The substrate in urease test is urea.The end products in urease te.pdf

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The substrate in urease test is urea. The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water (NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3 Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1). Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24 hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no colour. Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp. Solution The substrate in urease test is urea. The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water (NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3 Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1). Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24 hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no colour. Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp..

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Biochemical analysis of unknown bacteria Aerotolerance Test Fluid Thioglycollate broth (FTB) is a medium designed to test the aerotolerance of bacteria. Along with nutrients to support bacterial growth, it contains sodium thioglycollate, thioglycollic acid, L-cystine, methylene blue, and 0.05% agar. The sodium thioglycollate, thioglycollic acid, and L-cystine reduce the oxygen to water. Methylene blue is an indicator that is colorless in an anaerobic environment and greenish-blue in the presence of oxygen. The agar helps retard oxygen diffusion and helps maintain the stratification of organisms growing in different layers of the broth. Oxygen is driven out of the broth by autoclaving, but as the broths sit at room temperature, oxygen begins to diffuse back into the tube. Obligate aerobes will only grow in this oxygen-rich top layer. On another hand, obligate anaerobes will only grow in the lower areas of the tube. Microaerophiles will grow in a thin layer below the richly-oxygenated layer. Facultative or aerotolerant anaerobes can grow throughout the medium but will primarily grow in the middle of the tube, between the oxygen-rich and oxygen-free zones Reactions typically take up to 1-2 days to develop at 37⁰C Media is inoculated using an inoculating loop (A) Escherichia coli and (C) Staphylococcus aureus: both are Facultative Anaerobe, grows both aerobically and anaerobically and growth is seen throughout the tube. Some are capable of growth respiring with oxygen and anaerobically by fermentation. (B) Clostridium botulinum: Obligate Anaerobe: can not grow in the presence of oxygen, growth is seen approximately 1/4 to 1/2 of the way from the top of the tube. (D) Neisseria sicca: Microaerophile, requires oxygen but at concentrations below atmosphere, grows just below the surface of the media but not at the top. (E) Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Obligate Aerobe: oxygen is required for growth and grows at the top of the tube only. The Organism will “settle” and sink into the media if grown longer than 24 hrs. Aerotolerance Test Phenol red test Phenol red broth is a differential test medium prepared as a base to which a carbohydrate such as sucrose, lactose, dextrose or glucose is added. Included in the base medium are peptone and the pH indicator is phenol red. Phenol red is yellow below pH 6.8, pink to magenta above pH 7.4, and red in between. During preparation, the pH is adjusted to approximately 7.3 so it appears red. Deamination of peptone amino acids produces ammonia which rises the pH and turns the broth pink. An inverted Durham tube is added to each tube as an indicator of gas production. Gas production, also from fermentation, is indicated by a bubble or pocket in the Durham tube where the broth has been displaced. Acid production from fermentation of the carbohydrate lowers the pH below the neutral range of the indicator and turns the medium yellow. Deamination of peptone amino acids produces ammonia which rises the pH and ...

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Question 1,2,4 :- ----------------------------------- Please check comments in Programme #include /** * Method for Linear Search * Loop through given array and search for given key * IF found return index and stop * else -1 will be returned at the end * */ int search(int array[],int key,int size){ int index = -1; for (int c = 0; c < size; c++) { if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */ { printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1); index = c; break; } } if(index == -1) printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key); return index; } /** * Function for Binary search * Binary search is used only for sorted arrays * Check key with element at middle position * if key == then return middle positon * if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last] * if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle] * */ int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){ int index = -1; int first = start; int last = end; int middle = (first+last)/2; while (first <= last) { //Print array between first nad last for each step printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \"); for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){ printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]); } printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \"); if (array[middle] < key) first = middle + 1; else if (array[middle] == key) { index = middle; printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1); break; } else last = middle - 1; middle = (first + last)/2; } return index; } /** * Recursive linear search * Instead of for loop call same method with next index * first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 ..... */ int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){ if(array[index] == key){ printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index); return index; } else if (index >= size-1){ return -1; } else{ return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index); } } /** * Recursive Binary Search * Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle * if key == then return middle positon * if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last] * if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle] */ int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){ //Key not found if(start> end){ return -1; } int index = -1; int first = start; int last = end; int middle = (first+last)/2; //Print array between first nad last for each step printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \"); for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){ printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]); } printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \"); if (array[middle] < key){ first = middle + 1; return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ; }else if (array[middle] == key) { printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1); return middle; } else{ last = middle - 1; return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ; } return -1; } /** *Function t.

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What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity, and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt. HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue. ==================================================== Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins. The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein- medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC utilizes a more polar, less denaturing environment than RPLC, it is getting to be well known for protein filtration, regularly in blend with particle trade or gel filtration chromatography. Solution What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity, and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt. HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue. ==================================================== Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins. The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein- medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC uti.

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the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example, lets take first locus to be C and other to be P. later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant. Solution the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example, lets take first locus to be C and other to be P. later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant..

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1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network. 2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights management. 3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network investment . 4.super head end : It is brain of iptv system.this is the place where broadcasting channels are received and transmited through the sources like fibre feeds,satelites.the video demand storage content is present at this stage. 5.Coustmer premise equipement:It is joined with home wiring to produce the home network.it contains a residential gate which is used to handle the control request from set top box.originally the cost of home wiring is costly,service providers extremely prefers to rewire the homes at the time of begining installation. 6.Core network: It is the middle part of a communication system offering a interconnection shift between the boarder networks.it is utilized to offer a soloitary connection. 7.headend end :It is a slice of television system.modulators demodulators processors and antennna....etc apparatus are used at this headend. protocols: 1.This iptv layers on multicast ans unicast.the protocols that are utilized in iptv are as below. 1.service based provider streaming 2.web based unicast only live and vod 3.web based multicast live and unicast vod streaming 4.joined tv\'s set top boxes Devices The devices utilized in internet protocol telivision are as below 1.android 2.mobiles 3.smart tvs 4.spark 5.royal 6.sun price ................etc Features specific to television services 1.Time shifting :A combo of iptv and digital video recorder allows the time shifting of scheduling theme. 2.Personalization:End-to-end iptv methodology braces the bidirectional communicationa and permits the end users to indidualize their tv watching atitude by permiting the users to mark as per their mood and what they want to see. 3.bandwidth requirements:This iptv system supports as per the channel requested by user.hence the iptv system allows the cable operators in order to preserve the bandwidth. 4.Support to interact tv:This iptv system offers two -way proficiency to perit the network operators to carry a complete output interactive of tv applications like games,internet browsing. Solution 1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network. 2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights management. 3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network investment . 4.super head en.

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Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system. Solution Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system..

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Answer 1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm 2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue. 3. Cells can generate any type of muscle. 4. cells can generate heart muscle. Solution Answer 1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm 2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue. 3. Cells can generate any type of muscle. 4. cells can generate heart muscle..

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