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//later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack class.there we return the smallest integer //implementation #include #include using namespace std; /* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */ class IntStack { private: static const int max = 100; int arr[max]; int top; public: //constructor for initialising value of top IntStack() { top = -1; } void push(int x); int pop(); bool isEmpty(); bool isFull(); }; /* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is iempty */ bool IntStack::isEmpty() { if(top == -1) return true; return false; } /* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is full */ bool IntStack::isFull() { if(top == max - 1) return true; return false; } /* Stack\'s member method push() to insert an element */ void IntStack::push(int x) { if(isFull()) { cout<<\"Stack Overflow\"; } top++; arr[top] = x; } /* Stack\'s member method pop() to remove an element from it */ int IntStack::pop() { if(isEmpty()) { cout<<\"Stack Underflow\"; abort(); } int x = arr[top]; top--; return x; } /* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */ class SpecialStack: public IntStack { IntStack min; public: //function declarations void push(int x); int pop(); int getMIN(); }; /* SpecialStack\'s member method to insert an element to it. This method makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum values */ void SpecialStack::push(int x) { if(isEmpty()==true) { IntStack::push(x); min.push(x); } else { IntStack::push(x); int y = min.pop(); min.push(y); /* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */ if( x <= y ) min.push(x); } } /* SpecialStack\'s member method to remove an element from it. This method removes top element from min stack also. */ int SpecialStack::pop() { int x = IntStack::pop(); int y = min.pop(); /* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */ if ( y != x ) min.push(y); return x; } /* SpecialStack\'s member method to get minimum element from it. */ int SpecialStack::getMIN() { int x = min.pop(); min.push(x); return x; } /* main program to test SpecialStack methods */ //execution starts here int main() { SpecialStack s; //push 3 elements and get the minimum s.push(15); s.push(25); s.push(33); cout< #include using namespace std; /* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */ class IntStack { private: static const int max = 100; int arr[max]; int top; public: //constructor for initialising value of top IntStack() { top = -1; } void push(int x); int pop(); bool isEmpty(); bool isFull(); }; /* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is iempty */ bool IntStack::isEmpty() { if(top == -1) return true; return false; } /* Stack\'s member method to check if the stack is full */ bool IntStac.
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![//later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack class.there we return the smallest
integer
//implementation
#include
#include
using namespace std;
/* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */
class IntStack
{
private:
static const int max = 100;
int arr[max];
int top;
public:
//constructor for initialising value of top
IntStack()
{
top = -1;
}
void push(int x);
int pop();
bool isEmpty();
bool isFull();
};
/* Stack's member method to check if the stack is iempty */
bool IntStack::isEmpty()
{
if(top == -1)
return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack's member method to check if the stack is full */
bool IntStack::isFull()
{
if(top == max - 1)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/laterwecreateaspecialstackclasswhichinheritsfromstackcl-230410075636-8dfe7c5b/85/later-we-create-a-specialstack-class-which-inherits-from-stack-cl-pdf-1-320.jpg)
![return true;
return false;
}
/* Stack's member method push() to insert an element */
void IntStack::push(int x)
{
if(isFull())
{
cout<<"Stack Overflow";
}
top++;
arr[top] = x;
}
/* Stack's member method pop() to remove an element from it */
int IntStack::pop()
{
if(isEmpty())
{
cout<<"Stack Underflow";
abort();
}
int x = arr[top];
top--;
return x;
}
/* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that
returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and
uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */
class SpecialStack: public IntStack
{
IntStack min;
public:
//function declarations
void push(int x);
int pop();
int getMIN();](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
Recommended
I have a stack in Java populated with integers. Im trying to compa.pdf
I have a stack in Java populated with integers. I\'m trying to compare the elements in the stack to
determine which is the largest. Basically, I enter the element at the top of the stack into e then
pop each element off the stack and check to see if it is greater than the value stored in e. How can
I check to see if the next element in the stack is greater than the element stored in e?
E e = stk1.peek();
while(!stk1.empty())
{
if(stk1.peek() > e)
{
e=stk1.peek();
}
Solution
Using recursive approach we can sort the stack and the top element of stack would be the largest
integer.
Algorithm:
Sorting stack elements:
Inserting elements in sorted order:
Illustration:
First pop all the elements from the stack and store poped element in variable \'temp\'. After
poping all the elements function\'s stack frame will look like:
Now stack is empty and \'insert_in_sorted_order()\' function is called and it inserts 30 (from
stack frame #5) at the bottom of the stack. Now stack looks like below:
Now next element i.e. -5 (from stack frame #4) is picked. Since -5 < 30, -5 is inserted at the
bottom of stack. Now stack becomes:
Next 18 (from stack frame #3) is picked. Since 18 < 30, 18 is inserted below 30. Now stack
becomes:
Next 14 (from stack frame #2) is picked. Since 14 < 30 and 14 < 18, it is inserted below 18. Now
stack becomes:
Now -3 (from stack frame #1) is picked, as -3 < 30 and -3 < 18 and -3 < 14, it is inserted below
14. Now stack becomes:
Implementation:
/**
* Stack is represented using linked list
*/
public class Stack extends NativeClass {
private final IntContainer data = new IntContainer(this, 1);
private final Container> next = new Container>(this, 1){};
public int getData() {
return data.get();
}
public int setData(int newData) {
return data.set(newData);
}
public Container getNext() {
return next.get();
}
public Container setNext(Container newNext) {
return next.set(newNext);
}
public static Container nnc(Container orig) {
return Container.nnc(new TypeInfo>(){}, orig);
}
/**
* Utility function to initialize stack
*/
public static void initStack(Container[] s) {
s[0] = null;
}
/**
* Utility function to chcek if stack is empty
*/
public static int isEmpty(Stack[] s) {
if(s == null) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/**
* Utility function to push an item to stack
*/
public static void push(Container[] s, int x) {
Container p = new Container(true, 1){};
p.get().setData(x);
p.get().setNext(s[0]);
s[0] = p;
}
/**
* Utility function to remove an item from stack
*/
public static int pop(Container[] s) {
int x;
Container temp;
x = s[0].get().getData();
temp = s[0];
s[0] = s[0].get().getNext();
nnc(temp).setNativeControlled(false);
return x;
}
/**
* Function to find top item
*/
public static int top(Stack[] s) {
return s[0].getData();
}
}
// Recursive function to insert an item x in sorted way
public static void sortedInsert(Container> s, int x) {
// Base case: Either stack is empty or newly inserted
// item is greater than top (more than all existing)
if(is.
New folderjsjfArrayStack.classpackage jsjf;publicsynchronize.docx
New folder/jsjf/ArrayStack.classpackage jsjf;
publicsynchronizedclass ArrayStack implements StackADT {
privatestaticfinal int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 100;
private int top;
private Object[] stack;
public void ArrayStack();
public void ArrayStack(int);
public void push(Object);
private void expandCapacity();
public Object pop() throws exceptions.EmptyCollectionException;
public Object peek() throws exceptions.EmptyCollectionException;
public int size();
public boolean isEmpty();
public String toString();
}
New folder/jsjf/ArrayStack.javaNew folder/jsjf/ArrayStack.javapackage jsjf;
import jsjf.exceptions.*;
import java.util.Arrays;
// -------------------------------------------------------
// Author: Yifu Wu
// Date: 03/10/16
// Source Name: ArrayStack<T>
// Due date: 03/10/16
// Description:
/**
* An array implementation of a stack in which the bottom of the
* stack is fixed at index 0.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
publicclassArrayStack<T>implementsStackADT<T>
{
privatefinalstaticint DEFAULT_CAPACITY =100;
privateint top;
private T[] stack;
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the default capacity.
*/
publicArrayStack()
{
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the specified capacity.
* @param initialCapacity the initial size of the array
*/
publicArrayStack(int initialCapacity)
{
top =0;
stack =(T[])(newObject[initialCapacity]);
}
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack, expanding
* the capacity of the array if necessary.
* @param element generic element to be pushed onto stack
*/
publicvoid push(T element)
{
if(size()== stack.length)
expandCapacity();
stack[top]= element;
top++;
}
/**
* Creates a new array to store the contents of this stack with
* twice the capacity of the old one.
*/
privatevoid expandCapacity()
{
//stack = Arrays.copyOf(stack, stack.length * 2);
System.out.println("Expanding stack capacity\n");
T[] temp =(T[])(newObject[2*top]);
for(int i=0; i< top; i++)
temp[i]= stack[i];
stack = temp;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the top of this stack and returns a
* reference to it.
* @return element removed from top of stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if stack is empty
*/
public T pop()throwsEmptyCollectionException
{
if(isEmpty())
thrownewEmptyCollectionException("stack");
top--;
T result = stack[top];
stack[top]=null;
return result;
}
/**
* Returns a reference to the element at the top of this stack.
* The element is not removed from the stack.
* @return element on top of stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if stack is empty
*/
public T peek()throwsEmptyCollectionException
{
if(isEmpty())
thrownewEmptyCollectionException("stack");
return stack[top-1];
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in ...
Given the following ADT definition of a stack to use stack .docx
The document provides an abstract data type (ADT) definition for a queue. It includes common queue methods like clear(), isEmpty(), enqueue(), front(), dequeue(), and length(). The question asks to add additional member methods to an array-based queue implementation. Specifically, it provides an existing array-based queue class with attributes like allocSize, numItems, frontIndex, backIndex, and a dynamic items array representing the queue. The question asks to add member methods to this implementation.
A linked stack is implemented using a standard Node class as follows.pdf
A linked stack is implemented using a standard Node class as follows: import java.util.*; class
stack implements Iterable {private Node top; private int size; public stack () {top = null; size =
0;} public Object pop() {if (size == 0) throw new RuntimeException (\"\"); Object answer =
top.getData (); top = top.getNext (); Size --; return answer;} public void push (Object x) {Node
newNode = new Node (x top); top = newNode; size++;}//the iterator method is missing} Write a
class StackIterator to implement objects that can be returned by the stack iterator. Also write the
missing stack method called iterator. You can decide whether the iterator will run through the
data in the stack in LIFO or FIFO order (one choice is much easier).
Solution
Hi,
Pease find the program below:
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.Iterable;
@SuppressWarnings(\"rawtypes\")
public class LinkedStack implements Iterable{
private int n; // size of the stack
private Node first; // top of stack
// Helper linked list class
private class Node {
private Object item;
private Node next;
}
/**
* Initializes an empty stack.
*/
public LinkedStack() {
first = null;
n = 0;
}
/**
* Is this stack empty?
* @return true if this stack is empty; false otherwise
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return first == null;
}
/**
* Returns the number of items in the stack.
*/
public int size() {
return n;
}
/**
* Adds the item to this stack.
*/
public void push(Object item) {
Node oldfirst = first;
first = new Node();
first.item = item;
first.next = oldfirst;
n++;
}
/**
* Removes and returns the item most recently added to this stack.
* @return the item most recently added
*/
public Object pop() {
if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException(\"Stack underflow\");
Object item = first.item; // save item to return
first = first.next; // delete first node
n--; //decreases the size by 1
return item; // return the saved item
}
/**
* Returns (but does not remove) the item most recently added to this stack.
* @return the item most recently added to this stack
*/
public Object peek() {
if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException(\"Stack underflow\");
return first.item;
}
/**
* Returns an iterator to this stack that iterates through the items in LIFO order.
*/
public Iterator iterator() {
return new ListIterator();
}
// an iterator, doesn\'t implement remove() since it\'s optional
private class ListIterator implements Iterator {
private int i = n;
private Node first1 = first; //the first node
public boolean hasNext()
{
return (i > 0);
}
public Object next()
{
Object item = first1.item;
first1 = first1.next;
i--;
return item;
}
public void remove()
{
// not needed as this is optional
}
}
//Main method to implement the test
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
/* Creating object of class linkedStack */
LinkedStack ls = new LinkedStack();
/* Perform Stack Operations */
System.out.println(\"Linked Stack Test\ \");
char ch;
do
{
System.out.println(\"\ Linked Stack .
Modifications highlighted in bold lettersDropOutStack.javaim.pdf
//Modifications highlighted in bold letters
//DropOutStack.java
import java.util.Arrays;
public class DropOutStack {
/**
* Defines the interface to a stack collection.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface StackADT {
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack.
*
* @param element
* element to be pushed onto the stack
*/
public void push(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the top element from this stack.
*
* @return the element removed from the stack
*/
public T pop();
/**
* Returns without removing the top element of this stack.
*
* @return the element on top of the stack
*/
public T peek();
/**
* Returns true if this stack contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the stack is empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this stack.
*
* @return the number of elements in the stack
*/
public int size();
/**
* Returns a string representation of this stack.
*
* @return a string representation of the stack
*/
public String toString();
}
/**
* Represents the situation in which a collection is empty.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class EmptyCollectionException extends RuntimeException {
/**
* Sets up this exception with an appropriate message.
*
* @param collection
* the name of the collection
*/
public EmptyCollectionException(String collection) {
super(\"The \" + collection + \" is empty.\");
}
}
/**
* Program entry point for stack testing.
*
* @param args
* Argument list.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayDropOutStack stack = new ArrayDropOutStack(4);
System.out.println(\"DROP-OUT STACK TESTING\");
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(4);
System.out.println(\"Stack : \"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 5 element \");
stack.push(5);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
stack.pop();
System.out.println(\"poping element 5\"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
System.out.println(\"pushing 7 element \");
stack.push(7);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 8 element \");
stack.push(8);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
}
/**
* An array implementation of a stack in which the bottom of the stack is
* fixed at index 0.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class ArrayDropOutStack implements StackADT {
private final static int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 100;
private int top;
private T[] stack;
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the default capacity.
*/
public ArrayDropOutStack() {
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Creates an empty stack using.
@author Derek Harter @cwid 123 45 678 @class .docx
/**
* @author Derek Harter
* @cwid 123 45 678
* @class
* @ide Visual Studio Community 2017
* @date
* @assg C++ Stacks videos
*
* @description A Stack ADT with two concrete impelementation
* examples: an array based stack implementaiton (AStack), and
* a linked list based implementation (LStack).
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/** stack (base class)
* The basic definition of the Stack Abstract Data Type (ADT)
* and stack operations. All declared functions here are
* virtual, they must be implemented by concrete derived
* classes.
*/
template <class T>
class Stack
{
public:
/** clear
* Method to clear out or empty any items on stack,
* put stack back to empty state.
* Postcondition: Stack is empty.
*/
virtual void clear() = 0;
/** isEmpty
* Function to determine whether the stack is empty. Needed
* because it is undefined to pop from empty stack. This
* function will not change the state of the stack (const).
*
* @returns bool true if stack is empty, false otherwise.
*/
virtual bool isEmpty() const = 0;
/** push
* Add a new item onto top of stack.
*
* @param newItem The item of template type T to push on top of
* the current stack.
*/
virtual void push(const T& newItem) = 0;
/** top
* Return the top item from the stack. Note in this ADT, peeking
* at the top item does not remove the top item. Some ADT combine
* top() and pop() as one operation. It is undefined to try and
* peek at the top item of an empty stack. Derived classes should
* throw an exception if this is attempted.
*
* @returns T Returns the top item from stack.
*/
virtual T top() const = 0;
/** pop
* Remove the item from the top of the stack. It is undefined what
* it means to try and pop from an empty stack. Derived classes should
* throw an exception if pop() from empty is attempted.
*/
virtual void pop() = 0;
/** size
* Accessor method to provide the current size of the stack.
*/
virtual int size() const = 0;
/** tostring
* Represent stack as a string
*/
virtual string tostring() const = 0;
// operload operators, mostly to support boolean comparison between
// two stacks for testing
bool operator==(const Stack<T>& rhs) const;
virtual const T& operator[](int index) const = 0;
// overload output stream operator for all stacks using tostring()
template <typename U>
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Stack<U>& aStack);
};
/** Stack equivalence
* Compare two given stacks to determine if they are equal or not.
* stacks are equal if they are both of the same size, and each corresponding
* item on each stack is equal at the same position on the stack.
* This function relies on overloaded operator[] to access items on stack
* by index for the comparis.
Posfix
This document contains the code for three Java classes: Stack, Queue, and Postfix. Stack and Queue define basic LIFO and FIFO data structures using a List to store elements. Postfix defines a class to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation by using Stacks and Queues to process operator precedence.
Stacks and queue
Stacks and queues are common data structures that store and retrieve elements in specific orders. Stacks follow a last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, while queues follow a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. Stacks and queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists, and the document describes classes for integer stacks and queues that demonstrate push, pop, enqueue, and dequeue operations. Sample programs test the stack and queue classes by pushing/enqueueing and popping/dequeuing elements.
Recommended
I have a stack in Java populated with integers. Im trying to compa.pdf
I have a stack in Java populated with integers. I\'m trying to compare the elements in the stack to
determine which is the largest. Basically, I enter the element at the top of the stack into e then
pop each element off the stack and check to see if it is greater than the value stored in e. How can
I check to see if the next element in the stack is greater than the element stored in e?
E e = stk1.peek();
while(!stk1.empty())
{
if(stk1.peek() > e)
{
e=stk1.peek();
}
Solution
Using recursive approach we can sort the stack and the top element of stack would be the largest
integer.
Algorithm:
Sorting stack elements:
Inserting elements in sorted order:
Illustration:
First pop all the elements from the stack and store poped element in variable \'temp\'. After
poping all the elements function\'s stack frame will look like:
Now stack is empty and \'insert_in_sorted_order()\' function is called and it inserts 30 (from
stack frame #5) at the bottom of the stack. Now stack looks like below:
Now next element i.e. -5 (from stack frame #4) is picked. Since -5 < 30, -5 is inserted at the
bottom of stack. Now stack becomes:
Next 18 (from stack frame #3) is picked. Since 18 < 30, 18 is inserted below 30. Now stack
becomes:
Next 14 (from stack frame #2) is picked. Since 14 < 30 and 14 < 18, it is inserted below 18. Now
stack becomes:
Now -3 (from stack frame #1) is picked, as -3 < 30 and -3 < 18 and -3 < 14, it is inserted below
14. Now stack becomes:
Implementation:
/**
* Stack is represented using linked list
*/
public class Stack extends NativeClass {
private final IntContainer data = new IntContainer(this, 1);
private final Container> next = new Container>(this, 1){};
public int getData() {
return data.get();
}
public int setData(int newData) {
return data.set(newData);
}
public Container getNext() {
return next.get();
}
public Container setNext(Container newNext) {
return next.set(newNext);
}
public static Container nnc(Container orig) {
return Container.nnc(new TypeInfo>(){}, orig);
}
/**
* Utility function to initialize stack
*/
public static void initStack(Container[] s) {
s[0] = null;
}
/**
* Utility function to chcek if stack is empty
*/
public static int isEmpty(Stack[] s) {
if(s == null) {
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
/**
* Utility function to push an item to stack
*/
public static void push(Container[] s, int x) {
Container p = new Container(true, 1){};
p.get().setData(x);
p.get().setNext(s[0]);
s[0] = p;
}
/**
* Utility function to remove an item from stack
*/
public static int pop(Container[] s) {
int x;
Container temp;
x = s[0].get().getData();
temp = s[0];
s[0] = s[0].get().getNext();
nnc(temp).setNativeControlled(false);
return x;
}
/**
* Function to find top item
*/
public static int top(Stack[] s) {
return s[0].getData();
}
}
// Recursive function to insert an item x in sorted way
public static void sortedInsert(Container> s, int x) {
// Base case: Either stack is empty or newly inserted
// item is greater than top (more than all existing)
if(is.
New folderjsjfArrayStack.classpackage jsjf;publicsynchronize.docx
New folder/jsjf/ArrayStack.classpackage jsjf;
publicsynchronizedclass ArrayStack implements StackADT {
privatestaticfinal int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 100;
private int top;
private Object[] stack;
public void ArrayStack();
public void ArrayStack(int);
public void push(Object);
private void expandCapacity();
public Object pop() throws exceptions.EmptyCollectionException;
public Object peek() throws exceptions.EmptyCollectionException;
public int size();
public boolean isEmpty();
public String toString();
}
New folder/jsjf/ArrayStack.javaNew folder/jsjf/ArrayStack.javapackage jsjf;
import jsjf.exceptions.*;
import java.util.Arrays;
// -------------------------------------------------------
// Author: Yifu Wu
// Date: 03/10/16
// Source Name: ArrayStack<T>
// Due date: 03/10/16
// Description:
/**
* An array implementation of a stack in which the bottom of the
* stack is fixed at index 0.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
publicclassArrayStack<T>implementsStackADT<T>
{
privatefinalstaticint DEFAULT_CAPACITY =100;
privateint top;
private T[] stack;
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the default capacity.
*/
publicArrayStack()
{
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the specified capacity.
* @param initialCapacity the initial size of the array
*/
publicArrayStack(int initialCapacity)
{
top =0;
stack =(T[])(newObject[initialCapacity]);
}
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack, expanding
* the capacity of the array if necessary.
* @param element generic element to be pushed onto stack
*/
publicvoid push(T element)
{
if(size()== stack.length)
expandCapacity();
stack[top]= element;
top++;
}
/**
* Creates a new array to store the contents of this stack with
* twice the capacity of the old one.
*/
privatevoid expandCapacity()
{
//stack = Arrays.copyOf(stack, stack.length * 2);
System.out.println("Expanding stack capacity\n");
T[] temp =(T[])(newObject[2*top]);
for(int i=0; i< top; i++)
temp[i]= stack[i];
stack = temp;
}
/**
* Removes the element at the top of this stack and returns a
* reference to it.
* @return element removed from top of stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if stack is empty
*/
public T pop()throwsEmptyCollectionException
{
if(isEmpty())
thrownewEmptyCollectionException("stack");
top--;
T result = stack[top];
stack[top]=null;
return result;
}
/**
* Returns a reference to the element at the top of this stack.
* The element is not removed from the stack.
* @return element on top of stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if stack is empty
*/
public T peek()throwsEmptyCollectionException
{
if(isEmpty())
thrownewEmptyCollectionException("stack");
return stack[top-1];
}
/**
* Returns the number of elements in ...
Given the following ADT definition of a stack to use stack .docx
The document provides an abstract data type (ADT) definition for a queue. It includes common queue methods like clear(), isEmpty(), enqueue(), front(), dequeue(), and length(). The question asks to add additional member methods to an array-based queue implementation. Specifically, it provides an existing array-based queue class with attributes like allocSize, numItems, frontIndex, backIndex, and a dynamic items array representing the queue. The question asks to add member methods to this implementation.
A linked stack is implemented using a standard Node class as follows.pdf
A linked stack is implemented using a standard Node class as follows: import java.util.*; class
stack implements Iterable {private Node top; private int size; public stack () {top = null; size =
0;} public Object pop() {if (size == 0) throw new RuntimeException (\"\"); Object answer =
top.getData (); top = top.getNext (); Size --; return answer;} public void push (Object x) {Node
newNode = new Node (x top); top = newNode; size++;}//the iterator method is missing} Write a
class StackIterator to implement objects that can be returned by the stack iterator. Also write the
missing stack method called iterator. You can decide whether the iterator will run through the
data in the stack in LIFO or FIFO order (one choice is much easier).
Solution
Hi,
Pease find the program below:
import java.util.*;
import java.lang.Iterable;
@SuppressWarnings(\"rawtypes\")
public class LinkedStack implements Iterable{
private int n; // size of the stack
private Node first; // top of stack
// Helper linked list class
private class Node {
private Object item;
private Node next;
}
/**
* Initializes an empty stack.
*/
public LinkedStack() {
first = null;
n = 0;
}
/**
* Is this stack empty?
* @return true if this stack is empty; false otherwise
*/
public boolean isEmpty() {
return first == null;
}
/**
* Returns the number of items in the stack.
*/
public int size() {
return n;
}
/**
* Adds the item to this stack.
*/
public void push(Object item) {
Node oldfirst = first;
first = new Node();
first.item = item;
first.next = oldfirst;
n++;
}
/**
* Removes and returns the item most recently added to this stack.
* @return the item most recently added
*/
public Object pop() {
if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException(\"Stack underflow\");
Object item = first.item; // save item to return
first = first.next; // delete first node
n--; //decreases the size by 1
return item; // return the saved item
}
/**
* Returns (but does not remove) the item most recently added to this stack.
* @return the item most recently added to this stack
*/
public Object peek() {
if (isEmpty()) throw new NoSuchElementException(\"Stack underflow\");
return first.item;
}
/**
* Returns an iterator to this stack that iterates through the items in LIFO order.
*/
public Iterator iterator() {
return new ListIterator();
}
// an iterator, doesn\'t implement remove() since it\'s optional
private class ListIterator implements Iterator {
private int i = n;
private Node first1 = first; //the first node
public boolean hasNext()
{
return (i > 0);
}
public Object next()
{
Object item = first1.item;
first1 = first1.next;
i--;
return item;
}
public void remove()
{
// not needed as this is optional
}
}
//Main method to implement the test
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
/* Creating object of class linkedStack */
LinkedStack ls = new LinkedStack();
/* Perform Stack Operations */
System.out.println(\"Linked Stack Test\ \");
char ch;
do
{
System.out.println(\"\ Linked Stack .
Modifications highlighted in bold lettersDropOutStack.javaim.pdf
//Modifications highlighted in bold letters
//DropOutStack.java
import java.util.Arrays;
public class DropOutStack {
/**
* Defines the interface to a stack collection.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface StackADT {
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack.
*
* @param element
* element to be pushed onto the stack
*/
public void push(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the top element from this stack.
*
* @return the element removed from the stack
*/
public T pop();
/**
* Returns without removing the top element of this stack.
*
* @return the element on top of the stack
*/
public T peek();
/**
* Returns true if this stack contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the stack is empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this stack.
*
* @return the number of elements in the stack
*/
public int size();
/**
* Returns a string representation of this stack.
*
* @return a string representation of the stack
*/
public String toString();
}
/**
* Represents the situation in which a collection is empty.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class EmptyCollectionException extends RuntimeException {
/**
* Sets up this exception with an appropriate message.
*
* @param collection
* the name of the collection
*/
public EmptyCollectionException(String collection) {
super(\"The \" + collection + \" is empty.\");
}
}
/**
* Program entry point for stack testing.
*
* @param args
* Argument list.
*/
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayDropOutStack stack = new ArrayDropOutStack(4);
System.out.println(\"DROP-OUT STACK TESTING\");
stack.push(1);
stack.push(2);
stack.push(3);
stack.push(4);
System.out.println(\"Stack : \"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 5 element \");
stack.push(5);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
stack.pop();
System.out.println(\"poping element 5\"+stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"The size of the stack is: \" + stack.size());
System.out.println(\"pushing 7 element \");
stack.push(7);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
System.out.println(\"pushing 8 element \");
stack.push(8);
System.out.println(\"Now stack elements\");
System.out.println(stack.toString());
if (!stack.isEmpty())
System.out.println(\"The stack contains:\ \" + stack.toString());
}
/**
* An array implementation of a stack in which the bottom of the stack is
* fixed at index 0.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public static class ArrayDropOutStack implements StackADT {
private final static int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 100;
private int top;
private T[] stack;
/**
* Creates an empty stack using the default capacity.
*/
public ArrayDropOutStack() {
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
/**
* Creates an empty stack using.
@author Derek Harter @cwid 123 45 678 @class .docx
/**
* @author Derek Harter
* @cwid 123 45 678
* @class
* @ide Visual Studio Community 2017
* @date
* @assg C++ Stacks videos
*
* @description A Stack ADT with two concrete impelementation
* examples: an array based stack implementaiton (AStack), and
* a linked list based implementation (LStack).
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <sstream>
using namespace std;
//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
/** stack (base class)
* The basic definition of the Stack Abstract Data Type (ADT)
* and stack operations. All declared functions here are
* virtual, they must be implemented by concrete derived
* classes.
*/
template <class T>
class Stack
{
public:
/** clear
* Method to clear out or empty any items on stack,
* put stack back to empty state.
* Postcondition: Stack is empty.
*/
virtual void clear() = 0;
/** isEmpty
* Function to determine whether the stack is empty. Needed
* because it is undefined to pop from empty stack. This
* function will not change the state of the stack (const).
*
* @returns bool true if stack is empty, false otherwise.
*/
virtual bool isEmpty() const = 0;
/** push
* Add a new item onto top of stack.
*
* @param newItem The item of template type T to push on top of
* the current stack.
*/
virtual void push(const T& newItem) = 0;
/** top
* Return the top item from the stack. Note in this ADT, peeking
* at the top item does not remove the top item. Some ADT combine
* top() and pop() as one operation. It is undefined to try and
* peek at the top item of an empty stack. Derived classes should
* throw an exception if this is attempted.
*
* @returns T Returns the top item from stack.
*/
virtual T top() const = 0;
/** pop
* Remove the item from the top of the stack. It is undefined what
* it means to try and pop from an empty stack. Derived classes should
* throw an exception if pop() from empty is attempted.
*/
virtual void pop() = 0;
/** size
* Accessor method to provide the current size of the stack.
*/
virtual int size() const = 0;
/** tostring
* Represent stack as a string
*/
virtual string tostring() const = 0;
// operload operators, mostly to support boolean comparison between
// two stacks for testing
bool operator==(const Stack<T>& rhs) const;
virtual const T& operator[](int index) const = 0;
// overload output stream operator for all stacks using tostring()
template <typename U>
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const Stack<U>& aStack);
};
/** Stack equivalence
* Compare two given stacks to determine if they are equal or not.
* stacks are equal if they are both of the same size, and each corresponding
* item on each stack is equal at the same position on the stack.
* This function relies on overloaded operator[] to access items on stack
* by index for the comparis.
Posfix
This document contains the code for three Java classes: Stack, Queue, and Postfix. Stack and Queue define basic LIFO and FIFO data structures using a List to store elements. Postfix defines a class to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation by using Stacks and Queues to process operator precedence.
Stacks and queue
Stacks and queues are common data structures that store and retrieve elements in specific orders. Stacks follow a last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, while queues follow a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. Stacks and queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists, and the document describes classes for integer stacks and queues that demonstrate push, pop, enqueue, and dequeue operations. Sample programs test the stack and queue classes by pushing/enqueueing and popping/dequeuing elements.
(674335607) cs2309 java-lab-manual
This document describes a Java program to implement a stack data structure using both an array and linked list. It defines a Stack interface and ArrayStack and LinkedListStack classes that implement the stack. The ArrayStack uses an array to store elements while LinkedListStack uses linked list nodes. Methods like push(), pop(), top(), and topAndPop() are implemented to add/remove elements from the stack. Exception handling is included for empty stack cases. Sample code tests inserting characters and numbers into both stack implementations.
Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entri.pdf
Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entries. Expand the array
dynamically, as necessary. Maintain the stack’s bottom entry in stack[stack.length – 1].
Your Stack class must implement StackInterface (provided). You may use ArrayStack.java
(provided) as the starting point for your implementation.
You must implement a comprehensive set of unit tests using the main() method (and private
utility methods) in ArrayStack.java.
ArrayStack.java
public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface
{
private T[] stack; // Array of stack entries
private int topIndex; // Index of top entry
private boolean initialized = false;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 50;
private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000;
public ArrayStack()
{
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
} // end default constructor
public ArrayStack(int initialCapacity)
{
checkCapacity(initialCapacity);
// The cast is safe because the new array contains null entries
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
T[] tempStack = (T[])new Object[initialCapacity];
stack = tempStack;
topIndex = -1;
initialized = true;
} // end constructor
// < Implementations of the stack operations go here. >
// < Implementations of the private methods go here; checkCapacity and
// checkInitialization are analogous to those in Chapter 2. >
// . . .
} // end ArrayStack
StackInterface.java
public interface StackInterface
{
/** Adds a new entry to the top of this stack.
@param newEntry An object to be added to the stack. */
public void push(T newEntry);
/** Removes and returns this stack\'s top entry.
@return The object at the top of the stack.
@throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty before the operation. */
public T pop();
/** Retrieves this stack\'s top entry.
@return The object at the top of the stack.
@throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty. */
public T peek();
/** Detects whether this stack is empty.
@return True if the stack is empty. */
public boolean isEmpty();
/** Removes all entries from this stack. */
public void clear();
} // end StackInterface
Solution
StackTester.java
public class StackTester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayStack aS = new ArrayStack();
aS.push(3);
aS.push(5);
aS.push(10);
aS.push(11);
System.out.println(\"\"+ aS.peek() + \", \" + aS.pop() + \", \" + aS.peek2());
aS.remove(1);
}
}
ArrayStack.java
import java.util.Arrays;
public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface
{
private T[] stack;
private int topIndex;
private boolean initialized = false;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 50;
private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000;
public ArrayStack()
{
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
public ArrayStack(int initialCapacity)
{
checkCapacity(initialCapacity);
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
T[] tempStack = (T[])new Object[initialCapacity];
stack = tempStack;
topIndex = -1;
initialized = true;
}
public boolean isEmpty()
{
return topIndex < 0;
}
private void ensureCapacity()
{
if(topIndex == stack.length - 1)
{
int newLength = 2*stack.length;
.
StackInterface An interface for the ADT stack. Do not modif.pdf
StackInterface
/**
An interface for the ADT stack.
Do not modify this file
*/
package PJ2;
public interface StackInterface
{
/** Gets the current number of data in this stack.
@return the integer number of entries currently in the stack*/
public int size();
/** Adds a new data to the top of this stack.
@param aData an object to be added to the stack */
public void push(T aData);
/** Removes and returns this stack\'s top data.
@return either the object at the top of the stack or,
if the stack is empty before the operation, null */
public T pop();
/** Retrieves this stack\'s top data.
@return either the data at the top of the stack or
null if the stack is empty */
public T peek();
/** Detects whether this stack is empty.
@return true if the stack is empty */
public boolean empty();
/** Removes all data from this stack */
public void clear();
} // end StackInterface
SimpleLinkedStack.java
/**
A class of stacks whose entries are stored in a chain of nodes.
Implement all methods in SimpleLinkedStack class using
the inner Node class.
Main Reference : text book or class notes
Do not change or add data fields
Do not add new methods
You may access Node object fields directly, i.e. data and next
*/
package PJ2;
public class SimpleLinkedStack implements StackInterface
{
// Data fields
private Node topNode; // references the first node in the chain
private int count; // number of data in this stack
public SimpleLinkedStack()
{
// add stataments
} // end default constructor
public void push(T newData)
{
// add stataments
} // end push
public T peek()
{
// add stataments
return null;
} // end peek
public T pop()
{
// add stataments
return null;
} // end pop
public boolean empty()
{
// add stataments
return false;
} // end empty
public int size()
{
// add stataments
return -1;
} // end isEmpty
public void clear()
{
// add stataments
} // end clear
public String toString()
{
// add stataments
// note: data class in stack must implement toString() method
// return a list of data in Stack, separate them with \',\'
return \"\";
}
/****************************************************
private inner node class
Do not modify this class!!
you may access data and next directly
***************************************************/
private class Node
{
private T data; // entry in list
private Node next; // link to next node
private Node (T dataPortion)
{
data = dataPortion;
next = null; // set next to NULL
} // end constructor
private Node (T dataPortion, Node nextNode)
{
data = dataPortion;
next = nextNode; // set next to refer to nextNode
} // end constructor
} // end Node
/****************************************************
Do not modify: Stack test
****************************************************/
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println(\"\ \"+
\"*******************************************************\ \"+
\"Sample Expected output:\ \"+
\"\ \"+
\"OK: stack is empty\ \"+
\"Push 3 data: 10, 30, 50\ \"+
\"Print stack [50,30,10,]\ \"+
\"OK: sta.
Please review my code (java)Someone helped me with it but i cannot.pdf
Please make it to clear 12-95. The basketball passed through the hoop even though it barely
cleared the hands of the player B who attempted to block it. Neglecting the size of the ball,
determine the magnitude vn of its initial velocity and the height h of the ball when it passes over
player B 10 ft 5 ft Prob. 12-95
Solution
Consider the motion along horizontal direction
Vox = initial velocity in horizontal direction = Va Cos30
X = horizontal distance = 25 + 3 = 28 ft
t = time taken
t = X / Vox = 28/(Va Cos30) eq-1
consider the motion in vertical direction
Y = vertical displacement = 10 - 7 = 3 ft
a = acceleration = - 32.2
Voy = initial velocity = Va Sin30
t = time taken
using the equation
Y = Voy t + (0.5) a t2
3 = (Va Sin30) (28/(Va Cos30)) + (0.5) (- 32.2) (28/(Va Cos30))2
Va = 35.8 m/s
t\' = time taken to reach B = 25 / (Va Cos30) = 25 / (35.8 Cos30) = 0.81 sec
h = 7 + Voy t\' + (0.5) a t\'2
h = 7 + (35.8 Sin30) (0.81) + (0.5) (- 32.2) (0.81)2
h = 10.94 ft.
Need help with writing the test cases for the following code in java-.docx
Need help with this question ASAP! Please and thanks
2 points The is typically the most powerful stakeholder for the project but is often not the most powerful person in the company. 2 points The two axes on grid we use to measure the impact a stakeholder could have on our project and how we manage the relationship with them are and
.
C program for array implementation of stack#include stdio.h.pdf
// C program for array implementation of stack
#include
#include
#include
// A structure to represent a stack
struct Stack
{
int top;
unsigned capacity;
int* array;
};
// function to create a stack of given capacity. It initializes size of
// stack as 0
struct Stack* createStack(unsigned capacity)
{
struct Stack* stack = (struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack->capacity = capacity;
stack->top = -1;
stack->array = (int*) malloc(stack->capacity * sizeof(int));
return stack;
}
// Stack is full when top is equal to the last index
int isFull(struct Stack* stack)
{ return stack->top == stack->capacity - 1; }
// Stack is empty when top is equal to -1
int isEmpty(struct Stack* stack)
{ return stack->top == -1; }
// Function to add an item to stack. It increases top by 1
void push(struct Stack* stack, int item)
{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
stack->array[++stack->top] = item;
printf(\"%d pushed to stack\ \", item);
}
// Function to remove an item from stack. It decreases top by 1
int pop(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return INT_MIN;
return stack->array[stack->top--];
}
// Function to get top item from stack
int peek(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return INT_MIN;
return stack->array[stack->top];
}
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
struct Stack* stack = createStack(100);
push(stack, 10);
push(stack, 20);
push(stack, 30);
printf(\"%d popped from stack\ \", pop(stack));
printf(\"Top item is %d\ \", peek(stack));
return 0;
}
// C program for array implementation of queue
#include
#include
#include
// A structure to represent a queue
struct Queue
{
int front, rear, size;
unsigned capacity;
int* array;
};
// function to create a queue of given capacity. It initializes size of
// queue as 0
struct Queue* createQueue(unsigned capacity)
{
struct Queue* queue = (struct Queue*) malloc(sizeof(struct Queue));
queue->capacity = capacity;
queue->front = queue->size = 0;
queue->rear = capacity - 1; // This is important, see the enqueue
queue->array = (int*) malloc(queue->capacity * sizeof(int));
return queue;
}
// Queue is full when size becomes equal to the capacity
int isFull(struct Queue* queue)
{ return (queue->size == queue->capacity); }
// Queue is empty when size is 0
int isEmpty(struct Queue* queue)
{ return (queue->size == 0); }
// Function to add an item to the queue. It changes rear and size
void enqueue(struct Queue* queue, int item)
{
if (isFull(queue))
return;
queue->rear = (queue->rear + 1)%queue->capacity;
queue->array[queue->rear] = item;
queue->size = queue->size + 1;
printf(\"%d enqueued to queue\ \", item);
}
// Function to remove an item from queue. It changes front and size
int dequeue(struct Queue* queue)
{
if (isEmpty(queue))
return INT_MIN;
int item = queue->array[queue->front];
queue->front = (queue->front + 1)%queue->capacity;
queue->size = queue->size - 1;
return item;
}
// Function to get front of queue
int front(struct Queue* queue)
{
if (isEmpty(queue))
return INT_MIN;
return queue-.
#includeiostream#includestdlib.husing namespace std;class .pdf
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class twoStacks
{
int *arr;
int size;
int top1, top2;
public:
twoStacks(int n) // constructor
{
size = n;
arr = new int[n];
top1 = -1;
top2 = size;
}
// Method to push an element x to stack1
void push1(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top1++;
arr[top1] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to push an element x to stack2
void push2(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top2--;
arr[top2] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from first stack
int pop1()
{
if (top1 >= 0 )
{
int x = arr[top1];
top1--;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from second stack
int pop2()
{
if (top2 < size)
{
int x = arr[top2];
top2++;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
};
/* Driver program to test twStacks class */
int main()
{
twoStacks ts(5);
ts.push1(5);
ts.push2(10);
ts.push2(15);
ts.push1(11);
ts.push2(7);
cout << \"Popped element from stack1 is \" << ts.pop1();
ts.push2(40);
cout << \"\ Popped element from stack2 is \" << ts.pop2();
return 0;
}
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class twoStacks
{
int *arr;
int size;
int top1, top2;
public:
twoStacks(int n) // constructor
{
size = n;
arr = new int[n];
top1 = -1;
top2 = size;
}
// Method to push an element x to stack1
void push1(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top1++;
arr[top1] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to push an element x to stack2
void push2(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top2--;
arr[top2] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from first stack
int pop1()
{
if (top1 >= 0 )
{
int x = arr[top1];
top1--;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from second stack
int pop2()
{
if (top2 < size)
{
int x = arr[top2];
top2++;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
};
/* Driver program to test twStacks class */
int main()
{
twoStacks ts(5);
ts.push1(5);
ts.push2(10);
ts.push2(15);
ts.push1(11);
ts.push2(7);
cout << \"Popped element from stack1 is \" << ts.pop1();
ts.push2(40);
cout << \"\ Popped element from stack2 is \" << ts.pop2();
return 0;
}
Solution
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class twoStacks
{
int *arr;
int size;
int top1, top2;
public:
twoStacks(int n) // constructor
{
size = n;
arr = new int[n];
top1 = -1;
top2 = size;
}
// Method to push an element x to stack1
void push1(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top1++;
arr[top1] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to push an element x to stack2
void push2(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes using these underlying data structures.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes with the appropriate member functions.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queue operations like enqueue and dequeue. Queues follow FIFO order and can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. It provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes with the appropriate member functions.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It describes stacks as lists where insertion and deletion occur at the same end, following LIFO order. The primary stack operations are push and pop. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Queues are lists where insertion occurs at one end and deletion at the other, following FIFO order. The primary queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Examples of stack and queue implementations and uses are provided.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes using these underlying data structures.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes using these underlying data structures.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using either arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Like stacks, queues support basic operations like enqueue and dequeue and can be implemented with arrays or linked lists. It provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as class structures.
Data structures stacks
Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack. Stacks have two main operations - Push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and Pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Compilers use stacks to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation and then evaluate the postfix expression. This process involves pushing and popping operators from the stack.
Java Foundations StackADT-java --- - Defines the interface to a stack.docx
Java Foundations
StackADT.java
/**
* Defines the interface to a stack collection.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface StackADT<T> {
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack.
*
* @param element element to be pushed onto the stack
*/
public void push(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the top element from this stack.
*
* @return the element removed from the stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the stack is empty
*/
public T pop();
/**
* Returns the top element of this stack without removing it from the stack.
*
* @return the element on top of the stack. It is not removed from the stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the stack is empty
*/
public T peek();
/**
* Returns true if this stack contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the stack is empty, false if the stack is not empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this stack.
*
* @return the number of elements in the stack
*/
public int size();
}
QueueADT.java
/**
* QueueADT defines the interface to a queue collection.
*
* @author Java Foundation
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface QueueADT<T> {
/**
* Adds one element to the rear of this queue.
*
* @param element the element to be added to the rear of the queue
*/
public void enqueue(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the element at the front of this queue.
*
* @return the element at the front of the queue
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the queue is empty
*/
public T dequeue();
/**
* Returns without removing the element at the front of this queue.
*
* @return the first element in the queue
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the queue is empty
*/
public T first();
/**
* Returns true if this queue contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the queue is empty, false if the queue is not empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this queue.
*
* @return the number of elements in the queue
*/
public int size();
}
LinkedDeque.java
public class LinkedDeque<T> implements QueueADT<T>, StackADT<T>, DequeADT<T> {
// inner class for a double linked list node
private class DNode<T> {
private T element;
private DNode<T> prev, next;
}
// data fields for the LinkedDeque class
private DNode<T> front, rear;
private int size;
// deque interface methods
@Override
public void addFirst(T element) {
// create a new node and set it up
DNode<T> newNode = new DNode<T>();
newNode.element = element; // from param to new node obj
newNode.prev = newNode.next = null;
if(this.isEmpty()) {
// we are making the only node in the deque
this.rear = this.front = newNode;
} else {
// there already exists a new node
// so, put the new node before the front node
newNode.next = this.front;
this.front.prev = newNode;
this.front = newNode;
}
this.size++;
}
@Override
public T removeFirst() {
T grabbedElt = this.getFirst(); // checks for empty for us
if.
Stack and its applications
Stack is an abstract data type that serves as a linear collection of elements. It has two main operations: push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and pop, which removes the top element. A stack follows last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, meaning the last element added is the first removed. Common real-world examples of stacks include piles of plates and books.
ReversePoem.java ---------------------------------- public cl.pdf
ReversePoem.java :-
---------------------------------
public class ReversePoem {
/*This programs has you display a pessimistic poem from a list of phrases*/
// and then reverse the phrases to find another more optimistic poem.
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
//Queue object
MyQueue queue = new MyQueue<>();
//Stack object
MyStack stack = new MyStack<>();
//String buffer to apppend all Strings
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
// Create a single String object from the 16 Strings below
String set1 = \"I am part of a lost generation#and I refuse to believe that#\";
sb.append(set1);
String set2 = \"I can change the world#I realize this may be a shock but#\";
sb.append(set2);
String set3 = \"\'Happiness comes from within\'#is a lie, and#\";
sb.append(set3);
String set4 = \"\'Money will make me happy\'#So in 30 years I will tell my children#\";
sb.append(set4);
String set5 = \"they are not the most important thing in my life#\";
sb.append(set5);
String set6 = \"My employer will know that#I have my priorities straight because#\";
sb.append(set6);
String set7 = \"work#is more important than#family#I tell you this#\";
sb.append(set7);
String set8 = \"Once upon a time#Families stayed together#\";
sb.append(set8);
String set9 = \"but this will not be true in my era#\";
sb.append(set9);
String set10 = \"This is a quick fix society#Experts tell me#\";
sb.append(set10);
String set11 = \"30 years from now, I will be celebrating the 10th anniversary of my
divorce#\";
sb.append(set11);
String set12 = \"I do not concede that#I will live in a country of my own making#\";
sb.append(set12);
String set13 = \"In the future#Environmental destruction will be the norm#\";
sb.append(set13);
String set14 = \"No longer can it be said that#My peers and I care about this earth#\";
sb.append(set14);
String set15 = \"It will be evident that#My generation is apathetic and lethargic#\";
sb.append(set15);
String set16 = \"It is foolish to presume that#There is hope#\";
sb.append(set16);
String finalString = sb.toString();
String itmes[] = finalString.split(\"#\");
System.out.println(\"========== Original Phrase ==============\");
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
queue.enqueue(itmes[i]);
System.out.println(itmes[i]);
}
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
stack.push(queue.dequeue());
}
System.out.println(\"========== Reverse Phrase ==============\");
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
System.out.println(stack.pop());
}
/* You are given a list of phrases in Strings; the phrases
are separated by pound signs: \'#\':
1. Create a single String object from this list.
2. Then, split the String of phrases into an array of
phrases using the String split method.
3. Display a poem by walking through the array and
displaying each phrase one per line.
4. And, at the same time, place each phrase on a
MyQueue object using only the enqueue method.
5. After all the phrases have been placed on the queue,
transfer the phrases from the MyQueue object to a
MyS.
All code should be in C++Using the UnsortedList class (UnsortedLis.pdf
All code should be in C++
Using the UnsortedList class (UnsortedList.h file below) write a function sublist which extracts
elements that are smaller than a given item from the given list and forms a new list. The
precondition of the function is: the list has been initialized and is not empty. The postconditions
are: newList contains all the items of the list whose values are less than the given item.
Implement the sublist function as a friend function of the UnsortedList class whose declaration
is:
friend void sublist(const UnsortedList& list,
const ItemType& item,
UnsortedList& newList);
(Hint: The UnsortedList class has private members
ItemType list[MAX_LENGTH];
int length;
and the member functions getLength, resetList, insert, remove, etc.)
//**********************************************************
// SPECIFICATION FILE (UnsortedList.h)
// This file gives the specification of a basic class
// template for unsorted array-based lists.
// The list components are not assumed to be in order by
// value.
//**********************************************************
#ifndef UNSORTEDLIST_H
#define UNSORTEDLIST_H
#include
#include // Needed for the exit function
using namespace std;
const int MAX_LENGTH = 100; // Maximum number of components
template // You may also choose to use
// typedef statement
class UnsortedList
{
public:
// Constructor
UnsortedList();
// Post: Empty list has been created. length has been set to zero.
// Knowledge responsibilities
int getLength() const;
// Post: Returns the length of the list
bool isEmpty() const;
// Post: Returns true if list is empty; false otherwise
bool isFull() const;
// Post: Returns true if list is full; false otherwise
bool isInList(const ItemType& item) const;
// Post: Returns true if item is int the list; false otherwise
int seqSearch(const ItemType& item) const;
// Function to search the list for a given item.
// Post: If item is found, returns the index in the array where
// item is found; otherwise, return -1.
// Action Responsibilities
void resetList();
// Post: The list becomes empty. length has been set to zero.
void insert(const ItemType& item);
// Function to insert item to the end of the list. However, first
// the list is searched to see whether the item to be inserted is
// already in the list.
// Post: list[length] = item and length++. If item is already in
// the list or the list is already full, an appropriate message is
// displayed.
void remove(const ItemType& item);
// Function to remove item from the list.
// Post: If item is found in the list, it is removed from the list
// and length is decremented by one.
// Overloaded [] operator declaration.
// This function returns a reference to the element in the
// array indexed by index.
ItemType& operator[](const int& index);
// Additional operations
void sort();
// Post: list items have been put into ascending order by selection sort
void selectionSort();
// Function to sort the items in the list.
// Post: list items have been put int.
Algo>Stacks
Stacks are a special type of list where insertions and deletions only occur at one end, called the top. There are two main types - static stacks have a fixed size and are implemented as arrays, while dynamic stacks can grow as needed and are implemented as linked lists. Common stack operations include push to insert at the top, pop to remove from the top, and functions to check if the stack is empty or return the top element. Stacks are useful data structures with LIFO (last in, first out) behavior and have various applications like implementing function call stacks in compilers.
Driver.java import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.Decimal.pdf
The Driver class contains methods to print numeric sequences, calculate triangular numbers, print arrays, and find the range between minimum and maximum values in an array. The main method calls each method, printing outputs including the sequences 0-10, -10 to 0, the sum of triangular numbers to 10, an array of values, and the range of the array.
Question 1,2,4 ------------------------------------Please check.pdf
Question 1,2,4 :-
-----------------------------------
Please check comments in Programme
#include
/**
* Method for Linear Search
* Loop through given array and search for given key
* IF found return index and stop
* else -1 will be returned at the end
*
*/
int search(int array[],int key,int size){
int index = -1;
for (int c = 0; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */
{
printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1);
index = c;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key);
return index;
}
/**
* Function for Binary search
* Binary search is used only for sorted arrays
* Check key with element at middle position
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle]
*
*/
int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == key) {
index = middle;
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return index;
}
/**
* Recursive linear search
* Instead of for loop call same method with next index
* first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 .....
*/
int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){
if(array[index] == key){
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index);
return index;
}
else if (index >= size-1){
return -1;
}
else{
return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index);
}
}
/**
* Recursive Binary Search
* Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle]
*/
int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
//Key not found
if(start> end){
return -1;
}
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key){
first = middle + 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}else if (array[middle] == key) {
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
return middle;
}
else{
last = middle - 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}
return -1;
}
/**
*Function t.
More Related Content
Similar to later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack cl.pdf
(674335607) cs2309 java-lab-manual
This document describes a Java program to implement a stack data structure using both an array and linked list. It defines a Stack interface and ArrayStack and LinkedListStack classes that implement the stack. The ArrayStack uses an array to store elements while LinkedListStack uses linked list nodes. Methods like push(), pop(), top(), and topAndPop() are implemented to add/remove elements from the stack. Exception handling is included for empty stack cases. Sample code tests inserting characters and numbers into both stack implementations.
Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entri.pdf
Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entries. Expand the array
dynamically, as necessary. Maintain the stack’s bottom entry in stack[stack.length – 1].
Your Stack class must implement StackInterface (provided). You may use ArrayStack.java
(provided) as the starting point for your implementation.
You must implement a comprehensive set of unit tests using the main() method (and private
utility methods) in ArrayStack.java.
ArrayStack.java
public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface
{
private T[] stack; // Array of stack entries
private int topIndex; // Index of top entry
private boolean initialized = false;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 50;
private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000;
public ArrayStack()
{
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
} // end default constructor
public ArrayStack(int initialCapacity)
{
checkCapacity(initialCapacity);
// The cast is safe because the new array contains null entries
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
T[] tempStack = (T[])new Object[initialCapacity];
stack = tempStack;
topIndex = -1;
initialized = true;
} // end constructor
// < Implementations of the stack operations go here. >
// < Implementations of the private methods go here; checkCapacity and
// checkInitialization are analogous to those in Chapter 2. >
// . . .
} // end ArrayStack
StackInterface.java
public interface StackInterface
{
/** Adds a new entry to the top of this stack.
@param newEntry An object to be added to the stack. */
public void push(T newEntry);
/** Removes and returns this stack\'s top entry.
@return The object at the top of the stack.
@throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty before the operation. */
public T pop();
/** Retrieves this stack\'s top entry.
@return The object at the top of the stack.
@throws EmptyStackException if the stack is empty. */
public T peek();
/** Detects whether this stack is empty.
@return True if the stack is empty. */
public boolean isEmpty();
/** Removes all entries from this stack. */
public void clear();
} // end StackInterface
Solution
StackTester.java
public class StackTester
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayStack aS = new ArrayStack();
aS.push(3);
aS.push(5);
aS.push(10);
aS.push(11);
System.out.println(\"\"+ aS.peek() + \", \" + aS.pop() + \", \" + aS.peek2());
aS.remove(1);
}
}
ArrayStack.java
import java.util.Arrays;
public class ArrayStack implements StackInterface
{
private T[] stack;
private int topIndex;
private boolean initialized = false;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 50;
private static final int MAX_CAPACITY = 10000;
public ArrayStack()
{
this(DEFAULT_CAPACITY);
}
public ArrayStack(int initialCapacity)
{
checkCapacity(initialCapacity);
@SuppressWarnings(\"unchecked\")
T[] tempStack = (T[])new Object[initialCapacity];
stack = tempStack;
topIndex = -1;
initialized = true;
}
public boolean isEmpty()
{
return topIndex < 0;
}
private void ensureCapacity()
{
if(topIndex == stack.length - 1)
{
int newLength = 2*stack.length;
.
StackInterface An interface for the ADT stack. Do not modif.pdf
StackInterface
/**
An interface for the ADT stack.
Do not modify this file
*/
package PJ2;
public interface StackInterface
{
/** Gets the current number of data in this stack.
@return the integer number of entries currently in the stack*/
public int size();
/** Adds a new data to the top of this stack.
@param aData an object to be added to the stack */
public void push(T aData);
/** Removes and returns this stack\'s top data.
@return either the object at the top of the stack or,
if the stack is empty before the operation, null */
public T pop();
/** Retrieves this stack\'s top data.
@return either the data at the top of the stack or
null if the stack is empty */
public T peek();
/** Detects whether this stack is empty.
@return true if the stack is empty */
public boolean empty();
/** Removes all data from this stack */
public void clear();
} // end StackInterface
SimpleLinkedStack.java
/**
A class of stacks whose entries are stored in a chain of nodes.
Implement all methods in SimpleLinkedStack class using
the inner Node class.
Main Reference : text book or class notes
Do not change or add data fields
Do not add new methods
You may access Node object fields directly, i.e. data and next
*/
package PJ2;
public class SimpleLinkedStack implements StackInterface
{
// Data fields
private Node topNode; // references the first node in the chain
private int count; // number of data in this stack
public SimpleLinkedStack()
{
// add stataments
} // end default constructor
public void push(T newData)
{
// add stataments
} // end push
public T peek()
{
// add stataments
return null;
} // end peek
public T pop()
{
// add stataments
return null;
} // end pop
public boolean empty()
{
// add stataments
return false;
} // end empty
public int size()
{
// add stataments
return -1;
} // end isEmpty
public void clear()
{
// add stataments
} // end clear
public String toString()
{
// add stataments
// note: data class in stack must implement toString() method
// return a list of data in Stack, separate them with \',\'
return \"\";
}
/****************************************************
private inner node class
Do not modify this class!!
you may access data and next directly
***************************************************/
private class Node
{
private T data; // entry in list
private Node next; // link to next node
private Node (T dataPortion)
{
data = dataPortion;
next = null; // set next to NULL
} // end constructor
private Node (T dataPortion, Node nextNode)
{
data = dataPortion;
next = nextNode; // set next to refer to nextNode
} // end constructor
} // end Node
/****************************************************
Do not modify: Stack test
****************************************************/
public static void main (String args[])
{
System.out.println(\"\ \"+
\"*******************************************************\ \"+
\"Sample Expected output:\ \"+
\"\ \"+
\"OK: stack is empty\ \"+
\"Push 3 data: 10, 30, 50\ \"+
\"Print stack [50,30,10,]\ \"+
\"OK: sta.
Please review my code (java)Someone helped me with it but i cannot.pdf
Please make it to clear 12-95. The basketball passed through the hoop even though it barely
cleared the hands of the player B who attempted to block it. Neglecting the size of the ball,
determine the magnitude vn of its initial velocity and the height h of the ball when it passes over
player B 10 ft 5 ft Prob. 12-95
Solution
Consider the motion along horizontal direction
Vox = initial velocity in horizontal direction = Va Cos30
X = horizontal distance = 25 + 3 = 28 ft
t = time taken
t = X / Vox = 28/(Va Cos30) eq-1
consider the motion in vertical direction
Y = vertical displacement = 10 - 7 = 3 ft
a = acceleration = - 32.2
Voy = initial velocity = Va Sin30
t = time taken
using the equation
Y = Voy t + (0.5) a t2
3 = (Va Sin30) (28/(Va Cos30)) + (0.5) (- 32.2) (28/(Va Cos30))2
Va = 35.8 m/s
t\' = time taken to reach B = 25 / (Va Cos30) = 25 / (35.8 Cos30) = 0.81 sec
h = 7 + Voy t\' + (0.5) a t\'2
h = 7 + (35.8 Sin30) (0.81) + (0.5) (- 32.2) (0.81)2
h = 10.94 ft.
Need help with writing the test cases for the following code in java-.docx
Need help with this question ASAP! Please and thanks
2 points The is typically the most powerful stakeholder for the project but is often not the most powerful person in the company. 2 points The two axes on grid we use to measure the impact a stakeholder could have on our project and how we manage the relationship with them are and
.
C program for array implementation of stack#include stdio.h.pdf
// C program for array implementation of stack
#include
#include
#include
// A structure to represent a stack
struct Stack
{
int top;
unsigned capacity;
int* array;
};
// function to create a stack of given capacity. It initializes size of
// stack as 0
struct Stack* createStack(unsigned capacity)
{
struct Stack* stack = (struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack->capacity = capacity;
stack->top = -1;
stack->array = (int*) malloc(stack->capacity * sizeof(int));
return stack;
}
// Stack is full when top is equal to the last index
int isFull(struct Stack* stack)
{ return stack->top == stack->capacity - 1; }
// Stack is empty when top is equal to -1
int isEmpty(struct Stack* stack)
{ return stack->top == -1; }
// Function to add an item to stack. It increases top by 1
void push(struct Stack* stack, int item)
{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
stack->array[++stack->top] = item;
printf(\"%d pushed to stack\ \", item);
}
// Function to remove an item from stack. It decreases top by 1
int pop(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return INT_MIN;
return stack->array[stack->top--];
}
// Function to get top item from stack
int peek(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return INT_MIN;
return stack->array[stack->top];
}
// Driver program to test above functions
int main()
{
struct Stack* stack = createStack(100);
push(stack, 10);
push(stack, 20);
push(stack, 30);
printf(\"%d popped from stack\ \", pop(stack));
printf(\"Top item is %d\ \", peek(stack));
return 0;
}
// C program for array implementation of queue
#include
#include
#include
// A structure to represent a queue
struct Queue
{
int front, rear, size;
unsigned capacity;
int* array;
};
// function to create a queue of given capacity. It initializes size of
// queue as 0
struct Queue* createQueue(unsigned capacity)
{
struct Queue* queue = (struct Queue*) malloc(sizeof(struct Queue));
queue->capacity = capacity;
queue->front = queue->size = 0;
queue->rear = capacity - 1; // This is important, see the enqueue
queue->array = (int*) malloc(queue->capacity * sizeof(int));
return queue;
}
// Queue is full when size becomes equal to the capacity
int isFull(struct Queue* queue)
{ return (queue->size == queue->capacity); }
// Queue is empty when size is 0
int isEmpty(struct Queue* queue)
{ return (queue->size == 0); }
// Function to add an item to the queue. It changes rear and size
void enqueue(struct Queue* queue, int item)
{
if (isFull(queue))
return;
queue->rear = (queue->rear + 1)%queue->capacity;
queue->array[queue->rear] = item;
queue->size = queue->size + 1;
printf(\"%d enqueued to queue\ \", item);
}
// Function to remove an item from queue. It changes front and size
int dequeue(struct Queue* queue)
{
if (isEmpty(queue))
return INT_MIN;
int item = queue->array[queue->front];
queue->front = (queue->front + 1)%queue->capacity;
queue->size = queue->size - 1;
return item;
}
// Function to get front of queue
int front(struct Queue* queue)
{
if (isEmpty(queue))
return INT_MIN;
return queue-.
#includeiostream#includestdlib.husing namespace std;class .pdf
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class twoStacks
{
int *arr;
int size;
int top1, top2;
public:
twoStacks(int n) // constructor
{
size = n;
arr = new int[n];
top1 = -1;
top2 = size;
}
// Method to push an element x to stack1
void push1(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top1++;
arr[top1] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to push an element x to stack2
void push2(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top2--;
arr[top2] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from first stack
int pop1()
{
if (top1 >= 0 )
{
int x = arr[top1];
top1--;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from second stack
int pop2()
{
if (top2 < size)
{
int x = arr[top2];
top2++;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
};
/* Driver program to test twStacks class */
int main()
{
twoStacks ts(5);
ts.push1(5);
ts.push2(10);
ts.push2(15);
ts.push1(11);
ts.push2(7);
cout << \"Popped element from stack1 is \" << ts.pop1();
ts.push2(40);
cout << \"\ Popped element from stack2 is \" << ts.pop2();
return 0;
}
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class twoStacks
{
int *arr;
int size;
int top1, top2;
public:
twoStacks(int n) // constructor
{
size = n;
arr = new int[n];
top1 = -1;
top2 = size;
}
// Method to push an element x to stack1
void push1(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top1++;
arr[top1] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to push an element x to stack2
void push2(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top2--;
arr[top2] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from first stack
int pop1()
{
if (top1 >= 0 )
{
int x = arr[top1];
top1--;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to pop an element from second stack
int pop2()
{
if (top2 < size)
{
int x = arr[top2];
top2++;
return x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack UnderFlow\";
exit(1);
}
}
};
/* Driver program to test twStacks class */
int main()
{
twoStacks ts(5);
ts.push1(5);
ts.push2(10);
ts.push2(15);
ts.push1(11);
ts.push2(7);
cout << \"Popped element from stack1 is \" << ts.pop1();
ts.push2(40);
cout << \"\ Popped element from stack2 is \" << ts.pop2();
return 0;
}
Solution
#include
#include
using namespace std;
class twoStacks
{
int *arr;
int size;
int top1, top2;
public:
twoStacks(int n) // constructor
{
size = n;
arr = new int[n];
top1 = -1;
top2 = size;
}
// Method to push an element x to stack1
void push1(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{
top1++;
arr[top1] = x;
}
else
{
cout << \"Stack Overflow\";
exit(1);
}
}
// Method to push an element x to stack2
void push2(int x)
{
// There is at least one empty space for new element
if (top1 < top2 - 1)
{.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes using these underlying data structures.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes with the appropriate member functions.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queue operations like enqueue and dequeue. Queues follow FIFO order and can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. It provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes with the appropriate member functions.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It describes stacks as lists where insertion and deletion occur at the same end, following LIFO order. The primary stack operations are push and pop. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Queues are lists where insertion occurs at one end and deletion at the other, following FIFO order. The primary queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Examples of stack and queue implementations and uses are provided.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes using these underlying data structures.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Key queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues can also be implemented using arrays or linked lists. The document provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as classes using these underlying data structures.
Stack queue
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It begins by defining a Node struct and List class to implement a linked list. It then provides an overview of stacks, including common stack operations like push and pop. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using either arrays or linked lists. The document also discusses queues, which follow FIFO order. Like stacks, queues support basic operations like enqueue and dequeue and can be implemented with arrays or linked lists. It provides examples of implementing both stacks and queues as class structures.
Data structures stacks
Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack. Stacks have two main operations - Push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and Pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Compilers use stacks to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation and then evaluate the postfix expression. This process involves pushing and popping operators from the stack.
Java Foundations StackADT-java --- - Defines the interface to a stack.docx
Java Foundations
StackADT.java
/**
* Defines the interface to a stack collection.
*
* @author Java Foundations
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface StackADT<T> {
/**
* Adds the specified element to the top of this stack.
*
* @param element element to be pushed onto the stack
*/
public void push(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the top element from this stack.
*
* @return the element removed from the stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the stack is empty
*/
public T pop();
/**
* Returns the top element of this stack without removing it from the stack.
*
* @return the element on top of the stack. It is not removed from the stack
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the stack is empty
*/
public T peek();
/**
* Returns true if this stack contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the stack is empty, false if the stack is not empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this stack.
*
* @return the number of elements in the stack
*/
public int size();
}
QueueADT.java
/**
* QueueADT defines the interface to a queue collection.
*
* @author Java Foundation
* @version 4.0
*/
public interface QueueADT<T> {
/**
* Adds one element to the rear of this queue.
*
* @param element the element to be added to the rear of the queue
*/
public void enqueue(T element);
/**
* Removes and returns the element at the front of this queue.
*
* @return the element at the front of the queue
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the queue is empty
*/
public T dequeue();
/**
* Returns without removing the element at the front of this queue.
*
* @return the first element in the queue
* @throws EmptyCollectionException if the queue is empty
*/
public T first();
/**
* Returns true if this queue contains no elements.
*
* @return true if the queue is empty, false if the queue is not empty
*/
public boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this queue.
*
* @return the number of elements in the queue
*/
public int size();
}
LinkedDeque.java
public class LinkedDeque<T> implements QueueADT<T>, StackADT<T>, DequeADT<T> {
// inner class for a double linked list node
private class DNode<T> {
private T element;
private DNode<T> prev, next;
}
// data fields for the LinkedDeque class
private DNode<T> front, rear;
private int size;
// deque interface methods
@Override
public void addFirst(T element) {
// create a new node and set it up
DNode<T> newNode = new DNode<T>();
newNode.element = element; // from param to new node obj
newNode.prev = newNode.next = null;
if(this.isEmpty()) {
// we are making the only node in the deque
this.rear = this.front = newNode;
} else {
// there already exists a new node
// so, put the new node before the front node
newNode.next = this.front;
this.front.prev = newNode;
this.front = newNode;
}
this.size++;
}
@Override
public T removeFirst() {
T grabbedElt = this.getFirst(); // checks for empty for us
if.
Stack and its applications
Stack is an abstract data type that serves as a linear collection of elements. It has two main operations: push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and pop, which removes the top element. A stack follows last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, meaning the last element added is the first removed. Common real-world examples of stacks include piles of plates and books.
ReversePoem.java ---------------------------------- public cl.pdf
ReversePoem.java :-
---------------------------------
public class ReversePoem {
/*This programs has you display a pessimistic poem from a list of phrases*/
// and then reverse the phrases to find another more optimistic poem.
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
//Queue object
MyQueue queue = new MyQueue<>();
//Stack object
MyStack stack = new MyStack<>();
//String buffer to apppend all Strings
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
// Create a single String object from the 16 Strings below
String set1 = \"I am part of a lost generation#and I refuse to believe that#\";
sb.append(set1);
String set2 = \"I can change the world#I realize this may be a shock but#\";
sb.append(set2);
String set3 = \"\'Happiness comes from within\'#is a lie, and#\";
sb.append(set3);
String set4 = \"\'Money will make me happy\'#So in 30 years I will tell my children#\";
sb.append(set4);
String set5 = \"they are not the most important thing in my life#\";
sb.append(set5);
String set6 = \"My employer will know that#I have my priorities straight because#\";
sb.append(set6);
String set7 = \"work#is more important than#family#I tell you this#\";
sb.append(set7);
String set8 = \"Once upon a time#Families stayed together#\";
sb.append(set8);
String set9 = \"but this will not be true in my era#\";
sb.append(set9);
String set10 = \"This is a quick fix society#Experts tell me#\";
sb.append(set10);
String set11 = \"30 years from now, I will be celebrating the 10th anniversary of my
divorce#\";
sb.append(set11);
String set12 = \"I do not concede that#I will live in a country of my own making#\";
sb.append(set12);
String set13 = \"In the future#Environmental destruction will be the norm#\";
sb.append(set13);
String set14 = \"No longer can it be said that#My peers and I care about this earth#\";
sb.append(set14);
String set15 = \"It will be evident that#My generation is apathetic and lethargic#\";
sb.append(set15);
String set16 = \"It is foolish to presume that#There is hope#\";
sb.append(set16);
String finalString = sb.toString();
String itmes[] = finalString.split(\"#\");
System.out.println(\"========== Original Phrase ==============\");
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
queue.enqueue(itmes[i]);
System.out.println(itmes[i]);
}
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
stack.push(queue.dequeue());
}
System.out.println(\"========== Reverse Phrase ==============\");
for(int i = 0 ; i < itmes.length;i++){
System.out.println(stack.pop());
}
/* You are given a list of phrases in Strings; the phrases
are separated by pound signs: \'#\':
1. Create a single String object from this list.
2. Then, split the String of phrases into an array of
phrases using the String split method.
3. Display a poem by walking through the array and
displaying each phrase one per line.
4. And, at the same time, place each phrase on a
MyQueue object using only the enqueue method.
5. After all the phrases have been placed on the queue,
transfer the phrases from the MyQueue object to a
MyS.
All code should be in C++Using the UnsortedList class (UnsortedLis.pdf
All code should be in C++
Using the UnsortedList class (UnsortedList.h file below) write a function sublist which extracts
elements that are smaller than a given item from the given list and forms a new list. The
precondition of the function is: the list has been initialized and is not empty. The postconditions
are: newList contains all the items of the list whose values are less than the given item.
Implement the sublist function as a friend function of the UnsortedList class whose declaration
is:
friend void sublist(const UnsortedList& list,
const ItemType& item,
UnsortedList& newList);
(Hint: The UnsortedList class has private members
ItemType list[MAX_LENGTH];
int length;
and the member functions getLength, resetList, insert, remove, etc.)
//**********************************************************
// SPECIFICATION FILE (UnsortedList.h)
// This file gives the specification of a basic class
// template for unsorted array-based lists.
// The list components are not assumed to be in order by
// value.
//**********************************************************
#ifndef UNSORTEDLIST_H
#define UNSORTEDLIST_H
#include
#include // Needed for the exit function
using namespace std;
const int MAX_LENGTH = 100; // Maximum number of components
template // You may also choose to use
// typedef statement
class UnsortedList
{
public:
// Constructor
UnsortedList();
// Post: Empty list has been created. length has been set to zero.
// Knowledge responsibilities
int getLength() const;
// Post: Returns the length of the list
bool isEmpty() const;
// Post: Returns true if list is empty; false otherwise
bool isFull() const;
// Post: Returns true if list is full; false otherwise
bool isInList(const ItemType& item) const;
// Post: Returns true if item is int the list; false otherwise
int seqSearch(const ItemType& item) const;
// Function to search the list for a given item.
// Post: If item is found, returns the index in the array where
// item is found; otherwise, return -1.
// Action Responsibilities
void resetList();
// Post: The list becomes empty. length has been set to zero.
void insert(const ItemType& item);
// Function to insert item to the end of the list. However, first
// the list is searched to see whether the item to be inserted is
// already in the list.
// Post: list[length] = item and length++. If item is already in
// the list or the list is already full, an appropriate message is
// displayed.
void remove(const ItemType& item);
// Function to remove item from the list.
// Post: If item is found in the list, it is removed from the list
// and length is decremented by one.
// Overloaded [] operator declaration.
// This function returns a reference to the element in the
// array indexed by index.
ItemType& operator[](const int& index);
// Additional operations
void sort();
// Post: list items have been put into ascending order by selection sort
void selectionSort();
// Function to sort the items in the list.
// Post: list items have been put int.
Algo>Stacks
Stacks are a special type of list where insertions and deletions only occur at one end, called the top. There are two main types - static stacks have a fixed size and are implemented as arrays, while dynamic stacks can grow as needed and are implemented as linked lists. Common stack operations include push to insert at the top, pop to remove from the top, and functions to check if the stack is empty or return the top element. Stacks are useful data structures with LIFO (last in, first out) behavior and have various applications like implementing function call stacks in compilers.
Similar to later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack cl.pdf (20)
Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entri.pdf
Implement the ADT stack by using an array stack to contain its entri.pdf
StackInterface An interface for the ADT stack. Do not modif.pdf
StackInterface An interface for the ADT stack. Do not modif.pdf
Please review my code (java)Someone helped me with it but i cannot.pdf
Please review my code (java)Someone helped me with it but i cannot.pdf
Need help with writing the test cases for the following code in java-.docx
Need help with writing the test cases for the following code in java-.docx
C program for array implementation of stack#include stdio.h.pdf
C program for array implementation of stack#include stdio.h.pdf
#includeiostream#includestdlib.husing namespace std;class .pdf
#includeiostream#includestdlib.husing namespace std;class .pdf
Java Foundations StackADT-java --- - Defines the interface to a stack.docx
Java Foundations StackADT-java --- - Defines the interface to a stack.docx
ReversePoem.java ---------------------------------- public cl.pdf
ReversePoem.java ---------------------------------- public cl.pdf
All code should be in C++Using the UnsortedList class (UnsortedLis.pdf
All code should be in C++Using the UnsortedList class (UnsortedLis.pdf
More from anandhomeneeds
Driver.java import java.util.Scanner; import java.text.Decimal.pdf
The Driver class contains methods to print numeric sequences, calculate triangular numbers, print arrays, and find the range between minimum and maximum values in an array. The main method calls each method, printing outputs including the sequences 0-10, -10 to 0, the sum of triangular numbers to 10, an array of values, and the range of the array.
Question 1,2,4 ------------------------------------Please check.pdf
Question 1,2,4 :-
-----------------------------------
Please check comments in Programme
#include
/**
* Method for Linear Search
* Loop through given array and search for given key
* IF found return index and stop
* else -1 will be returned at the end
*
*/
int search(int array[],int key,int size){
int index = -1;
for (int c = 0; c < size; c++)
{
if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */
{
printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1);
index = c;
break;
}
}
if(index == -1)
printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key);
return index;
}
/**
* Function for Binary search
* Binary search is used only for sorted arrays
* Check key with element at middle position
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle]
*
*/
int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
while (first <= last) {
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key)
first = middle + 1;
else if (array[middle] == key) {
index = middle;
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
break;
}
else
last = middle - 1;
middle = (first + last)/2;
}
return index;
}
/**
* Recursive linear search
* Instead of for loop call same method with next index
* first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 .....
*/
int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){
if(array[index] == key){
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index);
return index;
}
else if (index >= size-1){
return -1;
}
else{
return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index);
}
}
/**
* Recursive Binary Search
* Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle
* if key == then return middle positon
* if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last]
* if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle]
*/
int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){
//Key not found
if(start> end){
return -1;
}
int index = -1;
int first = start;
int last = end;
int middle = (first+last)/2;
//Print array between first nad last for each step
printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \");
for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){
printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]);
}
printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \");
if (array[middle] < key){
first = middle + 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}else if (array[middle] == key) {
printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1);
return middle;
}
else{
last = middle - 1;
return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ;
}
return -1;
}
/**
*Function t.
The answer is C. securin.APC degrade securin to release separase .pdf
The answer is: C. securin.
APC degrade securin to release separase which degrades cohesin.
Solution
The answer is: C. securin.
APC degrade securin to release separase which degrades cohesin..
HiCan you please summarise the question. More information confuse .pdf
Hi
Can you please summarise the question. More information confuse to sole this question
Solution
Hi
Can you please summarise the question. More information confuse to sole this question.
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HICHydrophob.pdf
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity,
and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a
stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be
performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening
required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy
that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt.
HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion
of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue.
====================================================
Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC
Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage
chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins.
The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein-
medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a
high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially
washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC utilizes a more polar, less
denaturing environment than RPLC, it is getting to be well known for protein filtration, regularly
in blend with particle trade or gel filtration chromatography.
Solution
What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity,
and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a
stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be
performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening
required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy
that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt.
HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion
of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue.
====================================================
Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC
Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage
chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins.
The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein-
medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a
high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially
washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC uti.
upload complete priblem somthing is missingSolutionupload comp.pdf
The document discusses an upload issue where the process completed but something was missing. No other details are provided about the upload, missing content, or possible solutions. The document repeats the same short statement twice without providing any useful information to understand or resolve the issue.
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis.pdf
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example
two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example,
lets take first locus to be C and other to be P.
later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant.
Solution
the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example
two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example,
lets take first locus to be C and other to be P.
later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant..
The substrate in urease test is urea.The end products in urease te.pdf
The substrate in urease test is urea.
The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water
(NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3
Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is
indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1).
Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24
hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no
colour.
Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for
detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO
test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species
of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying
Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp.
Solution
The substrate in urease test is urea.
The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water
(NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3
Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is
indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1).
Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24
hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no
colour.
Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for
detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO
test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species
of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying
Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp..
I think that 34SolutionI think that 34.pdf
This very short document does not provide enough context or information to generate a meaningful 3 sentence summary. It contains a statement about the number 34 but does not elaborate on the topic or point being discussed.
D(ANSWER)Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycry.pdf
D(ANSWER)
Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycrystals are solids that are composed of
many crystallites of varying size and orientation. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. They
are small or even microscopic crystals and form during the cooling of many materials. Their
orientation can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed,
possibly due to growth and processing conditions. Fiber texture is an example of the latter. The
areas where crystallite grains meet are known as grain boundaries.
Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet. A grain boundary is
a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in
orientation. The term \"crystallite boundary\" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary
areas contain those atoms that have been perturbed from their original lattice sites, dislocations,
and impurities that have migrated to the lower energy grain boundary.
Treating a grain boundary geometrically as an interface of a single crystal cut into two parts, one
of which is rotated, we see that there are five variables required to define a grain boundary. The
first two numbers come from the unit vector that specifies a rotation axis. The third number
designates the angle of rotation of the grain. The final two numbers specify the plane of the grain
boundary (or a unit vector that is normal to this plane).
Grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material. Dislocation propagation
is impeded because of the stress field of the grain boundary defect region and the lack of slip
planes and slip directions and overall alignment across the boundaries. Reducing grain size is
therefore a common way to improve strength, often without any sacrifice in toughness because
the smaller grains create more obstacles per unit area of slip plane. This crystallite size-strength
relationship is given by the Hall-Petch relationship. The high interfacial energy and relatively
weak bonding in grain boundaries makes them preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for
the precipitation of new phases from the solid.
Grain boundary migration plays an important role in many of the mechanisms of creep. Grain
boundary migration occurs when a shear stress acts on the grain boundary plane and causes the
grains to slide. This means that fine-grained materials actually have a poor resistance to creep
relative to coarser grains, especially at high temperatures, because smaller grains contain more
atoms in grain boundary sites. Grain boundaries also cause deformation in that they are sources
and sinks of point defects. Voids in a material tend to gather in a grain boundary, and if this
happens to a critical extent, the material could fracture.
During grain boundary migration, the rate determining step depends on the angle between two
adjacent grains. In a small angle dislocation boundary, the migration rate depends on vac.
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are tran.pdf
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet
protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network.
2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell
alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights
management.
3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network
investment .
4.super head end : It is brain of iptv system.this is the place where broadcasting channels are
received and transmited through the sources like fibre feeds,satelites.the video demand storage
content is present at this stage.
5.Coustmer premise equipement:It is joined with home wiring to produce the home network.it
contains a residential gate which is used to handle the control request from set top box.originally
the cost of home wiring is costly,service providers extremely prefers to rewire the homes at the
time of begining installation.
6.Core network: It is the middle part of a communication system offering a interconnection shift
between the boarder networks.it is utilized to offer a soloitary connection.
7.headend end :It is a slice of television system.modulators demodulators processors and
antennna....etc apparatus are used at this headend.
protocols:
1.This iptv layers on multicast ans unicast.the protocols that are utilized in iptv are as below.
1.service based provider streaming
2.web based unicast only live and vod
3.web based multicast live and unicast vod streaming
4.joined tv\'s set top boxes
Devices
The devices utilized in internet protocol telivision are as below
1.android
2.mobiles
3.smart tvs
4.spark
5.royal
6.sun price ................etc
Features specific to television services
1.Time shifting :A combo of iptv and digital video recorder allows the time shifting of
scheduling theme.
2.Personalization:End-to-end iptv methodology braces the bidirectional communicationa and
permits the end users to indidualize their tv watching atitude by permiting the users to mark as
per their mood and what they want to see.
3.bandwidth requirements:This iptv system supports as per the channel requested by user.hence
the iptv system allows the cable operators in order to preserve the bandwidth.
4.Support to interact tv:This iptv system offers two -way proficiency to perit the network
operators to carry a complete output interactive of tv applications like games,internet browsing.
Solution
1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet
protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network.
2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell
alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights
management.
3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network
investment .
4.super head en.
Answer The major objective of implementing a health information man.pdf
Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to
automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing
the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing,
but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile
(personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\'
profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed),
accounting, health related human resources among many other things.
Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment
prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health
Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is
present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and
confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is
breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous.
Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant
security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system.
Solution
Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to
automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing
the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing,
but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile
(personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\'
profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed),
accounting, health related human resources among many other things.
Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment
prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health
Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is
present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and
confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is
breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous.
Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant
security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system..
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS).pdf
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are:
1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being
measured in terabytes or even petabytes.
2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be
down(unavailable) at some given instance.
3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines.
4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput
over low latency.
5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore
availability.
Solution
The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are:
1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being
measured in terabytes or even petabytes.
2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be
down(unavailable) at some given instance.
3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines.
4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput
over low latency.
5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore
availability..
Properties areMeanModeMedianQuartilesPercentilesRan.pdf
Properties are:
Mean
Mode
Median
Quartiles
Percentiles
Range
Mean = Sum of values / n
Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance )
Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n
Median = Middle Most Observation
Mode = Most Repeated Observation
Range = Maximum - Minimum
Solution
Properties are:
Mean
Mode
Median
Quartiles
Percentiles
Range
Mean = Sum of values / n
Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance )
Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n
Median = Middle Most Observation
Mode = Most Repeated Observation
Range = Maximum - Minimum.
MgCO3 Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction Mg.pdf
MgCO3:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
MgCO3(s) + 2H+ ==> Mg(2+) + H2O + CO2(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
AgI:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
CuS:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
CuS(s) + 2H+ ==> Cu(2+) + H2S(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
PbBr2:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
Ba(OH)2
The solubility of Ba(OH)2 in water is only 5.6 g/100 g. By acidifying the solution, the following
reaction take place:
H+ + OH- ==> H2O
and thus [OH-] would drop, and thus Ba(OH)2 solubility would be increased.
Solution
MgCO3:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
MgCO3(s) + 2H+ ==> Mg(2+) + H2O + CO2(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
AgI:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
CuS:
Increasing acidity will cause the following reaction:
CuS(s) + 2H+ ==> Cu(2+) + H2S(g)
and thus the solubility will increase.
PbBr2:
Increasing acidity will NOT affect the solubility.
Ba(OH)2
The solubility of Ba(OH)2 in water is only 5.6 g/100 g. By acidifying the solution, the following
reaction take place:
H+ + OH- ==> H2O
and thus [OH-] would drop, and thus Ba(OH)2 solubility would be increased..
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function an.pdf
Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in
combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be
collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity
patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that
climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future.
The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In
comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter,
and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have
been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating
most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial
periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of
speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest
Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations
and spurred on the evolution of reptiles
Greenhouse effect - the mechanism
The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into
space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and
reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the
greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature
change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone
Mechanism of global warming:
i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby
wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature
of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted
to use.
ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or
absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does
not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system.
iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b)
Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot
of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at
which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere,
water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are
increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting
global climate patterns.
Effec.
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today..pdf
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today.
This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones
examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton.
The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day
humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to
walk bipedally.
Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters.
It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may
come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined.
Solution
1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today.
This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones
examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton.
The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day
humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to
walk bipedally.
Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters.
It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may
come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined..
Mobile IP1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(.pdf
Mobile IP:
1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) standard communications
protocol.
2) This is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while
maintaining a permanent IP address.
3) Mobile IP for IPv4 is described in IETF RFC 5944 and extensions are defined in IETF RFC
4721.
4) Mobile IPv6 the IP mobility implementation for the next generation of the Internet Protocol
IPv6 is described in RFC 6275.
Advantages of using Mobile IP
• It allows fast, continuous lowcost access to corporate networks in remote areas where there
is no public telephone system or cellular coverage.
• It supports a wide range of applications from Internet access and email to ecommerce.
• Users can be permanently connected to their Internet provider and charged only for the data
packets that are sent and received.
• Lower equipment and utilization costs for those requiring reliable highspeed data connections
in remote locations worldwide.
• A user can take a palmtop or laptop computer anywhere without losing the connection to the
home network.
• Mobile IP finds local IP routers and connects automatically. It is phonejack and wirefree.
• Other than mobile nodes/routers, the remaining routers and hosts will still use current IP.
Mobile IP leaves transport and higher protocols
unaffected.
• Authentication is performed to ensure that rights are being protected.
• Mobile IP can move from one type of medium to another without losing connectivity. It is
unique in its ability to accommodate heterogeneous
mobility in addition to homogenous mobility.
Disadvantage of Mobile IP
• There is a routing inefficiency problem caused by the “triangle routing” formed by the home
agent, correspondent host and the foreign agent.
• Security risks are the most important problem facing Mobile IP. Besides the traditional security
risks with
IP, one has to worry about faked careof addresses.
• Another issue related to the security is how to make Mobile IP coexist with the security
features coming in
use within the Internet.
Characteristics of Mobile IP (Baseline Requirements)
• Compatibility: A new standard cannot require changes for applications or network protocols
already in use.
• Transparency: Mobility should remain “invisible” for many higher layer protocols and
applications.
• Scalability and efficiency: Introducing a new mechanism into the Internet must not degrade the
efficiency of the network.
• Security: All messages used to transmit information to another node about the location of a
mobile node must be authenticated to protect against remote redirection attacks
The Mobile IP in Wireless Networks
• new proposed standard of the IETF designed to support mobile users .
• new Internet standard for the Web and private networks.
• currently two standards one to support the current IPv4 one for the upcoming IPv6.
• One of the big requirements on the new standard is that it should support both ordinary and
wireless network
• The big issue is.
Answer1. Cells can generate many different tissue types endoderm,.pdf
Answer
1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue.
3. Cells can generate any type of muscle.
4. cells can generate heart muscle.
Solution
Answer
1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm
2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue.
3. Cells can generate any type of muscle.
4. cells can generate heart muscle..
3 a) The trace of an nSolution3 a) The trace of an n.pdf
The document discusses the trace of a matrix. The trace of an n x n matrix is defined as the sum of its diagonal entries. To find the trace, we add the entries along the main diagonal of the matrix from top left to bottom right. The trace provides some useful information about the matrix.
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more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack cl.pdf
- 1. //later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack class.there we return the smallest integer //implementation #include #include using namespace std; /* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */ class IntStack { private: static const int max = 100; int arr[max]; int top; public: //constructor for initialising value of top IntStack() { top = -1; } void push(int x); int pop(); bool isEmpty(); bool isFull(); }; /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is iempty */ bool IntStack::isEmpty() { if(top == -1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is full */ bool IntStack::isFull() { if(top == max - 1)
- 2. return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method push() to insert an element */ void IntStack::push(int x) { if(isFull()) { cout<<"Stack Overflow"; } top++; arr[top] = x; } /* Stack's member method pop() to remove an element from it */ int IntStack::pop() { if(isEmpty()) { cout<<"Stack Underflow"; abort(); } int x = arr[top]; top--; return x; } /* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */ class SpecialStack: public IntStack { IntStack min; public: //function declarations void push(int x); int pop(); int getMIN();
- 3. }; /* SpecialStack's member method to insert an element to it. This method makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum values */ void SpecialStack::push(int x) { if(isEmpty()==true) { IntStack::push(x); min.push(x); } else { IntStack::push(x); int y = min.pop(); min.push(y); /* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */ if( x <= y ) min.push(x); } } /* SpecialStack's member method to remove an element from it. This method removes top element from min stack also. */ int SpecialStack::pop() { int x = IntStack::pop(); int y = min.pop(); /* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */ if ( y != x ) min.push(y); return x; } /* SpecialStack's member method to get minimum element from it. */ int SpecialStack::getMIN()
- 4. { int x = min.pop(); min.push(x); return x; } /* main program to test SpecialStack methods */ //execution starts here int main() { SpecialStack s; //push 3 elements and get the minimum s.push(15); s.push(25); s.push(33); cout< #include using namespace std; /* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */ class IntStack { private: static const int max = 100; int arr[max]; int top; public: //constructor for initialising value of top IntStack() { top = -1; } void push(int x); int pop(); bool isEmpty(); bool isFull(); };
- 5. /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is iempty */ bool IntStack::isEmpty() { if(top == -1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is full */ bool IntStack::isFull() { if(top == max - 1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method push() to insert an element */ void IntStack::push(int x) { if(isFull()) { cout<<"Stack Overflow"; } top++; arr[top] = x; } /* Stack's member method pop() to remove an element from it */ int IntStack::pop() { if(isEmpty()) { cout<<"Stack Underflow"; abort(); } int x = arr[top]; top--; return x; }
- 6. /* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */ class SpecialStack: public IntStack { IntStack min; public: //function declarations void push(int x); int pop(); int getMIN(); }; /* SpecialStack's member method to insert an element to it. This method makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum values */ void SpecialStack::push(int x) { if(isEmpty()==true) { IntStack::push(x); min.push(x); } else { IntStack::push(x); int y = min.pop(); min.push(y); /* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */ if( x <= y ) min.push(x); } } /* SpecialStack's member method to remove an element from it. This method removes top element from min stack also. */
- 7. int SpecialStack::pop() { int x = IntStack::pop(); int y = min.pop(); /* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */ if ( y != x ) min.push(y); return x; } /* SpecialStack's member method to get minimum element from it. */ int SpecialStack::getMIN() { int x = min.pop(); min.push(x); return x; } /* main program to test SpecialStack methods */ //execution starts here int main() { SpecialStack s; //push 3 elements and get the minimum s.push(15); s.push(25); s.push(33); cout< Solution //later we create a specialstack class ,which inherits from stack class.there we return the smallest integer //implementation #include #include using namespace std; /* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */
- 8. class IntStack { private: static const int max = 100; int arr[max]; int top; public: //constructor for initialising value of top IntStack() { top = -1; } void push(int x); int pop(); bool isEmpty(); bool isFull(); }; /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is iempty */ bool IntStack::isEmpty() { if(top == -1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is full */ bool IntStack::isFull() { if(top == max - 1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method push() to insert an element */ void IntStack::push(int x) { if(isFull()) {
- 9. cout<<"Stack Overflow"; } top++; arr[top] = x; } /* Stack's member method pop() to remove an element from it */ int IntStack::pop() { if(isEmpty()) { cout<<"Stack Underflow"; abort(); } int x = arr[top]; top--; return x; } /* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */ class SpecialStack: public IntStack { IntStack min; public: //function declarations void push(int x); int pop(); int getMIN(); }; /* SpecialStack's member method to insert an element to it. This method makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum values */ void SpecialStack::push(int x) { if(isEmpty()==true) {
- 10. IntStack::push(x); min.push(x); } else { IntStack::push(x); int y = min.pop(); min.push(y); /* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */ if( x <= y ) min.push(x); } } /* SpecialStack's member method to remove an element from it. This method removes top element from min stack also. */ int SpecialStack::pop() { int x = IntStack::pop(); int y = min.pop(); /* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */ if ( y != x ) min.push(y); return x; } /* SpecialStack's member method to get minimum element from it. */ int SpecialStack::getMIN() { int x = min.pop(); min.push(x); return x; } /* main program to test SpecialStack methods */ //execution starts here
- 11. int main() { SpecialStack s; //push 3 elements and get the minimum s.push(15); s.push(25); s.push(33); cout< #include using namespace std; /* A simple stack class named IntStack with push and pop operations */ class IntStack { private: static const int max = 100; int arr[max]; int top; public: //constructor for initialising value of top IntStack() { top = -1; } void push(int x); int pop(); bool isEmpty(); bool isFull(); }; /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is iempty */ bool IntStack::isEmpty() { if(top == -1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method to check if the stack is full */
- 12. bool IntStack::isFull() { if(top == max - 1) return true; return false; } /* Stack's member method push() to insert an element */ void IntStack::push(int x) { if(isFull()) { cout<<"Stack Overflow"; } top++; arr[top] = x; } /* Stack's member method pop() to remove an element from it */ int IntStack::pop() { if(isEmpty()) { cout<<"Stack Underflow"; abort(); } int x = arr[top]; top--; return x; } /* A class that supports all the stack operations and one additional operation getMIN() that returns the minimum element from stack at any time. This class inherits from the stack class and uses an auxiliarry stack that holds minimum elements */ class SpecialStack: public IntStack { IntStack min; public: //function declarations
- 13. void push(int x); int pop(); int getMIN(); }; /* SpecialStack's member method to insert an element to it. This method makes sure that the min stack is also updated with appropriate minimum values */ void SpecialStack::push(int x) { if(isEmpty()==true) { IntStack::push(x); min.push(x); } else { IntStack::push(x); int y = min.pop(); min.push(y); /* push only when the incoming element of main stack is smaller than or equal to top of auxiliary stack */ if( x <= y ) min.push(x); } } /* SpecialStack's member method to remove an element from it. This method removes top element from min stack also. */ int SpecialStack::pop() { int x = IntStack::pop(); int y = min.pop(); /* Push the popped element y back only if it is not equal to x */ if ( y != x ) min.push(y); return x;
- 14. } /* SpecialStack's member method to get minimum element from it. */ int SpecialStack::getMIN() { int x = min.pop(); min.push(x); return x; } /* main program to test SpecialStack methods */ //execution starts here int main() { SpecialStack s; //push 3 elements and get the minimum s.push(15); s.push(25); s.push(33); cout<