Anophthalmia
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Anophthalmia is a condition where individuals are born with one or both eyes missing. It can be caused by genetic mutations or abnormal chromosomes being passed down from family members. While there is no treatment to restore vision, people with anophthalmia can live full lives. There are different types of anophthalmia including primary where eye tissue is completely absent, and secondary where eye development started but stopped.
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Optic nerve
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and connects the optic vesicle to the forebrain. It begins forming in the 8th week of embryogenesis and myelination is completed shortly after birth. The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain and is supplied by branches from the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery.
anatomy of retina
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye that converts light into neural signals. It contains several layers of tissue and cell types that carry out this visual transduction process. The outermost layer contains pigmented cells, followed by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), bipolar and ganglion cells that transmit signals to the brain. Within the retina, the macula provides high-acuity central vision and the optic disc is where retinal ganglion cell axons exit as the optic nerve. The retina receives its blood supply from the central retinal artery and precise vascular architecture is important for normal visual function.
Anatomy of the conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior sclera of the eye. It has several functions including lubricating the eye and contributing to immune surveillance. The conjunctiva consists of the palpebral, bulbar, and forniceal conjunctiva. The palpebral conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelids and is subdivided into the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The bulbar conjunctiva covers the anterior sclera and is separated from it by the episcleral tissue. It consists of the limbal and scleral conjunctiva. The conjunctival fornices are cul
EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
The document describes the extra-ocular muscles that control eye movement and pupil size. It discusses both the intrinsic muscles that control the lens and pupil, and the extrinsic muscles involved in eye movement. The six extrinsic muscles include the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. Each muscle is described in terms of its origin, insertion, nerve supply, and primary action. The document also covers ocular movements including versions, ductions, and vergences. Laws of ocular motility like Hering's law of equal innervation are also summarized.
Congenital anophthalmia
This document discusses congenital anophthalmia and recent advances in its management. It describes how the introduction of hydrogel socket expanders and orbital expanders has modified the rehabilitation approach. The goals of treatment are to simultaneously expand soft tissues and orbital bones to replace lost volume, maintain orbital structure, and allow prosthesis motility. Various types of orbital implants and expanders are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines for successful socket reconstruction with adequate volume, fornices, eyelid tone and prosthesis motility and comfort are provided.
Anatomy of conjunctiva
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the conjunctiva and sclera. It discusses the embryology, parts, histology, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical correlations of the conjunctiva. It also reviews the anatomy of the sclera and episclera, as well as inflammation of the sclera and episclera. The document is organized into sections covering the embryology, anatomy, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical applications of the conjunctiva and sclera.
Ciliary ganglion
This document provides an overview of the ciliary ganglion:
1. The ciliary ganglion is located in the posterior orbit between the lateral rectus muscle and optic nerve. It receives sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerve fibers.
2. The ganglion gives rise to short ciliary nerves that innervate the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. Damage to the ganglion or its nerves can result in tonic pupil.
3. Tonic pupil is characterized by poor constriction to light with better constriction to accommodation. It is caused by aberrant regeneration after damage to the ciliary ganglion or nerves.
Orbital anatomy
Anatomy of orbit
By- Dr. Kawshik Nag,
Resident,
Ophthalmology, Phase-A
Chittagong Medical College.
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Optic nerve
The optic nerve develops from the embryonic optic stalk and connects the optic vesicle to the forebrain. It begins forming in the 8th week of embryogenesis and myelination is completed shortly after birth. The optic nerve has four parts - intraocular, intraorbital, intracanalicular, and intracranial. It transmits visual information from the retina to the brain and is supplied by branches from the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery.
anatomy of retina
The retina is the innermost layer of the eye that converts light into neural signals. It contains several layers of tissue and cell types that carry out this visual transduction process. The outermost layer contains pigmented cells, followed by photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), bipolar and ganglion cells that transmit signals to the brain. Within the retina, the macula provides high-acuity central vision and the optic disc is where retinal ganglion cell axons exit as the optic nerve. The retina receives its blood supply from the central retinal artery and precise vascular architecture is important for normal visual function.
Anatomy of the conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior sclera of the eye. It has several functions including lubricating the eye and contributing to immune surveillance. The conjunctiva consists of the palpebral, bulbar, and forniceal conjunctiva. The palpebral conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelids and is subdivided into the marginal, tarsal, and orbital conjunctiva. The bulbar conjunctiva covers the anterior sclera and is separated from it by the episcleral tissue. It consists of the limbal and scleral conjunctiva. The conjunctival fornices are cul
EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
The document describes the extra-ocular muscles that control eye movement and pupil size. It discusses both the intrinsic muscles that control the lens and pupil, and the extrinsic muscles involved in eye movement. The six extrinsic muscles include the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus muscles, and the superior and inferior oblique muscles. Each muscle is described in terms of its origin, insertion, nerve supply, and primary action. The document also covers ocular movements including versions, ductions, and vergences. Laws of ocular motility like Hering's law of equal innervation are also summarized.
Congenital anophthalmia
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Anatomy of conjunctiva
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the conjunctiva and sclera. It discusses the embryology, parts, histology, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical correlations of the conjunctiva. It also reviews the anatomy of the sclera and episclera, as well as inflammation of the sclera and episclera. The document is organized into sections covering the embryology, anatomy, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical applications of the conjunctiva and sclera.
Ciliary ganglion
This document provides an overview of the ciliary ganglion:
1. The ciliary ganglion is located in the posterior orbit between the lateral rectus muscle and optic nerve. It receives sensory, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerve fibers.
2. The ganglion gives rise to short ciliary nerves that innervate the iris, ciliary body, and cornea. Damage to the ganglion or its nerves can result in tonic pupil.
3. Tonic pupil is characterized by poor constriction to light with better constriction to accommodation. It is caused by aberrant regeneration after damage to the ciliary ganglion or nerves.
Orbital anatomy
Anatomy of orbit
By- Dr. Kawshik Nag,
Resident,
Ophthalmology, Phase-A
Chittagong Medical College.
Ciliary body
The ciliary body is part of the uvea and is located between the iris and choroid. It is composed of two parts - the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle. The ciliary processes project forward from the ciliary body and contain capillaries and pigmented and non-pigmented epithelial layers important for aqueous humor production. The ciliary muscle allows for accommodation by changing the shape and tension of the lens. The ciliary body receives its blood supply from the short and long posterior ciliary arteries and drains into the anterior ciliary veins and vena vorticosa. It plays key roles in aqueous humor production, maintenance of intraocular pressure, and accommodation.
HUMAN Lens ANATOMY
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the lens. It discusses the gross anatomy, functions, embryological development from optic vesicles and lens placode, and structure of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers, nucleus and zonules. It describes the aging changes that occur in the lens and various diseases that can affect it, including congenital disorders, cataracts, posterior capsular opacification, ectopia lentis and others. The document provides a detailed overview of the key anatomical structures and developmental processes involved in lens formation and function.
Anatomy OF VISUAL PATHWAY
The document describes the anatomy and blood supply of the visual pathway, which extends from the retina to the visual cortex. It discusses the key structures including the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, and visual cortex. Lesions in different parts of the visual pathway can cause various visual field defects, such as complete blindness from optic nerve lesions, quadrantic hemianopia from chiasmal lesions, and bitemporal hemianopia from central chiasmal lesions. The blood supply is also outlined for each structure, originating from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE.pdf
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye, which is normally between 10-22 mm Hg. IOP can be measured using indentation tonometry like the Schiotz tonometer or applanation tonometry like Goldmann tonometer. The Schiotz tonometer uses weighted plungers to indent the eye, while Goldmann tonometer uses two prisms to flatten a small area of the cornea to measure pressure. Other techniques include pneumatic tonometry and air puff tonometry. Accurately measuring IOP is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
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Cranial nerve III, IV and VI
This document discusses cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. It provides details on:
1. The functional components, origin nuclei, course, and functions of CN III, including its motor and parasympathetic roles.
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Anatomy of the Orbit
The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal socket in the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents.
The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and nasolacrimal duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, check ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
Anatomy of human orbit
The document discusses the anatomy of the human orbit, including its development, measurements, walls, fissures, and contents. Some key points:
- The orbit is pyramid shaped with walls formed by 7 bones and contains the eye, extraocular muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels.
- Its measurements include a volume of around 30ml, height of 35mm, width of 40mm, and depth of 42-50mm.
- The medial wall is the thinnest while the lateral wall is the thickest. Important landmarks include the lacrimal fossa, trochlear fossa, and infraorbital foramen.
- The orbit develops from mesenchyme
Entropion and its surgical correction
This document summarizes information about entropion, including eyelid anatomy, types of entropion, assessment, differential diagnosis, classification, and surgical procedures. It describes the anterior and posterior lamellae of the eyelid and the upper and lower lid retractors. Entropion is defined as inward turning of the eyelid margin against the eye. Types include congenital, involutional, and cicatricial. Surgical procedures to correct entropion are discussed such as suture techniques, tarsal strip procedures, plication of the inferior retractors, and posterior lamella grafts. Potential complications are also listed.
Blood supply of the eye
1. The eye receives its blood supply from branches of the ophthalmic artery, which branches directly from the internal carotid artery.
2. The central retinal artery supplies the retina, while the ciliary arteries supply the choroid, iris, and ciliary body.
3. Veins drain blood from the eye and empty into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins, which drain into the cavernous sinus. The cavernous sinus contains several cranial nerves.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a thin moist membrane that covers the outer layer of the eyeball and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. It is made up of different parts, including the bulbar conjunctiva covering the sclera, palpebral conjunctiva lining the eyelids, and conjunctival fornices in the upper and lower eyelid regions. The conjunctiva contains goblet cells that secrete mucus to lubricate the eye and protect the epithelial cells, and it receives its blood supply from the anterior ciliary arteries and its nerve supply varies by region.
Anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal drainage system, and associated structures that produce and drain tears from the eye.
The lacrimal gland develops from surface ectoderm and is located above and lateral to the eye. Tears produced by the gland drain through puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.
The lacrimal sac is lodged in the lacrimal fossa of the medial orbital wall. It connects to the nasolacrimal duct, which courses posteriorly and laterally through bone to drain into the nasal cavity. Coordinated blinking and pressure differences aid
Coats of eyeball
The document discusses the three coats of the eye:
1. The outer coat is called the fibrous tunic and is composed of the sclera and cornea. The sclera covers most of the eyeball and provides structural support, while the cornea allows light to enter.
2. The middle coat is the vascular tunic, also called the uvea. It contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid supplies blood vessels and nutrients to the eye, while the ciliary body anchors the lens and controls accommodation.
3. The innermost coat is the retina, which contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones that are responsible for vision.
Embryology applied anatomy and physiology of lens
The document discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology and applied anatomy of the lens. It begins by describing the early embryonic development of the lens, including the formation of the lens vesicle from surface ectoderm. It then details the anatomy of the adult lens, including its layers of capsule, epithelium and fibers which make up the nucleus and cortex. The physiology section covers lens transparency, metabolism and accommodation. Finally, it briefly mentions some anatomical anomalies of accommodation such as presbyopia and paralysis.
Eyelid anatomy and physiology
The eyelids are composed of several layers including skin, muscle, orbital septum, fat and conjunctiva. The upper eyelid is raised by the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and Muller's muscle. The lower eyelid is retracted by the capsulopalpebral fascia. Several glands including the meibomian glands and glands of Zeis and Moll are located within the eyelids and help form the tear film. The orbicularis oculi muscle allows for eyelid closure and blinking. Together, the eyelid structures protect the eye and help spread tears across the surface of the eye.
Enucleation, evisceration, exenteration
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PUPIL - ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REFLEXES
1. The pupil is a circular opening located in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
2. Pupil size and reaction are controlled by two sets of muscles - the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil in response to light, and the dilator pupillae dilates the pupil under sympathetic stimulation.
3. Abnormalities in pupil size, shape, reaction to light and near response can indicate underlying pathologies affecting the complex neurological pathways and muscles that control the pupil. Assessment of pupillary reflexes is important for localizing lesions in the afferent visual pathways or efferent autonomic pathways.
anatomy of sclera
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
Development of the eye
The eye develops from the optic vesicles which invaginate to form the optic cups. The inner layer of the optic cup forms the neural retina while the outer layer forms the pigmented retina. The lens develops from surface ectoderm which invaginates to form the lens vesicle. Mesenchyme surrounding the eye differentiates into the choroid, sclera, iris and ciliary body. The optic nerve develops from the optic stalk as nerve fibers grow and the stalk walls fuse. Abnormalities can occur if structures like the choroid fissure fail to close properly or due to infections disrupting eye development.
lens.pptx
This document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the lens. It discusses the developmental stages of the lens from the lens placode to the formation of the lens vesicle and fibers. The anatomy sections describe the layers and structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers that make up the nucleus and cortex. The physiology section explains how the lens maintains transparency and focuses light through accommodation using active transport mechanisms and crystalline proteins. It also discusses metabolic pathways and anomalies that can affect accommodation.
Congenital cataract
This document discusses different types of cataracts, including congenital and acquired cataracts. It describes various causes of congenital cataracts including genetic mutations, metabolic disorders, infections, and chromosomal abnormalities. Congenital cataracts affect approximately 0.03% of newborns and are a leading cause of childhood blindness. The document also discusses different types of cataracts including nuclear, lamellar, and cerulean cataracts. It provides information on diagnosing and treating pediatric cataracts through surgery and preventing amblyopia.
Fugoso
Blindness can be caused by several factors including diseases, abnormalities, injuries, and poisoning. The most common causes of blindness worldwide are cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, corneal opacity, and diabetic retinopathy. People in developing countries are more likely to experience visual impairment from treatable conditions like cataracts, trachoma, and river blindness due to limited access to medical care. While most blindness in developed nations is due to age-related causes, childhood blindness can be reduced by preventing conditions related to pregnancy complications.
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Ciliary body
The ciliary body is part of the uvea and is located between the iris and choroid. It is composed of two parts - the ciliary processes and ciliary muscle. The ciliary processes project forward from the ciliary body and contain capillaries and pigmented and non-pigmented epithelial layers important for aqueous humor production. The ciliary muscle allows for accommodation by changing the shape and tension of the lens. The ciliary body receives its blood supply from the short and long posterior ciliary arteries and drains into the anterior ciliary veins and vena vorticosa. It plays key roles in aqueous humor production, maintenance of intraocular pressure, and accommodation.
HUMAN Lens ANATOMY
The document summarizes the anatomy and embryology of the lens. It discusses the gross anatomy, functions, embryological development from optic vesicles and lens placode, and structure of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers, nucleus and zonules. It describes the aging changes that occur in the lens and various diseases that can affect it, including congenital disorders, cataracts, posterior capsular opacification, ectopia lentis and others. The document provides a detailed overview of the key anatomical structures and developmental processes involved in lens formation and function.
Anatomy OF VISUAL PATHWAY
The document describes the anatomy and blood supply of the visual pathway, which extends from the retina to the visual cortex. It discusses the key structures including the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, and visual cortex. Lesions in different parts of the visual pathway can cause various visual field defects, such as complete blindness from optic nerve lesions, quadrantic hemianopia from chiasmal lesions, and bitemporal hemianopia from central chiasmal lesions. The blood supply is also outlined for each structure, originating from branches of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE.pdf
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the fluid pressure inside the eye, which is normally between 10-22 mm Hg. IOP can be measured using indentation tonometry like the Schiotz tonometer or applanation tonometry like Goldmann tonometer. The Schiotz tonometer uses weighted plungers to indent the eye, while Goldmann tonometer uses two prisms to flatten a small area of the cornea to measure pressure. Other techniques include pneumatic tonometry and air puff tonometry. Accurately measuring IOP is important for diagnosing and managing glaucoma.
anatomy and physiology of lacrimal apparatus ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of the lacrimal system including its embryology, anatomy, physiology and role in tear formation and drainage. It discusses the lacrimal gland, canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct and meibomian glands. It also describes the layers of the tear film - glycocalyx, mucous, aqueous and lipid layers - and their functions in lubricating and protecting the eye. The document is a comprehensive overview of the lacrimal system and tear film.
Cranial nerve III, IV and VI
This document discusses cranial nerves III, IV, and VI. It provides details on:
1. The functional components, origin nuclei, course, and functions of CN III, including its motor and parasympathetic roles.
2. The unique features and course of CN IV.
3. The origin, course, and role in lateral eye movement of CN VI.
4. Clinical signs that result from damage to different parts of these cranial nerves, such as diplopia and ptosis.
Anatomy of the Orbit
The orbit is a four-sided pyramidal socket in the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents.
The orbital contents comprise the eye, the orbital and retrobulbar fascia, extraocular muscles, cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, and VI, blood vessels, fat, the lacrimal gland with its sac and nasolacrimal duct, the eyelids, medial and lateral palpebral ligaments, check ligaments, the suspensory ligament, septum, ciliary ganglion and short ciliary nerves.
Anatomy of human orbit
The document discusses the anatomy of the human orbit, including its development, measurements, walls, fissures, and contents. Some key points:
- The orbit is pyramid shaped with walls formed by 7 bones and contains the eye, extraocular muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels.
- Its measurements include a volume of around 30ml, height of 35mm, width of 40mm, and depth of 42-50mm.
- The medial wall is the thinnest while the lateral wall is the thickest. Important landmarks include the lacrimal fossa, trochlear fossa, and infraorbital foramen.
- The orbit develops from mesenchyme
Entropion and its surgical correction
This document summarizes information about entropion, including eyelid anatomy, types of entropion, assessment, differential diagnosis, classification, and surgical procedures. It describes the anterior and posterior lamellae of the eyelid and the upper and lower lid retractors. Entropion is defined as inward turning of the eyelid margin against the eye. Types include congenital, involutional, and cicatricial. Surgical procedures to correct entropion are discussed such as suture techniques, tarsal strip procedures, plication of the inferior retractors, and posterior lamella grafts. Potential complications are also listed.
Blood supply of the eye
1. The eye receives its blood supply from branches of the ophthalmic artery, which branches directly from the internal carotid artery.
2. The central retinal artery supplies the retina, while the ciliary arteries supply the choroid, iris, and ciliary body.
3. Veins drain blood from the eye and empty into the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins, which drain into the cavernous sinus. The cavernous sinus contains several cranial nerves.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a thin moist membrane that covers the outer layer of the eyeball and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. It is made up of different parts, including the bulbar conjunctiva covering the sclera, palpebral conjunctiva lining the eyelids, and conjunctival fornices in the upper and lower eyelid regions. The conjunctiva contains goblet cells that secrete mucus to lubricate the eye and protect the epithelial cells, and it receives its blood supply from the anterior ciliary arteries and its nerve supply varies by region.
Anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus
The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland, lacrimal drainage system, and associated structures that produce and drain tears from the eye.
The lacrimal gland develops from surface ectoderm and is located above and lateral to the eye. Tears produced by the gland drain through puncta and canaliculi into the lacrimal sac, then through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.
The lacrimal sac is lodged in the lacrimal fossa of the medial orbital wall. It connects to the nasolacrimal duct, which courses posteriorly and laterally through bone to drain into the nasal cavity. Coordinated blinking and pressure differences aid
Coats of eyeball
The document discusses the three coats of the eye:
1. The outer coat is called the fibrous tunic and is composed of the sclera and cornea. The sclera covers most of the eyeball and provides structural support, while the cornea allows light to enter.
2. The middle coat is the vascular tunic, also called the uvea. It contains the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid supplies blood vessels and nutrients to the eye, while the ciliary body anchors the lens and controls accommodation.
3. The innermost coat is the retina, which contains light-sensitive cells called rods and cones that are responsible for vision.
Embryology applied anatomy and physiology of lens
The document discusses the embryology, anatomy, physiology and applied anatomy of the lens. It begins by describing the early embryonic development of the lens, including the formation of the lens vesicle from surface ectoderm. It then details the anatomy of the adult lens, including its layers of capsule, epithelium and fibers which make up the nucleus and cortex. The physiology section covers lens transparency, metabolism and accommodation. Finally, it briefly mentions some anatomical anomalies of accommodation such as presbyopia and paralysis.
Eyelid anatomy and physiology
The eyelids are composed of several layers including skin, muscle, orbital septum, fat and conjunctiva. The upper eyelid is raised by the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and Muller's muscle. The lower eyelid is retracted by the capsulopalpebral fascia. Several glands including the meibomian glands and glands of Zeis and Moll are located within the eyelids and help form the tear film. The orbicularis oculi muscle allows for eyelid closure and blinking. Together, the eyelid structures protect the eye and help spread tears across the surface of the eye.
Enucleation, evisceration, exenteration
Enucleation, evisceration, and exenteration are surgical procedures involving removal of parts or all of the eye and orbit. Enucleation removes the entire globe while preserving orbital structures. Indications include retinoblastoma and melanoma. Evisceration removes intraocular contents while preserving the sclera. It is used for painful blind eyes and infections. Exenteration removes all orbital contents, including soft tissues. It is performed for orbital malignancies or infections to obtain tumor-free margins. Complications can include bleeding, infection, and implant issues. Different types of implants are used depending on the procedure and goals.
PUPIL - ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REFLEXES
1. The pupil is a circular opening located in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
2. Pupil size and reaction are controlled by two sets of muscles - the sphincter pupillae constricts the pupil in response to light, and the dilator pupillae dilates the pupil under sympathetic stimulation.
3. Abnormalities in pupil size, shape, reaction to light and near response can indicate underlying pathologies affecting the complex neurological pathways and muscles that control the pupil. Assessment of pupillary reflexes is important for localizing lesions in the afferent visual pathways or efferent autonomic pathways.
anatomy of sclera
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
Development of the eye
The eye develops from the optic vesicles which invaginate to form the optic cups. The inner layer of the optic cup forms the neural retina while the outer layer forms the pigmented retina. The lens develops from surface ectoderm which invaginates to form the lens vesicle. Mesenchyme surrounding the eye differentiates into the choroid, sclera, iris and ciliary body. The optic nerve develops from the optic stalk as nerve fibers grow and the stalk walls fuse. Abnormalities can occur if structures like the choroid fissure fail to close properly or due to infections disrupting eye development.
lens.pptx
This document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the lens. It discusses the developmental stages of the lens from the lens placode to the formation of the lens vesicle and fibers. The anatomy sections describe the layers and structures of the lens including the capsule, epithelium, fibers that make up the nucleus and cortex. The physiology section explains how the lens maintains transparency and focuses light through accommodation using active transport mechanisms and crystalline proteins. It also discusses metabolic pathways and anomalies that can affect accommodation.
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The protein associated with Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy type 1 (ADOA) is well conserved and will help in further investigations of other species with similar genetic sequences. The results from bioinformatics programs show that there was 80-100% conservation in the protein from GeneDoc. MEME suite identified 3 important residues in the protein and FigTree showed 10 organisms share the same ancestor. This indicates the protein is well conserved across species.
Anophthalmai
Anophthalmia is a condition where one or both eyes are either partially developed or completely absent. It can be primary, caused by failure of part of the brain, or secondary, when the eye starts developing but stops. Causes include drugs, toxins, radiation, and some viruses. Similar eye disorders are microphthalmia, where the eyes are small, and coloboma, where there is a gap in the eye's structure. Anophthalmia can affect humans and animals like cats and dogs during early development in the mother's womb.
Anophthalmai
Anophthalmia is the absence of one or both eyes. It can be primary, due to failure of part of the brain during development, secondary if the eye starts developing and stops, or degenerative if the eye starts forming but degenerates from lack of blood flow. Causes include drugs, toxins, radiation, and viruses. Similar conditions are microphthalmia, where the eyes are small, and coloboma, where there is a gap in the eye's structure. Anophthalmia can occur in humans and animals.
The Binocular Vision Dysfuction Pandemic
The high occurrence of binocular vision dysfunction should be taken seriously and diagnosed and treated appropriately.
Prevention of-childhood-blindness
TIME: 10; 00AM PROMPT
Childhood blindness refers to a group of diseases and conditions occurring in childhood or early adolescence (<16 years of age), which, if left untreated, result in blindness. The World Health Organization (2010) [2] estimation showed that the number of blind children in the world has declined from 1.4 million in 1999 to the current number of 1.26 million. However, in Sub-Saharan Africa, the number has increased by 31% from 129890 to 419000. Childhood blindness is responsible for a high number of “blind years” such that even though the actual number of blind children is much smaller than the number of blind adults, the total “blind years” lived are comparable to those due to age related cataract . Furthermore, blindness in children is related to child mortality. For these reasons, the control of blindness in children is considered a high priority in the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Vision 2020 initiative: The Right to Sight
Sensory disorder
Sensory processing disorder is a condition where the brain has trouble processing sensory information from the environment. It used to be called sensory integration dysfunction. People with sensory processing disorder may be oversensitive to sounds or touch. They may also have problems with coordination, spatial awareness, conversation, and play. Sensory processing problems often affect children but can also affect adults, and are commonly seen with autism. While not officially recognized as its own disorder, many experts believe sensory processing disorder should be.
Sensory disorder
It is about the blindness disorder. It tells the differences types of blindness, the causes,symptoms and the treatment
Eye diseases
This document provides information about various eye diseases from the National Eye Institute website. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of the eye and lists many common eye diseases. Separate articles then provide more detailed information about cataract, retinal detachment, and corneal disease. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, risk factors and additional resources for more information available on the National Eye Institute website.
Eye Diseases
This document provides information about various eye diseases from the National Eye Institute website. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of the eye and lists many common eye diseases. Separate articles then provide more detailed information about cataract, retinal detachment, and corneal disease. For each disease, it discusses symptoms, causes, risk factors and additional resources for more information available on the National Eye Institute website.
Birth Defects: Single gene disorders
Birth Defects was written for healthcare workers who look after individuals with birth defects, their families, and women who are at increased risk of giving birth to an infant with a birth defect. This book is being used in the Genetics Education Programme which trains healthcare workers in genetic counselling in South Africa. It covers: modes of inheritance, medical genetic counselling, birth defects due to chromosomal abnormalities, single gene defects, teratogens, multifactorial inheritance
Acromatopsia
Achromatopsia is a genetic condition present from birth that affects the cones in the retina, resulting in little to no color vision, sensitivity to light, involuntary eye movements, and reduced visual acuity. Symptoms are first noticed in infants due to photophobia and nystagmus, though nystagmus lessens with age while other symptoms like reduced visual acuity become more impactful as children reach school age. Achromatopsia does not worsen over time. It is caused by mutations that impact the function of cone photoreceptors and prevents normal color vision. There is no cure or prevention other than avoiding relationships between close relatives to reduce genetic risk.
myopia.pdf
Myopia, commonly known as nearsightedness, refers to a spectrum of eye disorders where the far point of vision is closer to the retina than infinity. It can be caused by a number of factors and is usually benign, though it increases the risk of serious retinal pathology. The prevalence of myopia varies greatly between populations, from around 25% in Western countries to over 75% in some Asian countries. Myopia is classified into physiological, intermediate, and pathological types based on clinical findings and prognosis. Physiological myopia is usually mild and stable, while pathological myopia often results in blindness from macular degeneration or retinal detachment.
amblyopia ppt.edit.pptx
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, types, visual development milestones, diagnosis, and abnormalities found in amblyopic eyes. It provides details on epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, and visual characteristics of amblyopia such as crowding phenomenon, eccentric fixation, and reduced contrast sensitivity. The document also outlines methods for diagnosing amblyopia in pre-verbal children through tests of fixation, red reflex, and induced tropia.
An Ophthalmologist’S Approach To Visual Processing Learning Differences Harol...
American Academy of |Ophthalmology says there is no involvement of vision in dyslexia. Should ophthalmologists get involved with dyslexia? Is dyslexia an eye or vision problem?
In the past, most ophthalmologists read or
were told that treatment of the disorders
affecting children with dyslexia and other
learning disabilities fell outside the field of
ophthalmology because the brain, and not the
eyes, is the main organ active in the process
of thinking and learning
Blurred vision.pptx
This document discusses blurred vision, its causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and nursing care. It begins with an introduction by the presenter and defines blurred vision. Potential eye-related and systemic causes are outlined. Clinical pictures and diagnosis involve history, eye exams, and potential blood tests. Management can include eye drops, changing glasses/contacts, laser procedures, or surgery. Nursing assessment, diagnoses like altered comfort or tissue integrity, and interventions like education and counseling are reviewed. References are provided.
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Anophthalmia
- 1. Anophthalmia William Zamora Mr.Gonzalgo Period:2
- 2. What’s the risk factors of being born with Anophthalmia? Anophthalmia: being born with one or both with no eyes It is caused by “genetic mutations and abnormal chromosomes.” Another way of getting anophthalmia is that if you had a family member it could be passed on from generations Humans are not the only ones that could get this disease, animals too could get this.
- 5. There Is no treatment of anophthlmia that could restore vision
- 6. Even though if there’s no treatment for this disease that does not stop people from doing stuff that others could do.
- 7. Also if there’s no treatment for this disease and the people don’t like how they look there is something called glass eyes. Glass eye is a artificial that does not give you vision
- 8. Standards 4c Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene, or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein. 4d Students know how specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to different patterns of gene expression rather than to differences in the genes themselves.
- 9. I chose the standard 4c because it said how mutations in the DNA the gene could or may not express properly. I chose the standard 4d because it also talks about how the organisms uses different patterns of gene expression.
- 10. Different types of anophthalmia There is different types of anophthalmia: there is primary anophthalmia which means is a complete absence of eye tissue due to a failure of the part of the brain that forms the eye. there is secondary anophthalmia occurs when the eye starts to develop and for some reason stops, leaving the infant with only residual eye tissue or extremely tiny eyes which can only be seen under close examination.
- 11. Different types of anophthalmia part 2 Degenerative anophthalmia: the eye started to form and, for some reason, degenerated. One reason for this occurring could be a lack of blood supply to the eye.
- 12. 5 photos from 1 source http://www.flickr.com/photos/doctorgod/6035403882/lightb ox/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/jularun7/4547875345/lightbox / http://www.flickr.com/photos/bioassay/3351297924/lightbo x/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/encinoman/368503125/lightb ox/
- 14. Citations http://www.messybeast.com/freak-eyes.htm http://www.disease-disease.com/bartonella-infections http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/Ectopia_lentis http://www.eyedr4kids.com/anophtha.htm