Overview of the Recent Amino Acids Work in Growing Pigs - Anne Clark, Kansas State Research and Extension, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material

1. Overview of Recent AA Work
in Growing Pigs
A.B. Clark1*, M.D. Tokach1, S.S. Dritz1, K.J. Touchette2, J.M.
DeRouchey1, R.D. Goodband1, and J.C. Woodworth1
1Kansas State University, Manhattan,
2Ajinomoto Heartland, Inc., Chicago, IL.

2. Background
• Inclusion of synthetic amino acids allows producers to
meet specific requirements while reducing both diet
cost by replacing specialty protein sources.
 Current literature lacks:
 Research where pigs were fed below their lysine
requirement
 The application of best-fitting nonlinear statistical
models

3. Objective
To determine the SID Lys, Val:Lys, and Ile:Lys
requirement for 7 to 11 kg nursery pigs
using best-fitting mixed models.

4. Lysine
 300 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, 21 d of age,
6.7 initial BW)
 6 d on a common starter diet
 Pens allotted to treatments in a completely
randomized design
 6.7 kg initial BW
 10 replications/treatment
 5 pigs/pen

5. Materials and Methods, Lys Exp.
 6 treatment diets increasing in SID Lys:
 1.10, 1.20, 1.30, 1.40, 1.50, and 1.60 % SID Lys
 NRC requirement – 1.35%, PIC – 1.46%
 Diets for 1.10 and 1.60% SID Lys manufactured
and blended at feed mill
 All diets were fed in meal form.
 With increasing Lys level, soybean meal was
replaced with crystalline amino acids and corn
NRC, 2012. PIC Nutrient Specifications Manual, 2016.

6.  Pigs were fed treatment diets for 14 d,
followed by a common diet for 14 d.
 Pigs were weighed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 to
determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F.
 Each pen (1.2 × 1.5 m) contained a 4-hole dry,
self-feeder and a nipple waterer for ad libitum
access to feed and water.
Materials and Methods, Lys Exp.

7.  PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC)
 Experimental unit: pen
 Results considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and
tendencies between P > 0.05 and P ≤ 0.10.
 Models evaluated:
 Quadratic (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and
broken-line quadratic (BLQ)
 A lower Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)
indicated a better fit.
 A decrease in BIC greater than 2.0 among models
for a particular response criterion was considered
an improved fit.
Statistical Analysis, Lys Exp.
Gonçalves et al. (2016)

8. Lys Results, Experimental Period
SID Lys, % P <
Item 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 SEM Lin Quad
d 0 to 141
ADG, g 265 263 298 313 319 320 10.1 0.001 0.278
ADFI, g 432 417 446 438 441 442 14.6 0.336 0.835
G:F 0.616 0.631 0.670 0.714 0.725 0.729 0.0173 0.001 0.273
F/G 1.64 1.60 1.50 1.40 1.39 1.38 0.040 0.001 0.136
1BW ≈ 6.7 to 10.8

9. Modeling Results: ADG (d 0 to 14; 6.7 to 10.8 kg BW)
Best Fit: BLL and QP Model
BLL Breakpoint: 1.45% [95% CI:1.31, 1.58% ]
QP Maximum: >1.60%, 95% of Max: 1.43

10. Modeling Results: G:F (d 0 to 14; 6.7 to 10.8 kg BW)
Best Fit: BLL and QP Model
BLL Breakpoint: 1.45% [95% CI:1.35, 1.54% ]
QP Maximum: >1.60%, 95% of Max: 1.43

11. Valine
 280 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, 21 d of age)
 5 d on a common starter diet
 Pens were allotted to treatments according to BW
in a randomized complete block design.
 7 treatment diets increasing in SID Val:Lys
 50, 57, 63, 68, 73, 78, 85
 1.24% SID Lys
 NRC requirement – 64%, PIC – 67% SID Val:Lys

12. Val experimental period performance
SID Val:Lys, % P <
Item 50 57 63 68 73 78 85 SEM Lin Quad
d 0 to 141
ADG, g 190 221 249 249 248 251 238 11.2 0.001 0.001
ADFI, g 331 363 394 388 403 390 386 17.2 0.012 0.030
G:F 0.579 0.612 0.635 0.646 0.614 0.645 0.617 0.0189 0.101 0.039
F/G 1.74 1.65 1.60 1.56 1.63 1.56 1.64 0.050 0.084 0.036
1BW ≈ 6.5 to 9.8

13. Modeling Results: ADG (d 0 to 14; 6.5 to 9.8 kg BW)
Best Fit: Broken-Line Linear Model
Breakpoint: 62.9% SID Val:Lys

14. Modeling Results: ADFI (d 0 to 14; 6.5 to 9.8 kg BW)
Best Fit: QP Model
Maximum: 73.7% SID Val:Lys, 99% of Max: 68.0%

15. Modeling Results: G:F (d 0 to 14; 6.5 to 9.8 kg BW)
Best Fit: Quadratic Polynomial Model
Max Performance: 71.7% SID Val:Lys, 99% of Max: 64.4%

16. Isoleucine
 280 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, 21 d of age)
 6 d on a common starter diet
 12 d on experimental diets
 Pens allotted to treatments according to BW/location in
a randomized complete block design
 7 treatment diets increasing in SID Ile:Lys
 40, 44, 48, 52, 54, 58, 63
 NRC requirement – 52%, PIC – 55%

17. Ile experimental period performance
SID Ile:Lys, % P <
Item 40 44 48 52 54 58 63 SEM Lin Quad
d 0 to 121
ADG, g 330 344 342 388 344 358 375 11.3 0.001 0.446
ADFI, g 495 524 546 601 522 574 555 16.6 0.002 0.017
G:F 0.669 0.657 0.628 0.648 0.658 0.625 0.676 0.0152 0.900 0.041
F/G 1.50 1.53 1.60 1.55 1.52 1.61 1.49 0.037 0.812 0.059
1BW ≈ 6.8 to 11.0

18. Modeling Results: ADG (d 0 to 14; 6.8 to 11.0 kg BW)
Best Fit: QP, BLL and BLQ Models
BLL Breakpoint: 52.0% [95% CI:51.96, 52.04 % ]
BLQ Breakpoint: 52.0%, [95% CI:51.97, 52.03]
QP Maximum: 64.7%, 99% of Max: 57.0

19. Modeling Results: ADFI (d 0 to 14; 6.8 to 11.0 kg BW)
Best Fit: QP and BLL Model
QP Maximum: 56.2 % SID Ile:Lys, 99% of Max: 51.6%
BLL Breakpoint: 50.6% SID Ile:Lys, [41.99, 59.15%]

20. Summary
 Results heavily dependent on the model and criteria
evaluated
 SID Lys – 1.45 to 1.60%
 SID Val:Lys – 62.9 to 71.7%
 SID Ile:Lys – 52.0 to 64.7%
 Consider maximum of response vs 95 or 99% of max
 Generating response surfaces allows producers to
make decisions based on ingredient nutrient
composition, availability, and economics

21. www.ksuswine.org  Calculators

22. Thank you!