ICA_9B Reproduction_In_Animals.pptx

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• Introduction
• Asexual Reproduction

REPRODUCTION
Reproduction is the of the living organisms
to .

It is one of the characteristic of life.
All PLANTS, ANIMALS and OTHER LIVING
ORGANISMS are the result of reproduction.
All living things
reproduce.
REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
The production of young ones by a single parent without the formation and
fusion of gametes is called Asexual Reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction
Single parent
Single parent Single parent
Single parent

New Individuals so formed are genetically identical to the Parent.
Parent
Parent
Parent

It is A Primitive and A Simpler Method of reproduction than sexual reproduction.
Male
gamete
Female
gamate
Zygote

It is usually observed in unicellular organisms, commonly in
organisms like Bacteria, Amoeba, Paramoecium, Euglena.
Bacteria Amoeba Paramoecium Euglena

A parent cell divides into two daughter cells and
each cell thus, formed grows to form an individual.

e.g. Amoeba
(unfavorable conditions),
Plasmodium
(malarial parasite).
It is the Repeated Division of a parent cell into a number of small individuals.

It is seen in Hydra and Yeast.
The formation of a new individual from a small Protuberance,
the bud, arising on the parent body is called Budding.

The offspring remains attached to the parent during its growth.
It separates eventually to live as an Independent Organism.

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• Sexual Reproduction

Production of young ones by the Formation and Fusion of special cells called
Gametes, contributed generally by two parents, male and female is termed as
Sexual Reproduction.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Zygote
Male gamete Female gamete

Unlike asexual reproduction (bacteria), the young ones are NOT
Genetically Identical To The Parent.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

In multicellular organisms, the gametes are
produced by the Reproductive Organs.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

MALE REPRODUCTIVE
Male gametes called Sperms are
produced in male reproductive organ.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
Female gametes called the eggs or ova are
produced by female reproductive organ.

Sperm and Ovum unite to form
A single cell called the ‘Fertilized egg’ or ‘Zygote’
Zygote then develops into an Offspring.

In some cases, like that of EARTHWORM,
Same individual produces BOTH types of GAMETES.
Male Reproductive Organ
Female Reproductive Organ
It is called as ‘HERMAPHRODITE’

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which
females produce Eggs that develop Without Fertilization.
Occurs naturally in Aphids,
Daphnia, Rotifers, etc.
Aphids
Daphnia Rotifers
And in many plants like
Pineapple, Grapes, Banana
Pineapple Grapes Banana

In many social insects, such as
the honeybee and the ant
The Unfertilized Eggs give
rise to the Male Drones
The Fertilized Eggs to the
female Workers and Queen

A Rabbit can produce 10-30 offsprings per year and
Fruit Fly can produce 900 offsprings per year.
Animals with Few Offsprings can devote more Resources to
the Nurturing and Protection of each individual offspring.

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• Reproductive Patterns

Internal Fertilization
and
External Development
and
Internal Development
The animals are of 3 types on the basis
of the sites of their
Fertilization and Development.
External Fertilization
and
REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS

and
This occurs in FROGS.
Parents release Sperms and Eggs
into the Surrounding Water.
Where Fertilization Occurs and
Zygotes Develop Into Offsprings.
Tadpole

and
For this pattern to Succeed,
Male and Female must Shed Their
Gametes at the Same Time and Place
and in Large Numbers.

and
and
and

After the egg has been laid,
It occurs in Fowls and in all birds
and few mammals like Platypus and Echidna
The fertilization takes place
within the female body.
Sperms are passed from the male
into the female body.
The Zygote, after its formation, is surrounded by
some Secretions, Reserve Food and even a Shell for
development and Protection of the growing Embryo.
Secretions
Reserve Food
Shell
Secretions Reserve Food Shell
The development of the chick takes place.

and
and
and

Fertilization and Formation of Zygote
and Development Of The Young One takes
Place Inside the Body of the Female.
This Occurs in Humans and Other Mammals.

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• Reproductive System

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Testis
Scrotum
It includes
Outer covering of
TESTIS
Sperm duct
Sperms develop in testis
Urethra
Penis
They pass through Sperm duct towards Urethra,
Which is surrounded by a muscular
structure called Penis.
Penis conducts Urine as well as Semen,
Fluid which
contains SPERMS
But the two cannot pass
through it at the same time.

A Sperm is Smaller in size than the Ovum and
can only be seen through a Microscope.
Sperm Cell has Three Parts.
Head
Middle piece
Tail
The tip of the head produces
ENZYMES.
That helps the sperm to Penetrate
the female OVUM.

It includes
Ovary
Vagina
Oviducts
Uterus
Ovaries also
produce Hormones
that control the
Production Of Ova.
These hormones are
also responsible for
Maintenance Of
Pregnancy.

Invitro Fertilization (IVF)
Ova are Fertilized
by

The Fertilized Egg is
the transferred to uterus of a woman,
With an intent to establish
a .

The first ‘Test Tube Baby’,
Louise Brown, was born in 1978.
The term ‘TEST TUBE’ refers to the tube shaped
containers of glass called test tubes, that are
commonly used in SCIENCE LABORATORIES.
Thus, babies conceived as a result of IVF
are referred to as TEST TUBE BABIES.

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• How Does Fertilization Take Place ?
• Development Of The Embryo

How does Fertilization take place ?
Fertilization takes place in the initial part of the oviduct.
Fusion of the Sperm and Egg is called fertilization.
This takes place Inside The Body of the female, so
it is termed as Internal Fertilization.
The Nuclei of the sperm and egg
Fuse to form Single Nucleus.
And the resultant Single Cell
formed is called a Zygote.
Zygote contains Nuclear Part of
Father and of Mother.
And hence, The Child Has Characteristics Of
Both Father And Mother.
Zygote

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO
Uterus Womb
Continues
Dividing Into Many New Cells

DEVELOPMENT OF THE EMBRYO
This embryo gradually develops body parts,
such as head, eyes, hands, legs, etc.
At this stage it is called as FOETUS.
The foetus when born
is called an INFANT.

One Sperm Can Fertilize
Only One Ovum
If Two Ova leave the ovaries at the
same time and Both are Fertilized.
Then ‘NON-IDENTICAL’
twins are born.
They can be both Brothers or Sisters
OR
Brother and Sister.

One Sperm Can Fertilize
Only One Ovum

If A ZYGOTE splits into
TWO ZYGOTES.
Then ‘IDENTICAL TWINS’
are formed.
Because they have same
set of GENES.
Structures in
Nucleus responsible
for Characteristics.

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• How Do Hens Lay Eggs?
• Viviparous And Oviparous Animals

HOW DO HENS LAY EGGS?
Crystalline form of
Calcium Carbonate

HOW DO HENS LAY EGGS?
INCUBATION
HATCHING

VIVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS ANIMALS
Now you already know about external
and internal development of the young
ones in different animals.

Viviparous animals (vivus = alive)
Are those animals whose females give birth
to young ones. This is a characteristic that
distinguishes mammals from other groups.

Oviparous animals (ova = egg)
Are animals that lay eggs, with little or
no other embryonic development within
the mother. This is seen in most fish,
amphibians, reptiles, birds and insects.

REPRODUCTION IN
ANIMALS
• Journey Of Young Ones To Adults
• Story Of Dolly, The Clone

JOURNEY OF YOUNG ONES TO ADULTS
All young ones grow to form adults
regardless of whether they have
hatched from an egg or born directly.
In some animals, the young ones
look very different from adults.
Tadpole
Frog
Caterpillar
Butterfly
There are a number of features in
the adults that are not present in
the tadpole or at larval stage.
Tail
Wings

JOURNEY OF YOUNG ONES TO ADULTS
A marked and more or less abrupt
development change in the structure
and habits of an animal.
Occurring during the life cycle is
termed as METAMORPHOSIS.

In a life cycle of an
AMPHIBIAN.
A tadpole then EMERGES
from the egg, and SWIMS
FREELY IN WATER.
The tadpole grows until it
begins METAMORPHOSIS.
Metamorphosis begins with the
development of the HIND LEGS,
EGGS are laid in water.
The tadpole has GILLS, a TAIL
and a small CIRCULAR MOUTH.
followed by the FRONT LEGS.
The TAIL is ABSORBED by the
body during the LAST STAGES
of metamorphosis.
A TAILED TADPOLE changes
into a TAIL-LESS FROG.
The LUNGS DEVELOP, and the tadpole begins to
swim to the surface of the water to breathe.
The Intestine Shortens to adapt
to a Carnivorous Diet.
Intestine

STORY OF DOLLY, THE CLONE
Cloning is the production of an Exact
Copy of a Cell, any other Living Part, or
a complete Organism.
Ian Wilmut and his colleagues successfully
performed cloning for the first time at Rosalin
Institute in Edinburg, Scotland.
Dolly the cloned sheep was born on 5th July,
1996 and was the First Mammal to be cloned.

Process of cloning Dolly
Cell was collected from the Mammary Gland
of female Finn Dorsett Sheep.
Egg was obtained from a Scottish blackface
ewe, from which Nucleus Was Removed.
The Nucleus of
Mammary Gland cell was
inserted into the egg
whose nucleus was
removed.
Nucleus of Mammary Gland
The Egg thus produced was Implanted
into Scottish blackface ewe.
After the normal development of
the egg, DOLLY WAS BORN.

Though Dolly was given Birth by the
Scottish Blackface Ewe, it was found to
be absolutely Identical to the Finn Dorsett
Sheep from which the nucleus was taken.
Dolly was a Healthy Clone
of the Finn Dorsett sheep.
Unfortunately, Dolly Died on
14th February 2003 due to
a certain Lung Disease.

ICA_9B Reproduction_In_Animals.pptx

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