1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today..pdf

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1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today. This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton. The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to walk bipedally. Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters. It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined. Solution 1. Autralopith is a known genus of hominids which is extinct today. This can be A. biosei species. This genus dates back to 2.3-1.2 million years. Teeth and bones examination is the major way to know what exactly is the age of the skeleton. The proof of them being bipedal is that their foot imprints match to that of the present day humans. Pelvis, femur and foot bones should be examined to confirm that the organism used to walk bipedally. Long arms and sloping fave are the ape like characters. It was an adult. This can be known by examining the layers deposited on the body which may come from volcanic eruption. Topmost layer and lowermost layers can be examined..

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1 Lecture 7 Lecture Summary In this lecture will continue the text’s discussion of bipedalism. This lecture will also provide some further information on the early hominids: Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Homo and their associated biocultural evolution. Bipedalism Perhaps the most crucial change in early hominid evolution was the development of bipedal locomotion – walking on two legs. We know from the fossil record that other important changes such as the expansion of the brain, modification of the female pelvis to allow bigger-brained babies to be born, and significant reduction of the face, teeth, and jaws, did not occur until about 2 million years after the emergence of bipedalism. Be familiar with the specific anatomical features associated with bipedalism as described in chapter 6 of your text. Why did we evolve to become bipedal? There are at least 6 different models that have been proposed to account for the evolution of bipedalism: 1.) Carrying model – bipedalism could have allowed our ancestors to search for and collect food in greater safety and with greater efficiency by freeing the arms and hands. Mothers could carry their children. They could carry sticks and rocks to throw at predators and scavengers. 2.) Vigilance model – bipedalism, by elevating the head, helped our ancestors locate potential food sources and dangers. This behavior is seen in other animals, squirrels and apes, but says more about upright posture than it does of actual locomotion. 3.) Heat dissipation model – the vertical orientation of the body in bipedalism helps cool the body by presenting a smaller target to the equatorial sun rays and placing more of the body above ground to catch cooling air currents. This model applies to hominids in the hot savannah but not so much in the shady forested areas. 4.) Energy efficiency model – bipedalism is an energy-efficient way of running and walking compared to quadrapedalism. Long periods of steady bipedal walking in search of food would seem to require less energy but the first hominids may not have walked quite like our more recent ancestors-they may have walked in a way more similar to chimps. So, it has been proposed that bipedalism may have had other advantages first and then further anatomical changes made it more energy efficient. 5.) Foraging/bipedal model – this model suggests that standing upright provided the benefit of reaching in bushes and trees, particular ones that were difficult to climb. 6.) Display model – bipedalism is thought by some to have emerged as a way to exhibit an upright display posture like that seen in chimps (and bonobos) during dominance confrontations. An upright display conveys meaning because it makes the individual seem larger and is directly related to mating success. 2 All of these models have some supporting evidence and it would not be absurd to assume that perhaps some or all of them worked together ...

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Evolution is a process that results in changes that are passed on or inherited from generation, which help organisms survive, reproduce, and raise offspring. These changes become common throughout a population, leading to new species. Biological evolution explains how all living things evolved from a single common ancestor, but any two species may be separated by millions or billions of years. This species was bipedal, fully erect, and capable of grasping tools and weapons with its forearms. These fossil specimens have a larger brain size of 600 cubic centimeters (37 cubic inches), as well as a jaw and tooth size more akin to modern humans. -Fossil skulls contain tangible evidence of unequal brain development, which is mirrored in the way stone tools were formed. -The earliest of our ancestors to show a significant increase in brain size and also the first to be found associated with stone tools

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Question 1,2,4 :- ----------------------------------- Please check comments in Programme #include /** * Method for Linear Search * Loop through given array and search for given key * IF found return index and stop * else -1 will be returned at the end * */ int search(int array[],int key,int size){ int index = -1; for (int c = 0; c < size; c++) { if (array[c] == key) /* if required element found */ { printf(\"%d is present at location %d.\ \", key, c+1); index = c; break; } } if(index == -1) printf(\"%d is not found.\ \", key); return index; } /** * Function for Binary search * Binary search is used only for sorted arrays * Check key with element at middle position * if key == then return middle positon * if key > middle position , apply same for sub array range from [middle...last] * if key < middle position , apply same for sub array range from [0..middle] * */ int binary_search(int array[],int key,int start,int end){ int index = -1; int first = start; int last = end; int middle = (first+last)/2; while (first <= last) { //Print array between first nad last for each step printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \"); for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){ printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]); } printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \"); if (array[middle] < key) first = middle + 1; else if (array[middle] == key) { index = middle; printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1); break; } else last = middle - 1; middle = (first + last)/2; } return index; } /** * Recursive linear search * Instead of for loop call same method with next index * first pass 0, check if key found at index 0, if not found call same method with index 1 ..... */ int linear_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int size,int index){ if(array[index] == key){ printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \",key, index); return index; } else if (index >= size-1){ return -1; } else{ return linear_search_recursive(array,key,size,++index); } } /** * Recursive Binary Search * Recursively call Binary Search , check key found at element middle * if key == then return middle positon * if key > middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [middle...last] * if key < middle position , call recursive method for sub array range from [0..middle] */ int binary_search_recursive(int array[],int key,int start,int end){ //Key not found if(start> end){ return -1; } int index = -1; int first = start; int last = end; int middle = (first+last)/2; //Print array between first nad last for each step printf(\"Start binary search step.\ \"); for(int i = first ; i < last ; i++){ printf(\"Binary search step element.%d\ \",array[i]); } printf(\"Stop binary search step.\ \"); if (array[middle] < key){ first = middle + 1; return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ; }else if (array[middle] == key) { printf(\"%d found at location %d.\ \", key, middle+1); return middle; } else{ last = middle - 1; return binary_search_recursive(array,key,first,last) ; } return -1; } /** *Function t.

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The answer is C. securin.APC degrade securin to release separase .pdf

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HiCan you please summarise the question. More information confuse .pdf

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What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity, and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt. HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue. ==================================================== Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins. The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein- medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC utilizes a more polar, less denaturing environment than RPLC, it is getting to be well known for protein filtration, regularly in blend with particle trade or gel filtration chromatography. Solution What property of proteins us used to separate them in HIC Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) isolates Proteins in light of their hydrophobicity, and is regularly utilized as a middle stride as a part of a cleaning plan. Proteins are bound to a stationary stage in a high ionic quality cushion and, along these lines, HIC can commonly be performed instantly after particle trade chromatography with no cradle trade or weakening required. HIC is likewise usually performed after an ammonium sulfate precipitation, a strategy that can be utilized to rapidly expel proteins by accelerating a few, yet not all, proteins with salt. HIC is infrequently material in early strides of a purging plan or as a last stride in the expulsion of follow polluting influences from the protein of intrigue. ==================================================== Described mobile and stationary phase in HIC Hydrophobic association chromatography (HIC) is an other option to turned around stage chromatography for abusing the hydrophobic properties of proteins. The expansion of a salt to the mobile stage support and test arrangement advances protein- medium connections. The proteins are adsorbed to the medium in a mobile stage containing a high grouping of salt. The vast majority of the bound proteins are viably desorbed by essentially washing with water or a weaken, close impartial support. Since HIC uti.

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upload complete priblem somthing is missingSolutionupload comp.pdf

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the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example, lets take first locus to be C and other to be P. later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant. Solution the phenomena responsible for this type of inheritancce is Epistasis. in this particular example two recessive allele at one locus has the ability to affect the allele of other locus.say for example, lets take first locus to be C and other to be P. later on it was discovered that it is linked to the biochemistry of the pea plant..

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The substrate in urease test is urea. The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water (NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3 Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1). Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24 hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no colour. Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp. Solution The substrate in urease test is urea. The end products in urease test are urea, carbondioxide and water (NH2)2 CO+2H2O CO2+ H2O + 2NH3 Urease test is used to determine the ability of an organism to hydrolyse urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia formed during the reaction turns the media into alkaline, which is indicated by phenol red, changing its color from light orange (at pH 6.8) to pink (at pH 8.1). Rapid urease positive organisms like Helicobacter pylori, turns the medium pink within 24 hours. Weakly positive organisms take several days, whereas negative organisms produce no colour. Rapid Urease Test (RUT) is a popular and simple test which uses the above principle , for detecting the presence of Helicobacter pylori on gastric mucosa. The test is also known as CLO test (Campylobacter like organism test). It is also useful in identifying several genera and species of Enterobacteriaceae like Proteus spp, Klebsiella spp and Yersinia spp. Also for identifying Cryptococcus spp and Brucella spp..

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D(ANSWER) Polycrystalline or multicrystalline materials, or polycrystals are solids that are composed of many crystallites of varying size and orientation. Crystallites are also referred to as grains. They are small or even microscopic crystals and form during the cooling of many materials. Their orientation can be random with no preferred direction, called random texture, or directed, possibly due to growth and processing conditions. Fiber texture is an example of the latter. The areas where crystallite grains meet are known as grain boundaries. Grain boundaries are interfaces where crystals of different orientations meet. A grain boundary is a single-phase interface, with crystals on each side of the boundary being identical except in orientation. The term \"crystallite boundary\" is sometimes, though rarely, used. Grain boundary areas contain those atoms that have been perturbed from their original lattice sites, dislocations, and impurities that have migrated to the lower energy grain boundary. Treating a grain boundary geometrically as an interface of a single crystal cut into two parts, one of which is rotated, we see that there are five variables required to define a grain boundary. The first two numbers come from the unit vector that specifies a rotation axis. The third number designates the angle of rotation of the grain. The final two numbers specify the plane of the grain boundary (or a unit vector that is normal to this plane). Grain boundaries disrupt the motion of dislocations through a material. Dislocation propagation is impeded because of the stress field of the grain boundary defect region and the lack of slip planes and slip directions and overall alignment across the boundaries. Reducing grain size is therefore a common way to improve strength, often without any sacrifice in toughness because the smaller grains create more obstacles per unit area of slip plane. This crystallite size-strength relationship is given by the Hall-Petch relationship. The high interfacial energy and relatively weak bonding in grain boundaries makes them preferred sites for the onset of corrosion and for the precipitation of new phases from the solid. Grain boundary migration plays an important role in many of the mechanisms of creep. Grain boundary migration occurs when a shear stress acts on the grain boundary plane and causes the grains to slide. This means that fine-grained materials actually have a poor resistance to creep relative to coarser grains, especially at high temperatures, because smaller grains contain more atoms in grain boundary sites. Grain boundaries also cause deformation in that they are sources and sinks of point defects. Voids in a material tend to gather in a grain boundary, and if this happens to a critical extent, the material could fracture. During grain boundary migration, the rate determining step depends on the angle between two adjacent grains. In a small angle dislocation boundary, the migration rate depends on vac.

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1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network. 2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights management. 3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network investment . 4.super head end : It is brain of iptv system.this is the place where broadcasting channels are received and transmited through the sources like fibre feeds,satelites.the video demand storage content is present at this stage. 5.Coustmer premise equipement:It is joined with home wiring to produce the home network.it contains a residential gate which is used to handle the control request from set top box.originally the cost of home wiring is costly,service providers extremely prefers to rewire the homes at the time of begining installation. 6.Core network: It is the middle part of a communication system offering a interconnection shift between the boarder networks.it is utilized to offer a soloitary connection. 7.headend end :It is a slice of television system.modulators demodulators processors and antennna....etc apparatus are used at this headend. protocols: 1.This iptv layers on multicast ans unicast.the protocols that are utilized in iptv are as below. 1.service based provider streaming 2.web based unicast only live and vod 3.web based multicast live and unicast vod streaming 4.joined tv\'s set top boxes Devices The devices utilized in internet protocol telivision are as below 1.android 2.mobiles 3.smart tvs 4.spark 5.royal 6.sun price ................etc Features specific to television services 1.Time shifting :A combo of iptv and digital video recorder allows the time shifting of scheduling theme. 2.Personalization:End-to-end iptv methodology braces the bidirectional communicationa and permits the end users to indidualize their tv watching atitude by permiting the users to mark as per their mood and what they want to see. 3.bandwidth requirements:This iptv system supports as per the channel requested by user.hence the iptv system allows the cable operators in order to preserve the bandwidth. 4.Support to interact tv:This iptv system offers two -way proficiency to perit the network operators to carry a complete output interactive of tv applications like games,internet browsing. Solution 1.It is the process of directing the television assistances are transported with the help of intrenet protocol insdicating a packed switched network like local area network. 2.This iptv provides a power to bourn the media in tiny batches.moreover it provides a com-pell alternative as a commanding method to appart the content whe help of digital rights management. 3.Selecting a iptv lattice is depending upon the multiples containing service portfilo and network investment . 4.super head en.

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Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system. Solution Answer: The major objective of implementing a health information management system is to automate and streamline the process of capturing, processing, maintaining/storing, and analysing the information related to health and health case. This information is just not related to one thing, but covers many aspects and involves many stakeholders. It is related to patient\'s profile (personal as well as medical), treatment prescribed to him/her, doctor\'s and health officials\' profile, other relevant health records like details and results of various tests (if performed), accounting, health related human resources among many other things. Out of these, the most important part is - information related to patient\'s profile, treatment prescribed, and other relevant health records. Collectively, this is termed as Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which lies at the core of any HIMS. The nature and kind of information that is present in EHRs is very personal and sensitive. Hence, ensuring security, privacy and confidentiality of EHRs in HMIS should be utmost concern because if this information is breached or comromised, its after-effects can be desasterous. Hence, while implementing any HMIS, it is very critical to think of required and relevant security and data protection mechanisms and make provisions for them into the system..

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The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are: 1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being measured in terabytes or even petabytes. 2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be down(unavailable) at some given instance. 3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines. 4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput over low latency. 5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore availability. Solution The key assumptions made by the Hadoop Distributed File System(HDFS) approach are: 1. High Volume: The volume of data in HDFS is expected to be really large, some like being measured in terabytes or even petabytes. 2. High Availability: The cluster can contain thousands of file servers, and some of them may be down(unavailable) at some given instance. 3. Reliable Communication: Communication is reliable among working machines. 4. The filesystem is not designed for interactive operations, instead, we prefer high throughput over low latency. 5. Servers are distributed among racks and data centers, to ensure redundancy, and therefore availability..

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Properties are: Mean Mode Median Quartiles Percentiles Range Mean = Sum of values / n Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance ) Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n Median = Middle Most Observation Mode = Most Repeated Observation Range = Maximum - Minimum Solution Properties are: Mean Mode Median Quartiles Percentiles Range Mean = Sum of values / n Standard Variation = Sqrt( variance ) Variance = Sum ( X - Mean )^2 / n Median = Middle Most Observation Mode = Most Repeated Observation Range = Maximum - Minimum.

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Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and distribution of plants, in combination with other factors. Changes in long term environmental conditions that can be collectively coined climate change are known to have had enormous impacts on plant diversity patterns in the future and are seen as having significant current impacts. It is predicted that climate change will remain one of the major drivers of biodiversity patterns in the future. The Earth has experienced a constantly changing climate in the time since plants first evolved. In comparison to the present day, this history has seen Earth as cooler, warmer, drier and wetter, and CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations have been both higher and lower. These changes have been reflected by constantly shifting vegetation, for example forest communities dominating most areas in interglacial periods, and herbaceous communities dominating during glacial periods. It has been shown that past climatic change has been a major driver of the processes of speciation and extinction. The best known example of this is the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse which occurred 350 million years ago. This event decimated amphibian populations and spurred on the evolution of reptiles Greenhouse effect - the mechanism The sun radiates solar energy on earth. The larger part of this energy (45%) is radiated back into space. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere contribute to global warming by adsorption and reflection of atmospheric and solar energy. This natural phenomenon is what we call the greenhouse effect. It is agreed that the greenhouse effect is correlated with global temperature change. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone Mechanism of global warming: i. The incoming radiation from the Sun is mostly in the form of visible light and nearby wavelengths, largely in the range 0.2 – 4 1m, corresponding to the Sun’s radioactive temperature of 6,000 K. Almost half the radiation is in the form of “visible” light, which our eyes are adapted to use. ii. About 50% of the Sun’s energy is absorbed at the earth’s surface and the rest is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere. The reflection of light back into space – largely by clouds – does not much affect the basic mechanism; this light, effectively, is lost to the system. iii (a) Earth absorbs most of the sunlight it receives; The absorbed energy warms the surface; (b) Earth then emits the absorbed light’s energy as infrared light; (c) greenhouse gases absorb a lot of the infrared light before it can leave our atmosphere; (d) being absorbed slows the rate at which energy escapes to space; and (e) the slower passage of energy heats up the atmosphere, water, and ground. By increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, humans are increasing the atmosphere’s absorption of infrared light, thereby warming Earth and disrupting global climate patterns. Effec.

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Mobile IP: 1) Mobile IP(MIP) is an Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) standard communications protocol. 2) This is designed to allow mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining a permanent IP address. 3) Mobile IP for IPv4 is described in IETF RFC 5944 and extensions are defined in IETF RFC 4721. 4) Mobile IPv6 the IP mobility implementation for the next generation of the Internet Protocol IPv6 is described in RFC 6275. Advantages of using Mobile IP • It allows fast, continuous lowcost access to corporate networks in remote areas where there is no public telephone system or cellular coverage. • It supports a wide range of applications from Internet access and email to ecommerce. • Users can be permanently connected to their Internet provider and charged only for the data packets that are sent and received. • Lower equipment and utilization costs for those requiring reliable highspeed data connections in remote locations worldwide. • A user can take a palmtop or laptop computer anywhere without losing the connection to the home network. • Mobile IP finds local IP routers and connects automatically. It is phonejack and wirefree. • Other than mobile nodes/routers, the remaining routers and hosts will still use current IP. Mobile IP leaves transport and higher protocols unaffected. • Authentication is performed to ensure that rights are being protected. • Mobile IP can move from one type of medium to another without losing connectivity. It is unique in its ability to accommodate heterogeneous mobility in addition to homogenous mobility. Disadvantage of Mobile IP • There is a routing inefficiency problem caused by the “triangle routing” formed by the home agent, correspondent host and the foreign agent. • Security risks are the most important problem facing Mobile IP. Besides the traditional security risks with IP, one has to worry about faked careof addresses. • Another issue related to the security is how to make Mobile IP coexist with the security features coming in use within the Internet. Characteristics of Mobile IP (Baseline Requirements) • Compatibility: A new standard cannot require changes for applications or network protocols already in use. • Transparency: Mobility should remain “invisible” for many higher layer protocols and applications. • Scalability and efficiency: Introducing a new mechanism into the Internet must not degrade the efficiency of the network. • Security: All messages used to transmit information to another node about the location of a mobile node must be authenticated to protect against remote redirection attacks The Mobile IP in Wireless Networks • new proposed standard of the IETF designed to support mobile users . • new Internet standard for the Web and private networks. • currently two standards one to support the current IPv4 one for the upcoming IPv6. • One of the big requirements on the new standard is that it should support both ordinary and wireless network • The big issue is.

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Answer 1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm 2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue. 3. Cells can generate any type of muscle. 4. cells can generate heart muscle. Solution Answer 1. Cells can generate many different tissue types: endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm 2. Cells can generate any type of mesoderm tissue. 3. Cells can generate any type of muscle. 4. cells can generate heart muscle..

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