An analysis of water quality and health data from a prospective study in peri-urban Zambia found that Enterococci counts in household drinking water, but not E. coli or total coliform counts, were positively associated with self-reported gastrointestinal illness among residents. Higher levels of Enterococci in water were linked to increased odds of gastrointestinal symptoms. While reported water treatment was initially associated with lower illness, this relationship did not remain significant after adjusting for other factors. The findings suggest Enterococci may be a better indicator than E. coli for predicting gastrointestinal disease risk from drinking water in this urban setting.
Using Evidence to Drive Health Interventions: The Case of Household Water Tre...LIDC
The document discusses using evidence to drive health interventions, using household water treatment as a case study. It summarizes evidence from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials on the impact of various household water treatment methods in reducing diarrhea. Key challenges discussed are achieving effective and consistent use, long-term and sustainable uptake, and targeting vulnerable populations. The evidence suggests household water treatment can significantly reduce diarrhea but effectiveness depends on addressing these challenges.
Multidisciplinary Research Week 2013 at the University of Southampton. #MDRWeek. World Water Day and International Year of Water Cooperation 2013.
Water quality: addressing global problems at source’, Presentation by Dr Jim Wright, Geography and Environment, University of Southampton.
See the latest videos, interviews, pictures, tweets and views from the floor at: www.southampton.ac.uk/multidisciplinary
ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE REDUCTION OF DIARRHEA IN RURAL COMM...leevg11
This document summarizes research assessing factors that contribute to reduced diarrhea in rural communities in Para, Brazil. It discusses the problem of diarrhea in developing communities and introduces the biosand filter as a potential solution. It describes previous related work in Guatemala that identified education and water source as most important. It then outlines the researcher's hypothesis, methodology using structural equation modeling and confirmatory analysis, results from feasibility and pilot studies in Brazil, and conclusions that household education level, improved sanitation, and socioeconomic status were most significant in reducing diarrhea.
This study evaluated the accuracy of using oral fluid lead testing as a screening method for elevated blood lead levels in children compared to venous blood lead testing. 500 children underwent both oral fluid and blood lead testing. The oral fluid tests showed 92% correlation with blood tests for lead levels both below and at or above 4 mcg/dL. 9 children had false positive oral fluid tests. No children had false negative oral fluid tests. The study concluded that oral fluid lead testing is a reliable screening method for lead exposure in children and has advantages over blood testing such as reduced refusal rates and faster results. However, oral fluid tests results at or above 4 mcg/dL still require confirmation with a blood test due to the small number of elevated results
LIÇÃO 03 - ABRAÃO, A ESPERANÇA DO PAI DA FÉ / SUBSÍDIOS / REVISTA DA CLASSE A...Daniel Felipe Kroth
O documento descreve a chamada e jornada de fé de Abraão, que acreditou no projeto divino de Deus para sua vida e para a humanidade, apesar dos desafios. Deus prometeu fazer de Abraão uma grande nação e abençoar todas as famílias da terra através dele, cumprindo seu plano de salvação por meio de Jesus Cristo, descendente de Abraão.
This document appears to be a form with fields for a mobile number, lockcode number, and a submit button. It references ideas, success, being active, and closing, suggesting it may relate to submitting an application or proposal of some kind. The document contains few other details to provide meaningful context.
Este documento describe los tres tipos de palancas - de primer grado, segundo grado y tercer grado. La palanca de primer grado tiene el punto de apoyo entre la fuerza y la resistencia, como una balanza. La palanca de segundo grado tiene la resistencia entre el punto de apoyo y la fuerza, como una carretilla. La palanca de tercer grado tiene la fuerza entre el punto de apoyo y la resistencia, como un martillo.
Enterococci but not E. coli counts in drinking water are positively associate...Michelo Simuyandi
Background and Objective
Studies of the association between faecal indicator bacteria and diarrhoeal disease risk have yielded mixed findings that range from no association to significant associations. We conducted a prospective study collecting repeated measures of water quality and health indicators and related covariates at household level in a peri-urban area south of Lusaka. The aim was to measure the association between the levels of Enterococci and E. coli in household drinking water and self-reported highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) experienced by household members in the previous seven days.
Methods
We carried out a prospective household based observational study of 290 households which involved household interviews, household observations and testing of household stored drinking water and source water for bacterial indicators of faecal contamination. Residents were interviewed regarding demographics, socio-economic status, drinking water access, treatment and storage, hygiene and sanitation practices, household-level environmental health related exposures, diarrhoea and other gastro-intestinal symptoms. The associations between Enterococci, E. coli, total coliforms in household drinking water and the HCGI experienced by household members were investigated using mixed-effects logistic regression.
Results
Univariate analyses showed Enterococci count was significantly associated with HCGI (OR 26.55 CI: 1.45, 486.04)for unadjusted and (OR 31.33 CI:(2.13, 461.73) for the adjusted. that Log2, but not E. coli or total coliforms,. For every doubling of enterococci count, the odds of HCGI increased by a factor of 1.54 (95% CI :( 1.13, 2.10), p=0.01). Reported treatment of household water (OR 0.41, p<0.01),><0.01) were negatively associated with HCGI, whilst having a place to wash hands near toilet was positively associated with HCGI outcomes (OR 2.12, p=0.03). A positive association of HCGI with age under 5 in the household did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.53, p=0.07.). In a multivariate model, log2 Enterococci count remained significantly associated with HCGI. A doubling of enterococci count increased the odds of HCGI by a factor of 1.67 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.56, p=0.02, after adjustment for water treatment.
Conclusion
In this urban setting, enterococci counts have a stronger association with HCGI than E.coli or total coliform count.
Using Evidence to Drive Health Interventions: The Case of Household Water Tre...LIDC
The document discusses using evidence to drive health interventions, using household water treatment as a case study. It summarizes evidence from systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials on the impact of various household water treatment methods in reducing diarrhea. Key challenges discussed are achieving effective and consistent use, long-term and sustainable uptake, and targeting vulnerable populations. The evidence suggests household water treatment can significantly reduce diarrhea but effectiveness depends on addressing these challenges.
Multidisciplinary Research Week 2013 at the University of Southampton. #MDRWeek. World Water Day and International Year of Water Cooperation 2013.
Water quality: addressing global problems at source’, Presentation by Dr Jim Wright, Geography and Environment, University of Southampton.
See the latest videos, interviews, pictures, tweets and views from the floor at: www.southampton.ac.uk/multidisciplinary
ASSESSMENT OF CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE REDUCTION OF DIARRHEA IN RURAL COMM...leevg11
This document summarizes research assessing factors that contribute to reduced diarrhea in rural communities in Para, Brazil. It discusses the problem of diarrhea in developing communities and introduces the biosand filter as a potential solution. It describes previous related work in Guatemala that identified education and water source as most important. It then outlines the researcher's hypothesis, methodology using structural equation modeling and confirmatory analysis, results from feasibility and pilot studies in Brazil, and conclusions that household education level, improved sanitation, and socioeconomic status were most significant in reducing diarrhea.
This study evaluated the accuracy of using oral fluid lead testing as a screening method for elevated blood lead levels in children compared to venous blood lead testing. 500 children underwent both oral fluid and blood lead testing. The oral fluid tests showed 92% correlation with blood tests for lead levels both below and at or above 4 mcg/dL. 9 children had false positive oral fluid tests. No children had false negative oral fluid tests. The study concluded that oral fluid lead testing is a reliable screening method for lead exposure in children and has advantages over blood testing such as reduced refusal rates and faster results. However, oral fluid tests results at or above 4 mcg/dL still require confirmation with a blood test due to the small number of elevated results
LIÇÃO 03 - ABRAÃO, A ESPERANÇA DO PAI DA FÉ / SUBSÍDIOS / REVISTA DA CLASSE A...Daniel Felipe Kroth
O documento descreve a chamada e jornada de fé de Abraão, que acreditou no projeto divino de Deus para sua vida e para a humanidade, apesar dos desafios. Deus prometeu fazer de Abraão uma grande nação e abençoar todas as famílias da terra através dele, cumprindo seu plano de salvação por meio de Jesus Cristo, descendente de Abraão.
This document appears to be a form with fields for a mobile number, lockcode number, and a submit button. It references ideas, success, being active, and closing, suggesting it may relate to submitting an application or proposal of some kind. The document contains few other details to provide meaningful context.
Este documento describe los tres tipos de palancas - de primer grado, segundo grado y tercer grado. La palanca de primer grado tiene el punto de apoyo entre la fuerza y la resistencia, como una balanza. La palanca de segundo grado tiene la resistencia entre el punto de apoyo y la fuerza, como una carretilla. La palanca de tercer grado tiene la fuerza entre el punto de apoyo y la resistencia, como un martillo.
Enterococci but not E. coli counts in drinking water are positively associate...Michelo Simuyandi
Background and Objective
Studies of the association between faecal indicator bacteria and diarrhoeal disease risk have yielded mixed findings that range from no association to significant associations. We conducted a prospective study collecting repeated measures of water quality and health indicators and related covariates at household level in a peri-urban area south of Lusaka. The aim was to measure the association between the levels of Enterococci and E. coli in household drinking water and self-reported highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) experienced by household members in the previous seven days.
Methods
We carried out a prospective household based observational study of 290 households which involved household interviews, household observations and testing of household stored drinking water and source water for bacterial indicators of faecal contamination. Residents were interviewed regarding demographics, socio-economic status, drinking water access, treatment and storage, hygiene and sanitation practices, household-level environmental health related exposures, diarrhoea and other gastro-intestinal symptoms. The associations between Enterococci, E. coli, total coliforms in household drinking water and the HCGI experienced by household members were investigated using mixed-effects logistic regression.
Results
Univariate analyses showed Enterococci count was significantly associated with HCGI (OR 26.55 CI: 1.45, 486.04)for unadjusted and (OR 31.33 CI:(2.13, 461.73) for the adjusted. that Log2, but not E. coli or total coliforms,. For every doubling of enterococci count, the odds of HCGI increased by a factor of 1.54 (95% CI :( 1.13, 2.10), p=0.01). Reported treatment of household water (OR 0.41, p<0.01),><0.01) were negatively associated with HCGI, whilst having a place to wash hands near toilet was positively associated with HCGI outcomes (OR 2.12, p=0.03). A positive association of HCGI with age under 5 in the household did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.53, p=0.07.). In a multivariate model, log2 Enterococci count remained significantly associated with HCGI. A doubling of enterococci count increased the odds of HCGI by a factor of 1.67 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.56, p=0.02, after adjustment for water treatment.
Conclusion
In this urban setting, enterococci counts have a stronger association with HCGI than E.coli or total coliform count.
Graciela universidad nacional_de_tres_de_febrero_pais vascoRicardo Mujica
Este documento es una invitación para que Graciela Esnaola coordine una sesión de evaluación de las III Jornadas de Educación, Desarrollo, Tecnología y Cooperación que se celebrarán los días 17 y 18 de septiembre de 2010. La sesión de evaluación tendrá lugar el día 17 de septiembre de 11:45 a 14:30 horas y se centrará en los proyectos de cooperación "Integración psicodidáctica y social de TIC en barrios marginales de la ciudad de Puebla" (Mé
1) O documento estabelece diretrizes para a acessibilidade de pessoas com deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida nos transportes e espaços públicos de uma cidade.
2) Inclui reserva de vagas nos transportes, campanhas educativas anuais e planejamento para tornar vias, parques e outros espaços acessíveis.
3) Determina que projetos de urbanização devem seguir normas de acessibilidade.
This document discusses reproductive toxins and their impacts in the workplace. It defines terms like teratogens, mutagens, and fetal toxins. It also provides statistics on reproductive issues like infertility, miscarriages, birth defects, and discusses the magnitude of these problems. The document encourages measures to decrease potential exposures to reproductive hazards for male and female laboratory workers and poses questions for discussion.
La escuela tiene problemas con la disciplina, el respeto y el compañerismo entre los estudiantes de diferentes grupos sociales. Algunos estudiantes son distraídos, impuntuales y no tienen tiempo para las tareas debido a sus horarios.
The article discusses plans for an event taking place on November 5th. Details include that it will involve "busting loose" or letting loose in some way. No other context is provided about the specific event or activities planned for that date.
Konflik antara TNI dan Polri sering terjadi karena faktor internal maupun eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi ego institusi, ketidaktaatan pada perundang-undangan, dan masalah sepele. Sementara faktor eksternal berupa ketimpangan kesejahteraan antara personel kedua lembaga yang dapat memicu kecemburuan sosial. Konflik sering bermula dari insiden kecil namun berujung pada tindakan kekerasan yang dapat mengganggu stabilitas
Enterococci but not E. coli counts in drinking water are positively associate...Michelo Simuyandi
Background and Objective
Studies of the association between faecal indicator bacteria and diarrhoeal disease risk have yielded mixed findings that range from no association to significant associations. We conducted a prospective study collecting repeated measures of water quality and health indicators and related covariates at household level in a peri-urban area south of Lusaka. The aim was to measure the association between the levels of Enterococci and E. coli in household drinking water and self-reported highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) experienced by household members in the previous seven days.
Methods
We carried out a prospective household based observational study of 290 households which involved household interviews, household observations and testing of household stored drinking water and source water for bacterial indicators of faecal contamination. Residents were interviewed regarding demographics, socio-economic status, drinking water access, treatment and storage, hygiene and sanitation practices, household-level environmental health related exposures, diarrhoea and other gastro-intestinal symptoms. The associations between Enterococci, E. coli, total coliforms in household drinking water and the HCGI experienced by household members were investigated using mixed-effects logistic regression.
Results
Univariate analyses showed Enterococci count was significantly associated with HCGI (OR 26.55 CI: 1.45, 486.04)for unadjusted and (OR 31.33 CI:(2.13, 461.73) for the adjusted. that Log2, but not E. coli or total coliforms,. For every doubling of enterococci count, the odds of HCGI increased by a factor of 1.54 (95% CI :( 1.13, 2.10), p=0.01). Reported treatment of household water (OR 0.41, p<0.01),><0.01) were negatively associated with HCGI, whilst having a place to wash hands near toilet was positively associated with HCGI outcomes (OR 2.12, p=0.03). A positive association of HCGI with age under 5 in the household did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.53, p=0.07.). In a multivariate model, log2 Enterococci count remained significantly associated with HCGI. A doubling of enterococci count increased the odds of HCGI by a factor of 1.67 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.56, p=0.02, after adjustment for water treatment.
Conclusion
In this urban setting, enterococci counts have a stronger association with HCGI than E.coli or total coliform count.
Synbiotic effects of the Chitosana and Acinetobacter KU011TH on Hybrid catfis...piseysay2
Aquatic animal health management has become a crucial component in the goal of increasing catfish aquaculture
productivity. Additionally, hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × C. macrocephalus) has been promoted as a highly
profitable freshwater fish in Asia. Interestingly, the crucial diseases induced by Aeromonas hydrophila have been
reported to greatly impede catfish production. To overcome this challenge, the aim was to investigate the effects
of the oral administration of potentially synbiotic chitosan (CH) and Acinetobacter KU011TH (AK) on the growth
performance, immunological responses, and disease resistance of hybrid catfish against A. hydrophila.
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SACHET WATER SOLD WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLISPAUL ALEYOMI
This document summarizes a study on the bacteriological quality of sachet water sold in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The study aimed to determine the total bacterial count, identify any coliform bacteria, and test the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Water samples were collected from 5 different locations and tested for physicochemical and microbiological quality. The results showed that all samples had bacterial counts higher than WHO standards and contained pathogenic E. coli bacteria. The isolated bacteria also showed resistance to several common antibiotics. In conclusion, the sachet water samples did not meet required standards for drinking water in terms of bacterial content and antibiotic susceptibility, suggesting the need for improved regulation and monitoring of sachet water production.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
Role of Serum Zinc and Copper in Children with Gastroenteritisiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document summarizes research on water quality and gastrointestinal illness from two case studies. The first case study examined water contamination between the source and point of use in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. It found higher levels of E. coli and enterococci at the source than in household water, along with recontamination occurring in about 50% of households. The second case study analyzed the relationship between water residence time in the distribution system and gastrointestinal illness in Atlanta, GA. It found that people in zip codes receiving water with the longest residence times had a moderately increased risk of GI illness. Both studies suggest considering initial water quality and potential for recontamination.
Coffee Income, Food Security, and Diet Diversity of Smallholder Coffee Grower...essp2
Coffee production provides income that contributes to household food security in Ethiopia. The study found that a higher share of income from coffee was positively associated with improved food security indices. However, diet diversity depended more on overall household wealth than on coffee income specifically. The findings suggest coffee alone does not guarantee food security or nutrition, so production diversification and investments to boost yields and quality are needed to maximize benefits for smallholder farmers.
1. The study tested the toxicity of used coffee grounds on larvae of the mosquito Ochlerotatus notoscriptus at different concentrations. High concentrations induced high larval mortality within days, while low concentrations boosted survivorship.
2. The results suggest used coffee grounds could be a cost-free and environmentally friendly larval control method, but extensive field trials are needed before use is advocated.
3. Nutrient depletion in the laboratory conditions likely caused high mortality in the controls, compromising the results, whereas providing food sustained higher survival rates in previous studies.
Gloria Folson and Futoshi Yamauchi
Side Event: How Japan’s know-how can help address food and nutrition challenges in the developing world
Tokyo Nutrition for Growth (N4G) Summit 2021
NOV 30, 2021
Cost of hospitalization for foodborne diseasesILRI
Presented by Teng Srey, deputy director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Cambodia at a Taskforce and Stakeholder meeting, 24-25 October 2019 in Siem Reap, Cambodia.
Graciela universidad nacional_de_tres_de_febrero_pais vascoRicardo Mujica
Este documento es una invitación para que Graciela Esnaola coordine una sesión de evaluación de las III Jornadas de Educación, Desarrollo, Tecnología y Cooperación que se celebrarán los días 17 y 18 de septiembre de 2010. La sesión de evaluación tendrá lugar el día 17 de septiembre de 11:45 a 14:30 horas y se centrará en los proyectos de cooperación "Integración psicodidáctica y social de TIC en barrios marginales de la ciudad de Puebla" (Mé
1) O documento estabelece diretrizes para a acessibilidade de pessoas com deficiência ou mobilidade reduzida nos transportes e espaços públicos de uma cidade.
2) Inclui reserva de vagas nos transportes, campanhas educativas anuais e planejamento para tornar vias, parques e outros espaços acessíveis.
3) Determina que projetos de urbanização devem seguir normas de acessibilidade.
This document discusses reproductive toxins and their impacts in the workplace. It defines terms like teratogens, mutagens, and fetal toxins. It also provides statistics on reproductive issues like infertility, miscarriages, birth defects, and discusses the magnitude of these problems. The document encourages measures to decrease potential exposures to reproductive hazards for male and female laboratory workers and poses questions for discussion.
La escuela tiene problemas con la disciplina, el respeto y el compañerismo entre los estudiantes de diferentes grupos sociales. Algunos estudiantes son distraídos, impuntuales y no tienen tiempo para las tareas debido a sus horarios.
The article discusses plans for an event taking place on November 5th. Details include that it will involve "busting loose" or letting loose in some way. No other context is provided about the specific event or activities planned for that date.
Konflik antara TNI dan Polri sering terjadi karena faktor internal maupun eksternal. Faktor internal meliputi ego institusi, ketidaktaatan pada perundang-undangan, dan masalah sepele. Sementara faktor eksternal berupa ketimpangan kesejahteraan antara personel kedua lembaga yang dapat memicu kecemburuan sosial. Konflik sering bermula dari insiden kecil namun berujung pada tindakan kekerasan yang dapat mengganggu stabilitas
Enterococci but not E. coli counts in drinking water are positively associate...Michelo Simuyandi
Background and Objective
Studies of the association between faecal indicator bacteria and diarrhoeal disease risk have yielded mixed findings that range from no association to significant associations. We conducted a prospective study collecting repeated measures of water quality and health indicators and related covariates at household level in a peri-urban area south of Lusaka. The aim was to measure the association between the levels of Enterococci and E. coli in household drinking water and self-reported highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) experienced by household members in the previous seven days.
Methods
We carried out a prospective household based observational study of 290 households which involved household interviews, household observations and testing of household stored drinking water and source water for bacterial indicators of faecal contamination. Residents were interviewed regarding demographics, socio-economic status, drinking water access, treatment and storage, hygiene and sanitation practices, household-level environmental health related exposures, diarrhoea and other gastro-intestinal symptoms. The associations between Enterococci, E. coli, total coliforms in household drinking water and the HCGI experienced by household members were investigated using mixed-effects logistic regression.
Results
Univariate analyses showed Enterococci count was significantly associated with HCGI (OR 26.55 CI: 1.45, 486.04)for unadjusted and (OR 31.33 CI:(2.13, 461.73) for the adjusted. that Log2, but not E. coli or total coliforms,. For every doubling of enterococci count, the odds of HCGI increased by a factor of 1.54 (95% CI :( 1.13, 2.10), p=0.01). Reported treatment of household water (OR 0.41, p<0.01),><0.01) were negatively associated with HCGI, whilst having a place to wash hands near toilet was positively associated with HCGI outcomes (OR 2.12, p=0.03). A positive association of HCGI with age under 5 in the household did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.53, p=0.07.). In a multivariate model, log2 Enterococci count remained significantly associated with HCGI. A doubling of enterococci count increased the odds of HCGI by a factor of 1.67 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.56, p=0.02, after adjustment for water treatment.
Conclusion
In this urban setting, enterococci counts have a stronger association with HCGI than E.coli or total coliform count.
Synbiotic effects of the Chitosana and Acinetobacter KU011TH on Hybrid catfis...piseysay2
Aquatic animal health management has become a crucial component in the goal of increasing catfish aquaculture
productivity. Additionally, hybrid catfish (Clarias gariepinus × C. macrocephalus) has been promoted as a highly
profitable freshwater fish in Asia. Interestingly, the crucial diseases induced by Aeromonas hydrophila have been
reported to greatly impede catfish production. To overcome this challenge, the aim was to investigate the effects
of the oral administration of potentially synbiotic chitosan (CH) and Acinetobacter KU011TH (AK) on the growth
performance, immunological responses, and disease resistance of hybrid catfish against A. hydrophila.
BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF SACHET WATER SOLD WITHIN KADUNA METROPOLISPAUL ALEYOMI
This document summarizes a study on the bacteriological quality of sachet water sold in Kaduna metropolis, Nigeria. The study aimed to determine the total bacterial count, identify any coliform bacteria, and test the antibiotic susceptibility of isolated bacteria. Water samples were collected from 5 different locations and tested for physicochemical and microbiological quality. The results showed that all samples had bacterial counts higher than WHO standards and contained pathogenic E. coli bacteria. The isolated bacteria also showed resistance to several common antibiotics. In conclusion, the sachet water samples did not meet required standards for drinking water in terms of bacterial content and antibiotic susceptibility, suggesting the need for improved regulation and monitoring of sachet water production.
This document summarizes the results of a study analyzing the physicochemical and bacteriological properties of sachet water samples from four depots in Kano, Nigeria. The samples were tested for pH, turbidity, conductivity, total solids, alkalinity, hardness, bacteria, heavy metals, and anions. Most parameters were within WHO guidelines, indicating the water was generally safe for consumption. While some samples contained low levels of metals like copper, zinc, and iron, concentrations did not exceed permitted limits. No bacteria or E. coli were detected, showing an absence of fecal contamination. In conclusion, the sachet water quality was found to meet recommended standards for potable water.
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
Role of Serum Zinc and Copper in Children with Gastroenteritisiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document summarizes research on water quality and gastrointestinal illness from two case studies. The first case study examined water contamination between the source and point of use in Esmeraldas, Ecuador. It found higher levels of E. coli and enterococci at the source than in household water, along with recontamination occurring in about 50% of households. The second case study analyzed the relationship between water residence time in the distribution system and gastrointestinal illness in Atlanta, GA. It found that people in zip codes receiving water with the longest residence times had a moderately increased risk of GI illness. Both studies suggest considering initial water quality and potential for recontamination.
Coffee Income, Food Security, and Diet Diversity of Smallholder Coffee Grower...essp2
Coffee production provides income that contributes to household food security in Ethiopia. The study found that a higher share of income from coffee was positively associated with improved food security indices. However, diet diversity depended more on overall household wealth than on coffee income specifically. The findings suggest coffee alone does not guarantee food security or nutrition, so production diversification and investments to boost yields and quality are needed to maximize benefits for smallholder farmers.
1. The study tested the toxicity of used coffee grounds on larvae of the mosquito Ochlerotatus notoscriptus at different concentrations. High concentrations induced high larval mortality within days, while low concentrations boosted survivorship.
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UNC_water&Health_13_10_16_Final
1. EnterococciEnterococci but notbut not E.coliE.coli counts incounts in
drinking water are positively associateddrinking water are positively associated
with gastrointestinal disease risk in urbanwith gastrointestinal disease risk in urban
ZambiaZambia
UNC water and Health Conference 2016UNC water and Health Conference 2016
1313thth
October, 2016October, 2016
Michelo SimuyandiMichelo Simuyandi
PhD candidate: LSHTM-ITD-DCDPhD candidate: LSHTM-ITD-DCD
Research Fellow: CIDRZResearch Fellow: CIDRZ
3. Background
• Studies on the association between faecal indicator bacteria in drinking
water and diarrhoeal disease risk have yielded mixed findings that range
from no association to significant associations1,2
• This variation could be due to:
– high variability of water quality over time3
– Indicator organisms being weakly correlated to enteric pathogens4
– Study design related: collecting water quality and health data at the same
time may fail to determine direction of causality 5
– Acquired immunity to certain diarrhoea causing pathogens could affect
generalisation of the associations found in some studies6
– Other transmission routes of infection7
1. Gundry et al 2004
2. Gruber et al, 2014
3. Levy et al., 2009
4. Wu et al., 2011,
5. Khush et al., 2013
6. Frost et al., 2005
7. Luby et al 2015
4. Study design
• We conducted a prospective study collecting
repeated measures of water quality and
health indicators and related covariates at
both household and individual level in a peri-
urban area south of Lusaka
– As part of the pilot study of a field trial of a point
of use HWTS intervention
5. Aim
• To determine the association between the
levels of Enterococci, E. coli and total coliforms
in household drinking water and self-reported
highly credible gastrointestinal illness (HCGI)
experienced by household members using a 7
day recall period.
6. Definitions
• The exposure was defined as
– Safe = <1 MPN/100 mL
– Unsafe >1 MPN/100 mL
• Outcome measure used was self-reported highly credible
gastrointestinal illness (HCGI) experienced by household
members using a 7 day recall period
– HCGI : defined as a report of at least one of: 1) vomiting; 2) watery
diarrhoea; 3) soft diarrhoea and abdominal cramps both occurring
during recall period; 4 ) nausea and abdominal cramps both occurring
during recall period (Colford et al., 2005)
• The associations between Enterococci, E. coli, total coliforms
in household drinking water and the HCGI experienced by
household members were investigated using mixed-effects
logistic regression
7. Methods
• Data was collect by
– household interviews using a survey,
– household observations
• Testing of household stored drinking water
and source water for bacterial indicators of
faecal contamination was done using the
IDEXX quanti-tray, MPN Methods
– Enterolert® Test for Enterococci
– Colilert® Test for E coli and total coliforms
10. 5 CEA Household
clusters(1206 HH)
300 households
recruited (60/cluster)
244 households included in
analysis
244 households
contributing to analysis
832 Individuals
466 females
196 children below 5yrs
10 households lost to follow-up
•8 relocated to area outside study
area.
•2 withdrew without reason
44 households excluded due to
missing/incomplete data
Inclusion criteria
At least a child below 5yrs, written
consent, purposive sampling till
agreed 60 hh /cluster
11. Household Characteristic Number of subjects Proportion(%)
(% of total) with HCGI (95% CI)1
Water Quality
Ecoli count (n=635)
<1 268(42.2) 42/339 (12.4) (8.8, 17.1)
1-10 127(20.0) 15/180 (8.3) (4.1, 16.3)
11-100 98(15.4) 13/131 (9.9) (4.8, 19.4)
101 + 142(22.4) 19/185 (10.3) (5.9, 17.2)
Total coliforms (Ecoli-media) (n=635)
<1 81(12.8) 12/98 (12.2) (6.6, 21.5)
1-10 48(7.6) 12/65 (18.5) (8.2, 36.5)
11-100 18(2.8) 2/40 (5.0) (1.3, 17.7)
101 + 488(76.9) 63/632 (10.0) (7.4, 13.3)
Enterococci count (n=570)
<1 529(92.8) 51/676 (7.5) (5.3, 10.6)
1-10 23(4.0) 5/23 (21.7) (6.2, 5.4)
11-100 12(2.1) 3/12 (25.0) (9.1, 52.6)
101 + 6(1.1) 2/7 (28.6) (8.2, 64.3)
Household Water Treatment (n=829)
No 661 (79.73) 89/692 (12.86) (9.92, 16,51)
Yes 168 (20.27) 21/280 (6.98) (4.45, 10.77)
Primary Water Source (n=569)
Tap inside house 53 (9.31) 5/67 (7.46) (3.94, 13.70)
Stand pipe 244 (42.88) 52/371 (14.02) (10.12, 19.09)
Other 272 (47.80) 52/406 (12.81) (9.17, 17.60)
Containers per daya
mean(SD) 3.16 (2.00)
Containers per day category (n=766)
0-2 347 (45.30) 40/472 (8.47) (5.62, 12.59)
3-5 307 (40.08) 62/468 (13.25) (9.86, 17.58)
6-9 112 (14.62) 22/181 (12.15) (7.86, 18.33)
Distance to water source (n=791)
<200 meters 762 (96.33) 128/1101 (11.63) (9.42, 14.26)
200+ metres 29 (3.67) 1/47 (2.13) (0.26, 15.25)
How long to collect water (n=371)
5-14 minutes 306 (82.48) 40/468 (8.55) (5.74, 12.55)
15+ minutes 65 (17.52) 11/85(12.94) (7.70, 20.99)
Household and individual baseline characteristics for the study population
12. Household Characteristic Number of subjects Proportion(%)
(% of total) with HCGI (95% CI)1
How long to collect water (n=371)
5-14 minutes 306 (82.48) 40/468 (8.55) (5.74, 12.55)
15+ minutes 65 (17.52) 11/85(12.94) (7.70, 20.99)
Safe Sanitationb
(n=695)
No 622 (89.50) 107/920 (11.63) (9.23, 14.55)
Yes 73 (10.5) 11/112 (9.82) (4.50, 20.11)
Good Hygienec
(n=821)
No 622 (75.76) 102/900 (11.33) (8.91, 14.30)
Yes 199 (24.24) 29/290 (10.00) (6.56, 14.96)
Place to Wash hands in house (n=827)
No 640 (77.39) 95/934 (10.17) (8.05, 12.78)
Yes 187 (22.61) 37/262 (14.12) (9.15, 21.16)
Place to Wash hands near toilet (n=829)
No 721 (86.97) 106/1038 (10.21) (8.10, 12.80)
Yes 108 (13.03) 26/160 (16.25) (10.00, 25.31)
Seasone
Wet 86/928(9.27) (7.21, 11.83)
Dry 46/273(16.85) (11.54,23.94)
Zone (n=832)
Zone A 113 (13.58) 9/145(6.21) (2.67, 13.76)
Zone B 172 (20.67) 41/229(17.90) (13.03, 24.09)
Zone C 249 (29.93) 41/366(11.20) (7.49, 16.44)
Zone D 176 (21.15) 17/254(6.69) (4.07, 10.82)
Zone E 122 (14.66) 24/207(11.59) (7.22, 18.10)
Individual Characteristics
Sex (n=824)
Female 358 (43.45) 82/677(12.11) (9.56, 15.23)
Male 466 (56.55) 48/510(9.41) (7.09, 12.40)
Age Mean(SD) 19.47 (16.35)
Age Category (n=825)
<5 years 196 (23.76) 37/268 (13.81) (10.03, 18.70)
>= 5 years 629 (76.24) 95/925 (10.27) (8.10, 12.92)
Total 832 (100%) 132/1201 (10.99) (8.93, 13.45)
14. VariableVariable Number of Obs.Number of Obs.
(N=1,201) Odds Ratio 95% CI P-value
Age1
< 5 years 1,903 1.52 (0.95,2.44) 0.08
Sex (female) 1,187 1.40 (0.92,2.11) 0.12
Water quality
Unsafe E. coli count 270/835 0.59 (0.33,1.06) 0.08
Unsafe total coliforms 270/835 0.79 (0.35,1.79) 0.57
Unsafe Enterococci count 250/718 15.25 (2.27,102.27) 0.01
Treat Water1
993 0.41 (0.22,0.75) <0.01
Containers collected per day2
1,121 1.09 (0.96, 1.25) 0.19
Distance to Source > 200 meters2
1,148 0.16 (0.02,1.51) 0.11
>14 minutes to collect water2
553 1.85 (0.66, 5.14) 0.24
Narrow mouth container1
1,023 0.98 (0.53,1.84) 0.96
Good Hygiene2
1,190 0.85 (0.47, 1.54) 0.60
Place to wash hands in house2
1,196 1.46 (0.83, 2.60) 0.20
Place to wash hands near toilet2
1,198 2.12 (1.08, 4.17) 0.03
Safe Sanitation2
1,032 1.03 (0.40, 2.64) 0.95
Containers collected per day= number of 20 litre containers of water collected per day.
Good Hygiene=Have soap (shown to interviewer) and household respondent asserts washes with soap. Safe sanitation=Household respondent asserts that the
household uses a private latrine.
1
As reported at visit corresponding to HCGI outcome. (i.e. “Did you treat this water you are currently drinking?”)
2
As reported at baseline (first available visit for which response was available).
Mixed effects logistic regression accounting for household and individual-level clustering. All associations with p-value < 0.05 are underlined
Univariate associations with Highly Credible Gastrointestinal Illness
15. (Unadjusted) Adjusted
Variable n Odds Ratio 95%CI P-value Odds Ratio 95%CI P-value
Unsafe Enterococci count 528 26.55 (1.45, 486.04) 0.03 31.33 (2.13, 461.73) 0.01
Age < 5 years 528 2.36 (0.95, 5.84) 0.06 2.92 (0.85, 10.03) 0.09
Treat Water 528 0.41 (0.14, 1.22) 0.11
Place to wash hands near
toilet
528 1.87 (0.46, 7.52) 0.38
Mixed effects logistic regression (accounting for household and individual-level clustering) using a
backwards selection procedure; nested models were evaluated using likelihood ratio tests with a p<0.1
threshold.
‘Treat water’ and ‘Place to wash hands near toilet’ were dropped from final model. P-values <0.05 are
underlined.
Mixed effects logistic regression accounting for household and
individual-level clustering
16. Discussion
• Within the limitations of the study design, data and analysis
– Enterococci counts and not Ecoli and total coliforms is potentially
associated with HCGI.
• Risebro et al (2012) reported a strong association between Enterococci counts and
infectious intestinal disease as opposed to E.coli counts in England
– Reported household treatment of drinking water was negatively
associated with HCGI only in the unadjusted analysis 0.41 (0.22,0.75)
<0.01
– Place to wash hands near toilet was positively associated with HCGI
only in the unadjusted analysis (OR 2.12 (1.08, 4.17)
17. Conclusion
• Given higher percentage of samples that were
unsafe (E.coli and total coliforms) makes these
potentially poor predictors (i.e., there is E. coli
everywhere!
• In this urban setting, Enterococci counts have
a potential association with HCGI than E.coli
or total coliform counts.
• Need to validate Enterococci counts in this
and other settings as stronger indicator for
risk of HCGI
18. Acknowledgements
• Funding
– Research funding NIH-through my supervisor: Joe Brown
– Travel scholarship- BMGF through UNC Water & Health
Institute
• Tropical Gastroenterology group
– Research host site/study research team
• LSHTM-EHG
– Host research group for my PhD
• Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia
– Enteric Disease and Vaccines Research Unit
• Employers, local PhD advisory team
• Misisi community
– Study participants
Data collected included: demographics, socio-economic status, drinking water access, treatment and storage, hygiene and sanitation practices, household-level environmental health related exposures, diarrhoea and other gastro-intestinal symptoms
the “number of subjects” column counts each individual only once, the Proportion with HCGI column has multiple observations per subject. Pointing this out verbally might be helpful to the audience and also an occasion to reinforce how exposure and outcome were analyzed
the “number of subjects” column counts each individual only once, the Proportion with HCGI column has multiple observations per subject. Pointing this out verbally might be helpful to the audience and also an occasion to reinforce how exposure and outcome were analyzed