other modern technologies such as decision support systems cannot be
effectively integrated into routine clinical workflow. The paperless, interoperable, multi-
provider, multi-specialty, multi-discipline computerised.
Electronic health records
This document discusses electronic health records (EHRs), their benefits, and privacy/security implications. EHRs allow health information to be created and shared digitally across organizations, improving quality, efficiency and costs. They include functions like test results management and computerized physician order entry. While EHRs offer advantages, they also raise privacy concerns addressed by rules like HIPAA, which establishes security standards and protects health information held by covered entities transitioning to digital formats. In conclusion, HIPAA does apply to regulate EHRs and their appropriate use of protected patient data.
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Driver.java import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.Decimal.pdf
The Driver class contains methods to print numeric sequences, calculate triangular numbers, print arrays, and find the range between minimum and maximum values in an array. The main method calls each method, printing outputs including the sequences 0-10, -10 to 0, the sum of triangular numbers to 10, an array of values, and the range of the array.
Question 1,2,4 ------------------------------------Please check.pdf
Question 1,2,4 :-
-----------------------------------
Please check comments in Programme
#include
/**
* Method for Linear Search
* Loop through given array and search for given key
* IF found return index and stop
* else -1 will be returned at the end
*
*/
int search(int array[],int key,int size){
int index = -1;
for (int c = 0; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */
{
printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1);
index = c;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key);
return index;
}
/**
* Function for Binary search
* Binary search is used only for sorted arrays
* Check key with element at middle position
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle]
*
*/
int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == key) {
index = middle;
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return index;
}
/**
* Recursive linear search
* Instead of for loop call same method with next index
* first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 .....
*/
int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){
if(array[index] == key){
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index);
return index;
}
else if (index >= size-1){
return -1;
}
else{
return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index);
}
}
/**
* Recursive Binary Search
* Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle]
*/
int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
//Key not found
if(start> end){
return -1;
}
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key){
first = middle + 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}else if (array[middle] == key) {
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
return middle;
}
else{
last = middle - 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}
return -1;
}
/**
*Function t.
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Management information system in health care
A health management information system is a computerized system for collecting and storing patient health data to help manage healthcare programs and facilities. It allows healthcare providers to securely access and update patient records electronically. Effective health information systems require integrating data from various departments like medical records, billing, laboratories, and nursing to provide complete patient information and improve care delivery.
information management.pdf
The document discusses key concepts related to health information systems and management. It defines information systems, management information systems, hospital information systems, and health informatics. It outlines objectives and characteristics of effective health information systems such as obtaining, managing, and using information to document and improve patient outcomes, individual and hospital performance. The document also discusses important processes in information systems like identifying needs, planning, capturing, processing, storing, transmitting and using data.
HIPAA
The document discusses the role of human resources (HR) management in ensuring compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). It notes that HIPAA requires confidentiality and protection of health information. As technology has advanced, electronic storage and transmission of protected health information poses new risks. HR plays a key role in training employees on HIPAA policies and keeping policies up to date with technological changes to prevent violations. Fines for violations have increased significantly in recent years.
CLINICAL INFORMATICS ppt
Clinical informatics emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as the study of applying information technology to healthcare. It involves clinical care, the healthcare system, and information and communication technology. Clinical informaticians use their medical knowledge combined with informatics tools and concepts to improve healthcare processes, systems, and outcomes. Common applications include electronic health records and clinical decision support systems. While electronic health records provide benefits like reduced errors, their success depends on high quality data entry and integration across providers. Clinical informatics is still developing but shows promise to expand treatment options and improve patient care through data-driven insights.
Challenges of the Healthcare Industry in India
he healthcare industry in India faces several challenges, ranging from infrastructure and access to healthcare services to regulatory issues and affordability. Some of the key challenges include:
Infrastructure and Resource Constraints: India's healthcare infrastructure is often inadequate, especially in rural areas. There is a shortage of hospitals, clinics, beds, medical professionals, and essential medical equipment. This imbalance between demand and supply leads to overcrowding in healthcare facilities and compromises the quality of care.
Accessibility and Geographic Disparities: Accessibility to healthcare services varies significantly across different regions of India. Rural areas often lack basic healthcare facilities, forcing people to travel long distances for treatment. This geographic disparity exacerbates healthcare inequalities, with urban populations having better access to healthcare compared to rural populations.
Affordability and Financial Barriers: Healthcare costs in India can be prohibitively expensive for many people, particularly those from low-income backgrounds. Out-of-pocket expenditure on healthcare is high, pushing many families into poverty. Lack of comprehensive health insurance coverage further exacerbates financial barriers to accessing quality healthcare services.
managementinformationsysteminhealthcare.pptx
This document discusses health information management systems. It defines key terms like health information systems and health management information systems. It describes how hospitals, medical professionals, and other healthcare providers use health information management systems. It outlines the roles of health information professionals and discusses electronic medical record systems, their advantages, and disadvantages. It also describes hospital management information systems, clinical information systems, and nursing information systems. Overall, the document provides an overview of how health information is managed and stored through various information systems to support patient care and healthcare administration.
Health information system
A health information system (HIS) refers to a system designed to manage healthcare data, including a patient's electronic medical record, a hospital's operations, and supporting healthcare policy decisions. [HIS] has five core components: hardware, software, telecommunications, databases, and human resources/procedures. Good information management is crucial at all levels of healthcare from local to national as it provides data to policymakers, managers, and healthcare providers. A HIS aims to adequately enable information processing for patient care, administration, research, and education while considering economic and legal factors. It should provide the right information, knowledge, and data to the right people at the right time and place in the right format to support decision making and
Implementing The Affordable Care Act Essay
The document discusses the benefits of implementing electronic health record (EHR) systems. It provides perspectives from a physician who was an early adopter of EHR technology. The physician found that the EHR system improved clinical quality measures through automated feedback on adherence to evidence-based standards of care. It also reduced administrative burdens on physicians and staff, improving productivity and income. Additional benefits discussed include increased patient engagement through access to health records online and fewer calls and visits to medical records offices. Keeping EHRs error-free is also important to maintain integrity of patient information.
The Electronic Health Record
The electronic health record (EHR) is the digital version of a patient's paper medical chart. It contains the patient's medical history, diagnoses, medications, treatment plans, immunization dates, allergies, radiology images, and laboratory and test results. EHRs allow multiple providers to access a patient's complete medical data electronically, improving care coordination and preventing medical errors. However, some physicians have complained that EHRs can be time-consuming and interfere with patient care due to poor usability and excessive alerts. Proper implementation of EHRs through project management is important for a successful transition to digital medical records.
his.pdf
This document discusses hospital information systems (HIS). It begins by defining HIS and explaining their importance in managing clinical, administrative, and financial aspects of hospitals. It then outlines the objectives and components of HIS, including clinical information systems, financial systems, and more. Examples of specific HIS are provided, like electronic medical records and remote patient monitoring. Advantages of HIS include improved data access and efficiency. Challenges to implementation include user acceptance and costs. The document concludes by discussing the life cycle and training involved with HIS.
Ensuring Data IntegrityIn Health Information Exchange
Ensuring Data Integrity
In Health Information Exchange
Inaccurate health information may adversely affect the quality of an individual’s
healthcare, insurance, and employability. As computerization of health information
continues and the scope of organizational exchange of health information widens into
health information exchanges (HIEs), maintaining the integrity and completeness of
health data is paramount.
The overarching goal of HIEs is to allow authorized users to quickly and accurately
exchange health information to enhance patient safety and improve efficiency.
Achieving this goal is dependent on the ability to link (match) multiple, disparate
records relating to a single individual.
A 2008 RAND report, “Identity Crisis: An Examination of the Costs and Benefits of a
Unique Patient Identifier for the US Health Care System,” noted that avoiding adverse
drug events, which are often the result of incomplete linking information about a
patient’s medications or allergies, could save the healthcare system in the US about
$4.5 billion per year.1 This report also points out that on average an 8 percent duplicate
record rate existed in the master patient index (MPI) databases studied. The average
duplicate record rate increased to 9.4 percent in MPI databases with more than 1 million
records. Additionally, the report identified that the duplicate record rates of the enterprise
master patient/person index (EMPI) databases studied were as high as 39.1 percent.
High duplicate record rates within EMPI databases are commonly the result of loading
unresolved duplicate records from contributing MPI files. EMPI systems that leverage
advanced matching algorithms are designed to automatically link records from multiple
systems if there is only one existing viable matching record. If the EMPI system identifies
two or more viable matching records when loading a patient record, as is the case when
the EMPI contains unresolved duplicate record sets, it must create a new patient record
and flag it as an unresolved duplicate record set to be manually reviewed and resolved.
Therefore, if care is not taken to resolve the existing EMPI duplicate records, the duplicate
rate in an EMPI can significantly grow as additional MPI files are added.
Patient identity integrity is the accuracy, quality, and completeness of demographic data
attached to or associated with an individual patient. This includes the accuracy and
quality of the data as it relates to the individual, as well as the correctness of the linking
or matching of all existing records for that individual within and across information
AHIMA HIE Practice Council Contributors:
Linda Bailey-Woods, RHIA, CPHIMS; Teresa
M. Hall, MHA, RHIT, CPC; Aviva M. Halpert,
RHIA, MA, CHPS; Steven Kotyk ; Shirley Neal,
RHIT; Letha Stewart, MA, RHIA; and Susan O.
Torzewski, RHIA
Editor: Anne Zender, MA
Design: Candy Ramos
Representing more than 64,000 specially
educated health information management
professi ...
Standards and Best Practices for Confidentiality of Electronic Health Records
This document summarizes standards and best practices for ensuring confidentiality of electronic health records. It discusses key concepts like privacy, security and confidentiality in the context of electronic health records. It outlines the situation in lower and middle income countries, where expertise and legal frameworks around eHealth privacy and security is often lacking. The document reviews global standards set by organizations like ISO, and emphasizes that while standards are important, non-technical factors like policy, processes and compliance are also critical to protecting health information privacy and security.
Discuss the benefits of in-built coding software within the Health I.pdf
Discuss the benefits of in-built coding software within the Health Information Managements
Systems?
Note: Mention your references
words limit: 500 words no plagiarism
Solution
Health information management (HIM) is information management applied to health and health
care. It is the practice of acquiring, analyzing and protecting digital and traditional medical
information vital to providing quality patient care. With the widespread computerization of
health records, traditional (paper-based) records are being replaced with electronic health records
(EHRs). The tools of health informatics and health information technology are continually
improving to bring greater efficiency to information management in the health care sector. Both
hospital information systems and health human resources information systems (HRHIS) are
common implementations of HIM.
Paper-based records have been in existence for centuries* and their gradual replacement by
computer-based records has been slowly underway for over twenty years in western healthcare
systems. Computerised information systems have not achieved the same degree of penetration in
healthcare as that seen in other sectors such as finance, transport and the manufacturing and retail
industries. Further, deployment has varied greatly from country to country and from speciality to
specialty and in may cases has revolved around local systems designed for local use.
In record time and at an unprecedented pace, the electronic health record (EHR) has spurred a
revolutionary change in HIM that\'s modifying the profession as each day passes.EHRs and
accompanying technology like health information exchange, computer-assisted coding, voice
recognition software, and patient portals-along with revamped government quality and EHR
incentive programs-are modifying many aspects of HIM.
An information system consists of four interrelated components—data, information technology,
process, and users.14 HIM professionals’ traditional job roles make them the experts in
managing data and processes in an information system. With the digitizing of information
systems in healthcare organizations, the roles of HIM professionals have expanded into
information technology (IT) and user support, which usually are the functions of IT supporting
services. HIM professionals’ training and experience in the intersection of clinical and
management sciences as well as their knowledge about data quality equip them with the
capability to maintain the integrity and accessibility of health information, although they may not
necessarily have the particular skills to support technical operations of a health information
system.
Electronic medical record systems lie at the center of any computerised health information
system. Without them other modern technologies such as decision support systems cannot be
effectively integrated into routine clinical workflow. The paperless, interoperable, multi-
provider, multi-specialty, multi-discipline computerised.
Electronic health records
This document discusses electronic health records (EHRs), their benefits, and privacy/security implications. EHRs allow health information to be created and shared digitally across organizations, improving quality, efficiency and costs. They include functions like test results management and computerized physician order entry. While EHRs offer advantages, they also raise privacy concerns addressed by rules like HIPAA, which establishes security standards and protects health information held by covered entities transitioning to digital formats. In conclusion, HIPAA does apply to regulate EHRs and their appropriate use of protected patient data.
3.1 Information system in healthcare (ICT)
The document discusses information systems used in healthcare. It describes how a clinical information system (CIS) draws information from various hospital systems like pathology and radiology into an electronic patient record. It also discusses the different types of healthcare information systems like electronic health records, e-prescribing software, remote patient monitoring systems and more. Finally, it describes the role and benefits of a hospital information system (HIS) which manages both clinical and administrative aspects through features like appointment scheduling, billing, laboratory integration and pharmacy management. The HIS aims to improve efficiency, data security and patient care through digitization of hospital operations.
Everlyn moore health care capstone
As a healthcare manager, it is important to implement effective training on patient confidentiality and privacy for all employees. The training should educate staff on HIPAA legislation, state laws, and organizational policies regarding protected health information. It should also emphasize the ethical responsibility of healthcare workers to maintain privacy and the consequences of breaching confidentiality. Various training methods like modules, discussions, and videos can be used depending on the individual's role. Continuous training is also needed to keep employees aware of any changes to laws or policies over time. The goal is to foster an organizational culture where protecting patient privacy is the top priority.
Cis powerpoint/Health Care Informatics (NUR/HSC SOL1-2) Spring 2011
This powerpoint evaluates a clinical information system (CIS) used in a hospital. It describes the key components of a CIS including the electronic health record (EHR), benefits like increased safety and communication, and important players in the system's development like medical staff, IT, and nursing informatics. It also addresses costs, which can be high initially but result in long-term savings, the importance of clinical decision support and regular updates, and ensuring user safety, security, and education on the system.
How EHR Billing and Coding Can Improve Revenue Cycle
Billing is a vital part of medical practices, providing the funding that helps keep them operating. Because billing is so critical, it’s useful to have help. Electronic health record (EHR) tools could provide such assistance. EHR billing helps medical offices manage revenue, handle coding, and perform other operations in several ways. https://eyecareleaders.com/ehr-billing-coding-to-improve-revenue-cycle/
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
This document summarizes a study on developing a decision support system (DSS) for patient care using electronic health records (EHRs). The authors conducted a survey of doctors, medical staff, and patients which found that a DSS could help doctors spend less time on management and more with patients, and help patients in remote areas without doctors. The DSS was designed with modules to help both doctors and patients make healthcare decisions. An evaluation found the DSS could improve healthcare delivery by making information more accessible and reducing medical errors.
Similar to Answer The major objective of implementing a health information man.pdf (20)
Ensuring Data IntegrityIn Health Information Exchange
Ensuring Data IntegrityIn Health Information Exchange
Standards and Best Practices for Confidentiality of Electronic Health Records
Standards and Best Practices for Confidentiality of Electronic Health Records
Discuss the benefits of in-built coding software within the Health I.pdf
Discuss the benefits of in-built coding software within the Health I.pdf
Cis powerpoint/Health Care Informatics (NUR/HSC SOL1-2) Spring 2011
Cis powerpoint/Health Care Informatics (NUR/HSC SOL1-2) Spring 2011
How EHR Billing and Coding Can Improve Revenue Cycle
How EHR Billing and Coding Can Improve Revenue Cycle
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
More from anandhomeneeds
Driver.java import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.Decimal.pdf
The Driver class contains methods to print numeric sequences, calculate triangular numbers, print arrays, and find the range between minimum and maximum values in an array. The main method calls each method, printing outputs including the sequences 0-10, -10 to 0, the sum of triangular numbers to 10, an array of values, and the range of the array.
Question 1,2,4 ------------------------------------Please check.pdf
Question 1,2,4 :-
-----------------------------------
Please check comments in Programme
#include
/**
* Method for Linear Search
* Loop through given array and search for given key
* IF found return index and stop
* else -1 will be returned at the end
*
*/
int search(int array[],int key,int size){
int index = -1;
for (int c = 0; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */
{
printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1);
index = c;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key);
return index;
}
/**
* Function for Binary search
* Binary search is used only for sorted arrays
* Check key with element at middle position
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle]
*
*/
int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == key) {
index = middle;
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return index;
}
/**
* Recursive linear search
* Instead of for loop call same method with next index
* first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 .....
*/
int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){
if(array[index] == key){
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index);
return index;
}
else if (index >= size-1){
return -1;
}
else{
return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index);
}
}
/**
* Recursive Binary Search
* Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle]
*/
int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
//Key not found
if(start> end){
return -1;
}
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key){
first = middle + 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}else if (array[middle] == key) {
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
return middle;
}
else{
last = middle - 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}
return -1;
}
/**
*Function t.
The answer is C. securin.APC degrade securin to release separase .pdf
The answer is: C. securin.
APC degrade securin to release separase which degrades cohesin.
Solution
The answer is: C. securin.
APC degrade securin to release separase which degrades cohesin..
HiCan you please summarise the question. More information confuse .pdf
Hi
Can you please summarise the question. More information confuse to sole this question
Solution
Hi
Can you please summarise the question. More information confuse to sole this question.
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HICHydrophob.pdf
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity,
and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a
stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be
performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening
required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy
that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt.
HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion
of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue.
====================================================
Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC
Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage
chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins.
The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein-
medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a
high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially
washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC utilizes a more polar, less
denaturing environment than RPLC, it is getting to be well known for protein filtration, regularly
in blend with particle trade or gel filtration chromatography.
Solution
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity,
and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a
stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be
performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening
required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy
that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt.
HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion
of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue.
====================================================
Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC
Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage
chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins.
The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein-
medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a
high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially
washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC uti.
upload complete priblem somthing is missingSolutionupload comp.pdf
The document discusses an upload issue where the process completed but something was missing. No other details are provided about the upload, missing content, or possible solutions. The document repeats the same short statement twice without providing any useful information to understand or resolve the issue.
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis.pdf
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example
two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example,
lets take first locus to be C and other to be P.
later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant.
Solution
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example
two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example,
lets take first locus to be C and other to be P.
later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant..
The substrate in urease test is urea.The end products in urease te.pdf
The substrate in urease test is urea.
The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water
(NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3
Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is
indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1).
Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24
hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no
colour.
Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for
detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO
test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species
of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying
Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp.
Solution
The substrate in urease test is urea.
The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water
(NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3
Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is
indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1).
Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24
hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no
colour.
Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for
detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO
test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species
of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying
Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp..
later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack cl.pdf
//later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack class.there we return the smallest
integer
//implementation
#include
#include
using namespace std;
/* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */
class IntStack
{
private:
static const int max = 100;
int arr[max];
int top;
public:
//constructor for initialising value of top
IntStack()
{
top = -1;
}
void push(int x);
int pop();
bool isEmpty();
bool isFull();
};
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is iempty */
bool IntStack::isEmpty()
{
if(top == -1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is full */
bool IntStack::isFull()
{
if(top == max - 1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack\'s member method push() to insert an element */
void IntStack::push(int x)
{
if(isFull())
{
cout<<\"Stack Overflow\";
}
top++;
arr[top] = x;
}
/* Stack\'s member method pop() to remove an element from it */
int IntStack::pop()
{
if(isEmpty())
{
cout<<\"Stack Underflow\";
abort();
}
int x = arr[top];
top--;
return x;
}
/* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that
returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and
uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */
class SpecialStack: public IntStack
{
IntStack min;
public:
//function declarations
void push(int x);
int pop();
int getMIN();
};
/* SpecialStack\'s member method to insert an element to it. This method
makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum
values */
void SpecialStack::push(int x)
{
if(isEmpty()==true)
{
IntStack::push(x);
min.push(x);
}
else
{
IntStack::push(x);
int y = min.pop();
min.push(y);
/* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller
than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */
if( x <= y )
min.push(x);
}
}
/* SpecialStack\'s member method to remove an element from it. This method
removes top element from min stack also. */
int SpecialStack::pop()
{
int x = IntStack::pop();
int y = min.pop();
/* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */
if ( y != x )
min.push(y);
return x;
}
/* SpecialStack\'s member method to get minimum element from it. */
int SpecialStack::getMIN()
{
int x = min.pop();
min.push(x);
return x;
}
/* main program to test SpecialStack methods */
//execution starts here
int main()
{
SpecialStack s;
//push 3 elements and get the minimum
s.push(15);
s.push(25);
s.push(33);
cout<
#include
using namespace std;
/* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */
class IntStack
{
private:
static const int max = 100;
int arr[max];
int top;
public:
//constructor for initialising value of top
IntStack()
{
top = -1;
}
void push(int x);
int pop();
bool isEmpty();
bool isFull();
};
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is iempty */
bool IntStack::isEmpty()
{
if(top == -1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is full */
bool IntStac.
I think that 34SolutionI think that 34.pdf
This very short document does not provide enough context or information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. It contains a statement about the number 34 but does not elaborate on the topic or point being discussed.
D(ANSWER)Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycry.pdf
D(ANSWER)
Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycrystals are solids that are composed of
many crystallites of varying size and orientation. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. They
are small or even microscopic crystals and form during the cooling of many materials. Their
orientation can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed,
possibly due to growth and processing conditions. Fiber texture is an example of the latter. The
areas where crystallite grains meet are known as grain boundaries.
Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet. A grain boundary is
a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in
orientation. The term \"crystallite boundary\" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary
areas contain those atoms that have been perturbed from their original lattice sites, dislocations,
and impurities that have migrated to the lower energy grain boundary.
Treating a grain boundary geometrically as an interface of a single crystal cut into two parts, one
of which is rotated, we see that there are five variables required to define a grain boundary. The
first two numbers come from the unit vector that specifies a rotation axis. The third number
designates the angle of rotation of the grain. The final two numbers specify the plane of the grain
boundary (or a unit vector that is normal to this plane).
Grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material. Dislocation propagation
is impeded because of the stress field of the grain boundary defect region and the lack of slip
planes and slip directions and overall alignment across the boundaries. Reducing grain size is
therefore a common way to improve strength, often without any sacrifice in toughness because
the smaller grains create more obstacles per unit area of slip plane. This crystallite size-strength
relationship is given by the Hall-Petch relationship. The high interfacial energy and relatively
weak bonding in grain boundaries makes them preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for
the precipitation of new phases from the solid.
Grain boundary migration plays an important role in many of the mechanisms of creep. Grain
boundary migration occurs when a shear stress acts on the grain boundary plane and causes the
grains to slide. This means that fine-grained materials actually have a poor resistance to creep
relative to coarser grains, especially at high temperatures, because smaller grains contain more
atoms in grain boundary sites. Grain boundaries also cause deformation in that they are sources
and sinks of point defects. Voids in a material tend to gather in a grain boundary, and if this
happens to a critical extent, the material could fracture.
During grain boundary migration, the rate determining step depends on the angle between two
adjacent grains. In a small angle dislocation boundary, the migration rate depends on vac.
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are tran.pdf
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet
protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network.
2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell
alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights
management.
3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network
investment .
4.super head end : It is brain of iptv system.this is the place where broadcasting channels are
received and transmited through the sources like fibre feeds,satelites.the video demand storage
content is present at this stage.
5.Coustmer premise equipement:It is joined with home wiring to produce the home network.it
contains a residential gate which is used to handle the control request from set top box.originally
the cost of home wiring is costly,service providers extremely prefers to rewire the homes at the
time of begining installation.
6.Core network: It is the middle part of a communication system offering a interconnection shift
between the boarder networks.it is utilized to offer a soloitary connection.
7.headend end :It is a slice of television system.modulators demodulators processors and
antennna....etc apparatus are used at this headend.
protocols:
1.This iptv layers on multicast ans unicast.the protocols that are utilized in iptv are as below.
1.service based provider streaming
2.web based unicast only live and vod
3.web based multicast live and unicast vod streaming
4.joined tv\'s set top boxes
Devices
The devices utilized in internet protocol telivision are as below
1.android
2.mobiles
3.smart tvs
4.spark
5.royal
6.sun price ................etc
Features specific to television services
1.Time shifting :A combo of iptv and digital video recorder allows the time shifting of
scheduling theme.
2.Personalization:End-to-end iptv methodology braces the bidirectional communicationa and
permits the end users to indidualize their tv watching atitude by permiting the users to mark as
per their mood and what they want to see.
3.bandwidth requirements:This iptv system supports as per the channel requested by user.hence
the iptv system allows the cable operators in order to preserve the bandwidth.
4.Support to interact tv:This iptv system offers two -way proficiency to perit the network
operators to carry a complete output interactive of tv applications like games,internet browsing.
Solution
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet
protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network.
2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell
alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights
management.
3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network
investment .
4.super head en.
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS).pdf
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are:
1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being
measured in terabytes or even petabytes.
2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be
down(unavailable) at some given instance.
3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines.
4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput
over low latency.
5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore
availability.
Solution
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are:
1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being
measured in terabytes or even petabytes.
2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be
down(unavailable) at some given instance.
3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines.
4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput
over low latency.
5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore
availability..
Properties areMeanModeMedianQuartilesPercentilesRan.pdf
Properties are:
Mean
Mode
Median
Quartiles
Percentiles
Range
Mean = Sum of values / n
Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance )
Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n
Median = Middle Most Observation
Mode = Most Repeated Observation
Range = Maximum - Minimum
Solution
Properties are:
Mean
Mode
Median
Quartiles
Percentiles
Range
Mean = Sum of values / n
Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance )
Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n
Median = Middle Most Observation
Mode = Most Repeated Observation
Range = Maximum - Minimum.
MgCO3 Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction Mg.pdf
MgCO3:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
MgCO3(s) + 2H+ ==> Mg(2+) + H2O + CO2(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
AgI:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
CuS:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
CuS(s) + 2H+ ==> Cu(2+) + H2S(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
PbBr2:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
Ba(OH)2
The solubility of Ba(OH)2 in water is only 5.6 g/100 g. By acidifying the solution, the following
reaction take place:
H+ + OH- ==> H2O
and thus [OH-] would drop, and thus Ba(OH)2 solubility would be increased.
Solution
MgCO3:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
MgCO3(s) + 2H+ ==> Mg(2+) + H2O + CO2(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
AgI:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
CuS:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
CuS(s) + 2H+ ==> Cu(2+) + H2S(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
PbBr2:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
Ba(OH)2
The solubility of Ba(OH)2 in water is only 5.6 g/100 g. By acidifying the solution, the following
reaction take place:
H+ + OH- ==> H2O
and thus [OH-] would drop, and thus Ba(OH)2 solubility would be increased..
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function an.pdf
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
global climate patterns.
Effec.
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today..pdf
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today.
This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones
examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton.
The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day
humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to
walk bipedally.
Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters.
It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may
come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined.
Solution
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today.
This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones
examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton.
The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day
humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to
walk bipedally.
Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters.
It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may
come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined..
Mobile IP1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(.pdf
Mobile IP:
1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) standard communications
protocol.
2) This is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while
maintaining a permanent IP address.
3) Mobile IP for IPv4 is described in IETF RFC 5944 and extensions are defined in IETF RFC
4721.
4) Mobile IPv6 the IP mobility implementation for the next generation of the Internet Protocol
IPv6 is described in RFC 6275.
Advantages of using Mobile IP
• It allows fast, continuous lowcost access to corporate networks in remote areas where there
is no public telephone system or cellular coverage.
• It supports a wide range of applications from Internet access and email to ecommerce.
• Users can be permanently connected to their Internet provider and charged only for the data
packets that are sent and received.
• Lower equipment and utilization costs for those requiring reliable highspeed data connections
in remote locations worldwide.
• A user can take a palmtop or laptop computer anywhere without losing the connection to the
home network.
• Mobile IP finds local IP routers and connects automatically. It is phonejack and wirefree.
• Other than mobile nodes/routers, the remaining routers and hosts will still use current IP.
Mobile IP leaves transport and higher protocols
unaffected.
• Authentication is performed to ensure that rights are being protected.
• Mobile IP can move from one type of medium to another without losing connectivity. It is
unique in its ability to accommodate heterogeneous
mobility in addition to homogenous mobility.
Disadvantage of Mobile IP
• There is a routing inefficiency problem caused by the “triangle routing” formed by the home
agent, correspondent host and the foreign agent.
• Security risks are the most important problem facing Mobile IP. Besides the traditional security
risks with
IP, one has to worry about faked careof addresses.
• Another issue related to the security is how to make Mobile IP coexist with the security
features coming in
use within the Internet.
Characteristics of Mobile IP (Baseline Requirements)
• Compatibility: A new standard cannot require changes for applications or network protocols
already in use.
• Transparency: Mobility should remain “invisible” for many higher layer protocols and
applications.
• Scalability and efficiency: Introducing a new mechanism into the Internet must not degrade the
efficiency of the network.
• Security: All messages used to transmit information to another node about the location of a
mobile node must be authenticated to protect against remote redirection attacks
The Mobile IP in Wireless Networks
• new proposed standard of the IETF designed to support mobile users .
• new Internet standard for the Web and private networks.
• currently two standards one to support the current IPv4 one for the upcoming IPv6.
• One of the big requirements on the new standard is that it should support both ordinary and
wireless network
• The big issue is.
Answer1. Cells can generate many different tissue types endoderm,.pdf
Answer
1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue.
3. Cells can generate any type of muscle.
4. cells can generate heart muscle.
Solution
Answer
1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue.
3. Cells can generate any type of muscle.
4. cells can generate heart muscle..
3 a) The trace of an nSolution3 a) The trace of an n.pdf
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- 1. Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient's profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor's and health officials' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient's profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system. Solution Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient's profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor's and health officials' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient's profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system.