This document discusses animal reproduction and genetics terminology and concepts. It defines key terms related to reproductive management and breeding systems. It describes the male and female reproductive systems of various livestock species and their functions. It covers ovulation, estrus, gestation, parturition, and lactation. It also discusses breeding systems such as purebreeding, crossbreeding, inbreeding, and linebreeding. Additionally, it covers cell division, fertilization, chromosomes, genes, Mendelian inheritance, and predicting genotypes using Punnett squares. Finally, it discusses the concept of heritability and provides examples of heritability estimates for various traits in beef and swine.
Cattle and Mare reproductive system differencesmbilalanwar
information about rep. system of mare and cow included there functions and differences.
also included about abnormalities (freemartin calf) and artificial insemination technique animation.
Cattle and Mare reproductive system differencesmbilalanwar
information about rep. system of mare and cow included there functions and differences.
also included about abnormalities (freemartin calf) and artificial insemination technique animation.
This lecture on veterinary obstetrics describes the placenta formation and its types in domestic animals. The lecture would be useful for students, practitioners, and researchers.
a brief presentation of both the males and females reproductive system, anatomy and its physiology, outlined in sequentially and in a way easier to understand.
Hello. I am Shiba Hari Dhakal , undergraduate student of Agriculture science studying 8th semester in Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur,Nepal. This slide was prepared when I was in Bsc.Ag 5th semester, as an assignment of LPM subject by compiling information from different sources.
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 10:
Structure and functions of the female reproductive system
Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause
Structure and functions of breasts
Structure and functions of the male reproductive system
Reproductive health
Reproductive system:
The organs involved in producing offspring (a person's child or children).
In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.
In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure the continuation of the human race
Located in the pelvic cavity
Parts:
It consist of
External genitalia
Internal genitalia
External genitalia:
Labia minora
Labia majora
Clitoris
Vaginal orifice
Internal genitalia:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vagina:
A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body.
During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen.
Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery.
Ovaries:
Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity.
In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones.
The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus prepared for a fertilized ovum
Uterus:
Hollow organ (also called womb)
Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows.
Contractions to the walls propels the baby during delivery through the birth canal in a normal delivery
Parts: fundus, body & cervix
The fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus;
The body, the main part of the uterus,
The cervix, extends downward and opens into the vagina.
Uterus has 3 layers:
The endometrium is the inner layer
The myometrium is the middle layer
The perimetrium is the outer layer
Function of uterus:
The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it grows and develops.
The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth.
Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation.
The function of the female reproductive System:
The female reproductive system produces ova (the female reproductive cell)
Provides a location for fertilization
Growth of a fetus
Secretes female sex hormones
The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Menstruation:
Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle.
Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina.
Menstrual cycle:
Con
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
This lecture on veterinary obstetrics describes the placenta formation and its types in domestic animals. The lecture would be useful for students, practitioners, and researchers.
a brief presentation of both the males and females reproductive system, anatomy and its physiology, outlined in sequentially and in a way easier to understand.
Hello. I am Shiba Hari Dhakal , undergraduate student of Agriculture science studying 8th semester in Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur,Nepal. This slide was prepared when I was in Bsc.Ag 5th semester, as an assignment of LPM subject by compiling information from different sources.
1 GNM anatomy Unit - 10 Repro System.pptxthiru murugan
By:M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 10:
Structure and functions of the female reproductive system
Process of menstrual cycle, reproduction and menopause
Structure and functions of breasts
Structure and functions of the male reproductive system
Reproductive health
Reproductive system:
The organs involved in producing offspring (a person's child or children).
In women, this system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina.
In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
The female reproductive system
The female reproductive system plays many vital functions that ensure the continuation of the human race
Located in the pelvic cavity
Parts:
It consist of
External genitalia
Internal genitalia
External genitalia:
Labia minora
Labia majora
Clitoris
Vaginal orifice
Internal genitalia:
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vagina:
A muscular tube, that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of the body.
During intercourse, the vagina receives the male’s penis and semen.
Birth canal that the baby passes through in a normal delivery.
Ovaries:
Small almond-shaped glands that produce ova and the female sex hormones located on both sides of the uterus within the pelvic cavity.
In charge of ovulation and producing the female sex hormones.
The hormones are responsible for getting the lining of the uterus prepared for a fertilized ovum
Uterus:
Hollow organ (also called womb)
Fetus (unborn baby) develops and grows.
Contractions to the walls propels the baby during delivery through the birth canal in a normal delivery
Parts: fundus, body & cervix
The fundus is the broad curved upper area in which the fallopian tubes connect to the uterus;
The body, the main part of the uterus,
The cervix, extends downward and opens into the vagina.
Uterus has 3 layers:
The endometrium is the inner layer
The myometrium is the middle layer
The perimetrium is the outer layer
Function of uterus:
The uterus receives a fertilized egg and protects the fetus (baby) while it grows and develops.
The uterus contracts to push the baby out of the body during birth.
Every month, except when a woman is pregnant, the lining of the uterus grows and thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
If the woman doesn’t get pregnant, the lining is shed through the cervix into the vagina and out of the body. This is called menstruation.
The function of the female reproductive System:
The female reproductive system produces ova (the female reproductive cell)
Provides a location for fertilization
Growth of a fetus
Secretes female sex hormones
The breast produce milk to nourish the newborn.
Menstruation:
Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle.
Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina.
Menstrual cycle:
Con
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Terminology
• Objective:
– Define terminology related to
reproductive management and
breeding systems including
castration, colustrum, estrus,
gestation, lactation and parturition.
3. Terminology
• Castration
– Removing the testicles of the male
to prevent breeding
• Colustrum
– First milk
• Gestation
– Time an animal is pregnant
4. Terminology
• Estrus
– When a female is receptive to be
bred
• Lactation
– Period of time that milk is secreted
by the mammary glands
• Parturition
– Than act of giving birth
10. Breeding Systems
• Grading-Up
– Mating purebred male (sires) to
unregistered or corssbred females
(dams)
– Yorkshire bore X
Yorkshire/Hampshire sow
– Hybrid Vigor
• Superior traits from crossbreeding
• Offspring are better than parents
13. Female Reproductive System
• Ovary - the ovary is comparable to the
male testicle and is the site of gamete
production.
– A bovine animal has 20,000 potential eggs per
ovary, while a human female has 400,000
potential eggs per ovary.
– Ova are fully developed at puberty and are not
continuously produced as in the male.
– All species contain two functional ovaries except
for the hen which has only a left functioning
ovary.
15. Female Reproductive System
The ovaries have three major functions:
• Gamete production
• Secrete estrogen (hormone)
• absence of muscle development
• development of mammary glands
• development of reproductive systems and external
genitalia
• fat deposition on hips and stomach (source of
energy)
• triggering of heat
• Form the corpus luteum
16. Female Reproductive System
• Infundibulum - the funnel shaped portion of
the fallopian tube near the ovary that catches
the ovulated egg.
• Fallopian Tubes (or Oviducts) - pair of
small tubes leading from the ovaries to the
horns of the uterus (5 - 6 inches).
– Fertilization occurs in the oviduct.
– Egg travels from ovary to uterine horn in 3 - 4
days.
18. Female Reproductive System
• Uterine Horn - The anterior, divided end of
the uterus in the cow, ewe, and mare. Sow
has only 2 horns, no body, woman has no
horns, only body.
20. Female Reproductive System
Uterus - Muscular sac connecting fallopian
tubes and cervix
1. Sustains the sperm and aids in its transport
2. Supports embryo and fetus during
gestation
3. Expels fetus at parturition
21. Female Reproductive System
• Cervix
– Area between
the uterus and
vagina
– Normally closed
– Opens at estrus
and parturition
– (2 -3 inches)
22. Female Reproductive System
• Vagina - the female organ of copulation
1. admits penis
2. receives semen (except in sow)
3. passageway for fetus at parturition
• Bladder - storage organ for urine
• Vulva - extended genitalia; opening for both
urinary and genital tracts
24. Reproductive Functions (Female)
Steps in the female reproductive
process:
1. Ovulation
— Produce gamete (ova or ovum)
— Release of egg(s)
— Infundibulum pushes the
ovum into the fallopian tube
26. Reproductive Functions (Female)
2. Estrus (heat, estrous period)
– Period of time when a female will accept a
male in copulation
– The female must stand (standing heat)
to be mounted before the reproductive
process can begin
27. Reproductive Functions (Female)
3. Gestation
— Fertilization to parturition
— Develop embryo in uterus
4. Parturition
— Expel fully developed young at birth
5. Lactation
— Milk production
29. Ovulation Rates
Ovulation Rates by Species
Cow- 1 egg per estrus
Ewe- 1 to 3 eggs per estrus
Sow- 10 to 20 eggs per estrus
Mare- 1 egg per estrus
Hen- Approx. 28 eggs per month
31. Reproductive Functions (Female)
Gestation and Lactation Periods:
Species Gestation Period Lactation(Milking)
Cow 283 - 285 days beef 180 - 270 days
dairy 305 - 365 days
Ewe 115 - 142 days 60 - 90 - 120 days
Sow 112 - 115 days 21 - 42 days
Mare 330 - 345 days 90 - 150 days
Woman 270 days ? years
32. Reproductive Functions (Female)
Estrous period length by species:
Cow 12 - 18 hours
Ewe 24 - 36 hours
Sow 48 - 72 hours
Mare 90 - 170 hours
Hens & Women none
33. Reproductive Functions of the
Female
Estrous cycle - time from one heat period (or
menstrual cycle) to the next.
Length of estrous cycle by species:
Cow 19 - 21 days
Ewe 16 - 17 days
Sow 19 - 21 days
Mare 21 - 24 days
Woman 28 days
Hen none
36. Male Reproductive Tract
• Scrotum - external sac that holds
testicles outside of the body to
keep sperm at 4-5oF cooler than
the body temperature
• Testicles - the primary male
organs of reproduction
• to produce sperm
• to secrete testosterone
37. Male Reproductive Tract
• Epididymis - Long coiled tube that is
a path for sperm
– Provide passageway for sperm out of the
seminiferous tubules
– Storage for sperm
– Fluid secretion to nourish sperm
– Place for sperm maturation
38. Male Reproductive Tract
• Vas Deferens - slender tube from
epididymis to urethra which moves
sperm to the urethra at ejaculation
• Urethra - long tube from bladder to
penis; passageway for urine and
sperm out of the body
39. Male Reproductive Tract
• Penis - male organ of copulation
which conveys semen and urine
out of the body
• Penis retractor muscle - allows
extension and retraction of the
penis; sigmoid flexure extends in
copulation
40. Male Reproductive Tract
Accessory Glands:
• Seminal vesicles- add fructose and citric
acid to nourish the sperm
• Prostate Gland - located at the neck of
the bladder
– cleans the urethra prior to and during
ejaculation
– provides minerals for sperm
– provides the medium for sperm transport
– provides the characteristic odor of semen
41. Male Reproductive Tract
• Cowper’s gland
• Also called the Bulbourethral gland
• Paired organs
• cleans the urethra prior to semen
passage
46. Reproduction in Poultry
The poultry oviduct has five parts:
1) Vagina
– Holds the egg until laid
2) Uterus
– Secretes the shell
3) Isthmus
– Adds the two shell membranes
4) Magnum
– Secretes the albumen
5) Infundibulum
– Where fertilization takes place
47.
48.
49. Reproduction in Poultry
• Major difference:
– Embryo of livestock develop inside the
female’s body while the embryo of poultry
develops inside the egg.
• Poultry only have the left ovary and
oviduct when mature
• The yoke is the ovum
• Chicken Incubation
– 21 days
50. Poultry Reproduction
In your notes, define the following
poultry reproductive terms and tell
how they differ from livestock we have
studied so far:
•Papilla
•Testicles
•Cloaca
•Vent
•Ovary
•Magnum
•Isthmus
•Uterus
•Vagina
Follow the
Lecture
51. Assignment:
Build a crossword puzzle
containing 12 reproductive terms
from your class notes. Have
another student complete and
sign your crossword puzzle. The
assignment as well as your other
assignment from the handout is
due at the end of class.
53. Animal Cell
• The body is made up of millions of
tiny cells
• Most of the cell is made up of
protoplasm
• Cell parts:
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
55. Cell Division
• Mitosis
– Increases total number of cells
– Results in animal growth
– Chromosomes pairs are duplicated
• Meiosis
– Produces gametes
– Only have one-half the
chromosomes of normal cells
56. Fertilization
• When the sperm from a male
reaches the egg from a female
• Two cells join to form a
complete cell
• Pairs of chromosomes are
formed again
• Many different combinations of
traits are formed
58. Chromosomes
• Rod shaped
bodies
• Made of protein
• Found in the cell
nucleus
• Exist in pairs
except for
gamete cells
• The number of
chromosome
pairs differ for
various animals
– Cattle 30
– Swine 19
– Horses 33
– Chickens 6
– Humans 23
59. Genes
• Located on chromosomes
• Thousands found in each animal
• Control inherited characteristics
– Carcass traits
– Growth rate
– Feed efficiency
• Two types of inherited traits
Dominant
Recessive
60. Assignment
1. Read pages 186
• Livestock and Poultry Production
textbook
2. Complete problems 1-9
3. Write the question and provide a
short answer in complete
sentences.
61. Genes
• Dominant gene
– Hides the effect of another gene
– Polled condition in cattle is dominant
– The gene is represented by a capital
letter
• Recessive
– Gene that is hidden by another
– The gene is represented by a lower
case letter
63. Homozygous and Heterozygous
• Homozygous gene pair
– Carries two genes for a trait
– Polled cow might carry the gene PP
• Heterozygous
– Carries two different genes that
affect a trait
– Polled cows might carry a recessive
gene with the dominant Pp
64. Predicting Genotype
• Genotype-kind of gene pairs
possessed
• Phenotype- the physical
appearance of an animal
• Punnett squares are used to
predict genotypes and phenotypes
of animals
65. Punnett Square
P= Polled
p= horned
Example:
• Two polled cattle
that are
homozygous for
the polled trait
P P
P PP PP
P PP PP
Polled Dam
66. Punnett Square
N= Normal size
n= Dwarfism
Example:
• Normal size in
cattle is dominant
to dwarfism
N N
N NN NN
n Nn Nn
Normal Dam
67. Punnett Square
N= Normal size
n= Dwarfism
Example:
• What if both
parents are
carriers for a trait
or disorder?
N n
N NN Nn
n Nn nn
Normal Dam
Result: one out of every four births
could result in a dwarf animal (1:2:1)
68. Assignment
Complete a Punnett
Square for two
animals that are
heterozygous for
two traits:
• Polled=P
• Black= B
(Alternatives are horned
and red)
Dam
Sire
69. Answer
A Punnett Square
for two animals
that are
heterozygous for
two traits:
• Polled=P
• Black= B
(Alternatives are horned
and red)
PB Pb pB pb
PB PPBB PPBb PpBB PpBb
Pb PPBb PPbb PpBb Ppbb
pB PpBB PpBb ppBB ppBb
pb PpBb Ppbb ppBb ppbb
Dam
Sire
9:3:3:1
71. Heritability
• Estimated the likelihood of a trait
being passes on from the parent
to the offspring
– Low heritability
• slow herd improvement
– High heritability
• faster improvement
72. Heritability
• Swine rates are usually lower than
cattle
• Heritiability for carcass traits are
higher than reproductive traits
• Estimates vary from 0 to 70%