Animal sources of drugs, medicines and perfumes.
Submitted By:
Tarique Bin Aziz
MSc. in Zoology (Specialization in Wildlife & Biodiversity Conservation)
BSc. (Honors) in Zoology
Department of Zoology
Jagannath University, Dhaka
This document discusses drugs derived from marine organisms. It begins by defining marine drugs as those obtained from marine life, such as shark and cod-liver oils. Marine organisms represent a potential source for drug discovery due to the chemical and biological diversity in the oceans. Harsh marine conditions cause organisms to produce unique molecules and compounds with various biological activities. Many marine natural products have been isolated from sponges, corals, tunicates, echinoderms, and microorganisms. These drugs are classified based on their pharmacological actions such as cytotoxic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and more. Several examples of compounds are provided for each category.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
This document summarizes information about Aloes. It describes Aloes as a genus of over 500 species of succulent plants, with Aloe vera being the most widely known species. It is obtained from the dried juice of various Aloe species' leaves. The document outlines the geographical sources and morphological characteristics of four main types of Aloes - Curacao aloe, Cape aloe, Zanzibar aloe, and Socotrine aloe. It also details some of the main chemical constituents of Aloes and describes several chemical tests used to identify different Aloe varieties. The document concludes with discussing substitutes, adulterants, and common uses of Aloes.
This document discusses various types of drugs that can be classified based on their origin and nature, including resins, gums, dried latices, dried juices, dried extracts, and saccharine substances. It provides examples of each type and describes the composition, preparation, and properties of several resins - including turpentine, colophony, guaiacum resin, and mastic resin. It also discusses the oleo-resin male fern and its active constituents and identification test.
This document discusses several enzymes and proteins. It provides details on their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. The key enzymes discussed include pepsin, urokinase, streptokinase, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, and papain. The key proteins discussed are gelatin and casein. For each enzyme/protein, concise information is given about where it is sourced from, how it is isolated and purified, its chemical makeup, and its applications.
Artemisia is a plant from the daisy family found in parts of Asia and the Middle East. It contains the compound artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are the most effective drugs currently available for treating drug-resistant malaria. The plant also contains other compounds like santonin which are used as anthelmintics to treat parasitic worm infections. Solvent extraction, especially using propylene glycol methyl ether, is commonly used to separate artemisinin from the Artemisia annua plant for medicinal use.
This document discusses drugs derived from marine organisms. It begins by defining marine drugs as those obtained from marine life, such as shark and cod-liver oils. Marine organisms represent a potential source for drug discovery due to the chemical and biological diversity in the oceans. Harsh marine conditions cause organisms to produce unique molecules and compounds with various biological activities. Many marine natural products have been isolated from sponges, corals, tunicates, echinoderms, and microorganisms. These drugs are classified based on their pharmacological actions such as cytotoxic, cardiovascular, antimicrobial, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and more. Several examples of compounds are provided for each category.
1. Glycosides are organic compounds found in plants and animals that contain a sugar (glycone) and non-sugar (aglycone or genin) portion. Upon hydrolysis, the sugar and non-sugar portions separate.
2. There are several types of glycosides based on the atom involved in the glycosidic linkage between the glycone and aglycone, including O-, C-, S-, and N-glycosides.
3. Two common cardiac glycoside drugs that contain glycosides are Digitalis and Aloe. Digitalis contains compounds like digitoxin and gitoxin that have cardiac effects. Aloe contains compounds like aloin that have laxative effects.
This document summarizes information about Aloes. It describes Aloes as a genus of over 500 species of succulent plants, with Aloe vera being the most widely known species. It is obtained from the dried juice of various Aloe species' leaves. The document outlines the geographical sources and morphological characteristics of four main types of Aloes - Curacao aloe, Cape aloe, Zanzibar aloe, and Socotrine aloe. It also details some of the main chemical constituents of Aloes and describes several chemical tests used to identify different Aloe varieties. The document concludes with discussing substitutes, adulterants, and common uses of Aloes.
This document discusses various types of drugs that can be classified based on their origin and nature, including resins, gums, dried latices, dried juices, dried extracts, and saccharine substances. It provides examples of each type and describes the composition, preparation, and properties of several resins - including turpentine, colophony, guaiacum resin, and mastic resin. It also discusses the oleo-resin male fern and its active constituents and identification test.
This document discusses several enzymes and proteins. It provides details on their biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, chemical constituents, and uses. The key enzymes discussed include pepsin, urokinase, streptokinase, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, and papain. The key proteins discussed are gelatin and casein. For each enzyme/protein, concise information is given about where it is sourced from, how it is isolated and purified, its chemical makeup, and its applications.
Artemisia is a plant from the daisy family found in parts of Asia and the Middle East. It contains the compound artemisinin, which is used to treat malaria. Artemisinin and its derivatives are the most effective drugs currently available for treating drug-resistant malaria. The plant also contains other compounds like santonin which are used as anthelmintics to treat parasitic worm infections. Solvent extraction, especially using propylene glycol methyl ether, is commonly used to separate artemisinin from the Artemisia annua plant for medicinal use.
This document provides an overview of primary metabolites presented by Vaibhavi V. Meshram. It discusses the introduction of primary metabolites including carbohydrates, proteins and enzymes, lipids, and marine drugs. Specific primary metabolites are explained in more detail, including acacia, agar, tragacanth, honey, gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes like papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, and pepsin. Castor oil is also discussed. The document provides the names, sources, chemical constituents, identification tests, and uses of various primary metabolites.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
This document discusses the classification of crude drugs. Crude drugs are plant, animal, or mineral materials that are used as medicines in their unpurified or natural forms. They can be classified in several ways, including alphabetically by name, morphologically by plant or animal part, taxonomically by biological classification, chemically by active constituents, pharmacologically by therapeutic effects, and chemo-taxonomically by both chemical constituents and taxonomy. The morphological classification divides crude drugs into organized (cellular) materials like leaves, roots, and seeds versus unorganized (acellular) materials like resins, oils, and minerals. The document provides examples to illustrate each classification method.
The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners for thousands of years.
Honey is a sugar secretion produced by bees from the nectar of various flowers. It is a saturated solution of sugars like glucose, fructose and sucrose. The color ranges from pale yellow to brown depending on the floral source. Honey has a sweet taste with faint acidity and contains enzymes, proteins, vitamins and pollen grains. Common adulterants are invert sugar, sucrose and glucose which alter honey's chemical properties like specific rotation. Honey is used as a sweetener and demulcent in cough syrups, creams and foods due to its nutritional and antimicrobial qualities.
Biological source method of preparation ,identification test uses of enzymesSUSHILBHOYAR2
This document provides information about 5 enzymes - diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin. It discusses the biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, identification tests, and uses of each enzyme. The key points covered are:
- Diastase is obtained from rat pancreas or fungi and is used as a digestant and to convert starch to sugars.
- Papain comes from papaya latex and is used as a meat tenderizer and anti-inflammatory.
- Pepsin is derived from pig stomach and used to treat gastric issues and in protein analysis.
- Trypsin is from ox pancreas and given to aid digestion or to remove dead tissue
The document discusses Indian gum, also known as gum acacia or gum arabic. It is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia arabica tree. Chemically, it is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is collected by making cuts in the bark of the tree, then dried and processed. Gum acacia is used extensively in pharmaceuticals as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and tablet binder. It is also used in food products and cosmetics for its adhesive and thickening properties.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
The document discusses various modern extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing constituents using solvents, with the goal of separating medicinally active portions from inactive components. Several solvent extraction techniques are outlined, including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound extraction. Key factors in solvent selection and achieving an efficient extraction are also summarized.
The document discusses amino acid pathways. It begins by defining amino acids as organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl groups. Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar/hydrophobic, polar/hydrophilic, or sulfur-containing. Humans can synthesize some amino acids but must obtain essential amino acids from food. Amino acid synthesis pathways derive amino acids from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or pentose phosphate pathway, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine.
This document provides information about various carminative drugs including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Some examples of carminative drugs discussed are ajowan, cardamom, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, benzoin, myrrh, neem, and turmeric. Carminative drugs act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expelling gas from the gastrointestinal tract. They are used as stimulants, carminatives, and for their aromatic properties. Information on cultivation, chemical profiles, and substituents is provided for several of these medicinal plants.
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
Cultivation, collection and processing of crude drugsodikig
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery preparation, factors affecting cultivation, pest control, collection and processing of crude drugs. The processing involves harvesting, drying methods, packing and storage/preservation of crude drugs. Asexual propagation techniques like cutting, layering and grafting are also explained.
Definition, history and scope of pharmacogonosy including indigenous system o...Shruti Tyagi
This document defines pharmacognosy as the study of crude drugs obtained from animals, plants, and minerals. It provides a brief history of pharmacognosy, noting its origins in ancient texts like the Ayurveda and descriptions of medicinal plants in Egypt in 1500 BC. Modern pharmacognosy began in 1815 with discoveries like the isolation of penicillin in 1922. The scope of pharmacognosy includes providing knowledge of plant and animal drugs, as well as plant taxonomy, pathology, breeding, and photochemistry. The document also summarizes several indigenous Indian medical systems - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga, and Naturopathy - noting their philosophical bases and
This document discusses herbal drugs and herbal medicine. It defines herbal drugs as plants that are used for medicinal purposes and have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and spiritual. Herbal drugs contain phytochemicals that can have effects on the body and are commonly used as dietary supplements to improve health. The document then discusses the history of herbal medicine, how herbs work in the body, common forms and preparations of herbs, and examples of popular herbs and their medicinal uses.
The document summarizes novel medicinal agents that can be derived from marine sources. It discusses how marine organisms such as plants, animals, and microbes produce secondary metabolites for defense and survival purposes. Some of these compounds have potential as pharmaceuticals. Two marine-derived drugs that are currently used are Ara-C and Ara-A, which are nucleosides derived from a marine sponge that are used to treat cancer and viral infections respectively. Many other marine organisms have been found to contain bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antivirals, and more.
This presentation provides information on different types of volatile oils and their medicinal values. Volatile oils are also known as ethereal or essential oils, and evaporate at ordinary temperatures. They provide scents to plants and protect them from animals. There are various classifications of volatile oils including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and esters. Methods to obtain volatile oils include distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Volatile oils have many medicinal uses such as for aromatherapy, as antiseptics, and to treat conditions like spasms. The presentation examines properties, chemical constituents, extraction methods, and applications of these important plant-derived oils
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
Crude drugs are obtained from six major natural sources: plants, animals, minerals, microbes, tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology, and semi-synthetic processes. Plant sources provide the oldest and most abundant crude drugs, with all plant parts used including leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and bark. Animal sources include hormones, enzymes and organs from animals. Marine sources provide compounds from algae, fungi and marine organisms. Microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines. Tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology allow production of drugs like antibiotics, hormones and analgesics. Semi-synthetic processes modify natural compounds into new drugs.
This document provides an overview of primary metabolites presented by Vaibhavi V. Meshram. It discusses the introduction of primary metabolites including carbohydrates, proteins and enzymes, lipids, and marine drugs. Specific primary metabolites are explained in more detail, including acacia, agar, tragacanth, honey, gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes like papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, and pepsin. Castor oil is also discussed. The document provides the names, sources, chemical constituents, identification tests, and uses of various primary metabolites.
The document provides information about a presentation on alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are basic nitrogen-containing compounds found mainly in plants. They have a complex molecular structure and show significant pharmacological activity. Alkaloids are classified based on whether the nitrogen is part of a ring or not. They exhibit diverse physical and chemical properties and are tested using various chemical reagents like Mayer's reagent. Alkaloids have many uses as analgesics, antihypertensives, and in treating other medical conditions due to their pharmacological activities. Examples of alkaloid-containing plants discussed include Lobelia, which has expectorant properties.
This document discusses the classification of crude drugs. Crude drugs are plant, animal, or mineral materials that are used as medicines in their unpurified or natural forms. They can be classified in several ways, including alphabetically by name, morphologically by plant or animal part, taxonomically by biological classification, chemically by active constituents, pharmacologically by therapeutic effects, and chemo-taxonomically by both chemical constituents and taxonomy. The morphological classification divides crude drugs into organized (cellular) materials like leaves, roots, and seeds versus unorganized (acellular) materials like resins, oils, and minerals. The document provides examples to illustrate each classification method.
The drugs which are obtained from marine organisms are know as marine drugs. these marine drugs are used since ancient times. chines and japanes are very famous to use these resources. And interstingly,innumarable products derived from the marine organisms in several 'crude forms' have been widely used across the globe by the traditional practitioners for thousands of years.
Honey is a sugar secretion produced by bees from the nectar of various flowers. It is a saturated solution of sugars like glucose, fructose and sucrose. The color ranges from pale yellow to brown depending on the floral source. Honey has a sweet taste with faint acidity and contains enzymes, proteins, vitamins and pollen grains. Common adulterants are invert sugar, sucrose and glucose which alter honey's chemical properties like specific rotation. Honey is used as a sweetener and demulcent in cough syrups, creams and foods due to its nutritional and antimicrobial qualities.
Biological source method of preparation ,identification test uses of enzymesSUSHILBHOYAR2
This document provides information about 5 enzymes - diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin. It discusses the biological sources, methods of preparation, descriptions, identification tests, and uses of each enzyme. The key points covered are:
- Diastase is obtained from rat pancreas or fungi and is used as a digestant and to convert starch to sugars.
- Papain comes from papaya latex and is used as a meat tenderizer and anti-inflammatory.
- Pepsin is derived from pig stomach and used to treat gastric issues and in protein analysis.
- Trypsin is from ox pancreas and given to aid digestion or to remove dead tissue
The document discusses Indian gum, also known as gum acacia or gum arabic. It is a dried exudate obtained from the stems and branches of the Acacia arabica tree. Chemically, it is a complex mixture of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. It is collected by making cuts in the bark of the tree, then dried and processed. Gum acacia is used extensively in pharmaceuticals as an emulsifier, thickening agent, and tablet binder. It is also used in food products and cosmetics for its adhesive and thickening properties.
The document discusses alkaloids, which are basic nitrogenous plant compounds that are physiologically active. It defines alkaloids and describes their distribution in plants, forms, nomenclature, extraction and classification. Key points include that alkaloids are found mainly in dicots and families like Apocynaceae, with properties like being crystalline solids, bitter taste, and soluble in organic solvents but not water. Common tests for alkaloids are Mayer's, Dragendorff's, Wagner's and Hager's tests. Alkaloids are classified based on their biogenetic pathway, plant source, basic chemical skeleton or type of amine group.
The document discusses various modern extraction methods used to isolate active constituents from plants. It describes extraction as removing constituents using solvents, with the goal of separating medicinally active portions from inactive components. Several solvent extraction techniques are outlined, including maceration, percolation, Soxhlet extraction, and ultrasound extraction. Key factors in solvent selection and achieving an efficient extraction are also summarized.
The document discusses amino acid pathways. It begins by defining amino acids as organic compounds containing amine and carboxyl groups. Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar/hydrophobic, polar/hydrophilic, or sulfur-containing. Humans can synthesize some amino acids but must obtain essential amino acids from food. Amino acid synthesis pathways derive amino acids from intermediates in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or pentose phosphate pathway, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine.
This document provides information about various carminative drugs including their biological sources, chemical constituents, and uses. Some examples of carminative drugs discussed are ajowan, cardamom, black pepper, asafoetida, nutmeg, benzoin, myrrh, neem, and turmeric. Carminative drugs act by relieving pain in the stomach and intestine and expelling gas from the gastrointestinal tract. They are used as stimulants, carminatives, and for their aromatic properties. Information on cultivation, chemical profiles, and substituents is provided for several of these medicinal plants.
The document summarizes information about the plant Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as Vinca or Periwinkle. It is native to Madagascar but cultivated in other tropical and subtropical regions. The plant contains important anticancer alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine in its leaves and roots. Vinblastine is used to treat Hodgkin's disease while vincristine is used for childhood leukemia. The flowers may also be used as a gentle laxative or gargle.
This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
Cultivation, collection and processing of crude drugsodikig
This document provides information on the cultivation and processing of medicinal plants. It discusses topics such as advantages and disadvantages of cultivation, methods of propagation (sexual and asexual), nursery preparation, factors affecting cultivation, pest control, collection and processing of crude drugs. The processing involves harvesting, drying methods, packing and storage/preservation of crude drugs. Asexual propagation techniques like cutting, layering and grafting are also explained.
Definition, history and scope of pharmacogonosy including indigenous system o...Shruti Tyagi
This document defines pharmacognosy as the study of crude drugs obtained from animals, plants, and minerals. It provides a brief history of pharmacognosy, noting its origins in ancient texts like the Ayurveda and descriptions of medicinal plants in Egypt in 1500 BC. Modern pharmacognosy began in 1815 with discoveries like the isolation of penicillin in 1922. The scope of pharmacognosy includes providing knowledge of plant and animal drugs, as well as plant taxonomy, pathology, breeding, and photochemistry. The document also summarizes several indigenous Indian medical systems - Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy, Yoga, and Naturopathy - noting their philosophical bases and
This document discusses herbal drugs and herbal medicine. It defines herbal drugs as plants that are used for medicinal purposes and have a variety of uses including culinary, medicinal, and spiritual. Herbal drugs contain phytochemicals that can have effects on the body and are commonly used as dietary supplements to improve health. The document then discusses the history of herbal medicine, how herbs work in the body, common forms and preparations of herbs, and examples of popular herbs and their medicinal uses.
The document summarizes novel medicinal agents that can be derived from marine sources. It discusses how marine organisms such as plants, animals, and microbes produce secondary metabolites for defense and survival purposes. Some of these compounds have potential as pharmaceuticals. Two marine-derived drugs that are currently used are Ara-C and Ara-A, which are nucleosides derived from a marine sponge that are used to treat cancer and viral infections respectively. Many other marine organisms have been found to contain bioactive molecules with therapeutic properties such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, antivirals, and more.
This presentation provides information on different types of volatile oils and their medicinal values. Volatile oils are also known as ethereal or essential oils, and evaporate at ordinary temperatures. They provide scents to plants and protect them from animals. There are various classifications of volatile oils including hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols, and esters. Methods to obtain volatile oils include distillation, solvent extraction, and mechanical expression. Volatile oils have many medicinal uses such as for aromatherapy, as antiseptics, and to treat conditions like spasms. The presentation examines properties, chemical constituents, extraction methods, and applications of these important plant-derived oils
Sources of crude drugs (natural)
Drugs obtained from Plants, Animals, Marine, Microorganism, Mineral and from Biotechnology (plant tissue culture) are covered in the presentation
Crude drugs are obtained from six major natural sources: plants, animals, minerals, microbes, tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology, and semi-synthetic processes. Plant sources provide the oldest and most abundant crude drugs, with all plant parts used including leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and bark. Animal sources include hormones, enzymes and organs from animals. Marine sources provide compounds from algae, fungi and marine organisms. Microbes are a source of antibiotics and vaccines. Tissue culture and recombinant DNA technology allow production of drugs like antibiotics, hormones and analgesics. Semi-synthetic processes modify natural compounds into new drugs.
This is an introduction to Pharmacology, which is very helpful for nursing students. This presentation tells about classification, sources, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
This document discusses the various sources of drugs, which can be natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic. Natural sources include plants, animals, microbes, minerals, and marine sources. Many early drugs came from plants and their leaves, roots, seeds, etc. Animals provided hormones, enzymes, and extracts. Microbes are a source of vaccines and antibiotics. Semi-synthetic drugs are modified from natural compounds, while synthetic drugs have novel chemical structures designed to improve properties. The source of a drug must be understood to know its properties and effects.
Sources of crude drug, classification, organized and unorganized drugs.Megha Shah
Organized and unorganized drugs are classified based on whether they are direct parts of plants or animals (organized) or derived through extraction or processing (unorganized). Organized drugs include plant parts like leaves, roots, fruits, and flowers. Unorganized drugs are prepared from plants through incision, drying, or extraction and do not contain cellular tissues, like latex, gums, resins, and plant exudates. Crude drugs can also come from animal sources like hormones and enzymes, as well as microbial, mineral, marine, plant tissue culture, semisynthetic, and recombinant DNA sources.
Introduction to Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry-I.pdfAkshay Daswad
Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals, and minerals. It deals with the identification, extraction, isolation, and evaluation of constituents from biological sources and their subsequent preservation and preparation. The term was introduced in 1815 by C.A. Seydler to mean "knowledge of drugs". Pharmacognosy applies scientific techniques to understand the composition and properties of natural substances with therapeutic effects. It has historically involved the identification and description of crude drugs, but modern pharmacognosy also utilizes organic chemistry, biochemistry, and other analytical techniques to isolate, characterize, and standardize active pharmaceutical ingredients from natural sources.
Exploring the Nature and Sources of Drugs: A Comprehensive Overviewpandeygsu
This presentation delves into the fascinating world of pharmaceuticals, exploring the diverse nature of drugs and their sources. From natural compounds to synthetic creations, we'll uncover the origins of these crucial medications and their impact on healthcare.
Food and food resources are essential for life. Plants and animals are the two main natural sources of food. Plants serve as food resources for herbivores and omnivores, with India's main agricultural products being cereals, pulses, spices, beverages, vegetables, and fruits. Animals and birds are a major food source for carnivores and omnivores, providing meat, eggs, milk, honey, and oils. However, growing problems with world food supplies exist due to increasing population, wealth, and environmental degradation combined with insufficient growth in irrigation and fertilizer.
Drugs from plants extraction, purification & analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
This document discusses the history and sources of drugs derived from plants. It covers how early civilizations used plants medicinally and how modern drug development has evolved. Key points include: natural substances like plants have long been used for medicines; in the 19th-20th centuries active compounds from plants started to be isolated and purified; many major drugs like aspirin, quinine, and taxol were developed from plant-derived compounds; modern techniques are used to extract, purify, and analyze active components from plants for drug development and treatments.
This document discusses the history and sources of drugs derived from plants. It covers how early civilizations used plants medicinally and how modern drug development has evolved. Key points include: natural substances like plants have long been used for medicines; in the 19th-20th centuries active compounds from plants like morphine and aspirin were isolated and purified; plants still provide over 60% of anti-cancer and anti-infective drugs; extraction methods are used to isolate medicinal compounds from plants.
Drugs from Plants : Extraction, Purification & Analysis.Dr. Amsavel A
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Purification & Analysis.
Introduction, Some of the medicinal plants & uses, different processes of extraction & purification. Analysis requirement & Analytical technique.
The document summarizes novel medicinal agents that can be derived from marine sources. It discusses how marine organisms such as plants, animals, and microbes produce secondary metabolites for defense and survival purposes. Some of these compounds have potential as pharmaceuticals. Two approved drugs on the market derived from marine sources are the anticancer drug Ara-C from a marine sponge, and the antiviral drug Ara-A. The document outlines various types of bioactive molecules isolated from marine sources that have therapeutic properties, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, cardiovascular actives, cytotoxic anticancer compounds, and more. Overall, the ocean represents a relatively untapped source of biodiversity for discovering new drugs.
This presentation consists of different insects used for medicinal purpose in day-to-day life for curing diseases without any side effects. The craze of use of insects in medical treatments now-a-days increasing and also proved successful for curing many non curable disease and infections in human body. Many synthetic derivatives are also available in markets. This slide show contains insects and their products used for medical purpose.
This document discusses sources of drugs from natural origins. It covers plant, animal, mineral, and microbial sources. For plant sources, it describes how all parts of plants can be used including leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, and bark. It provides examples of important drugs derived from different plant parts. Animal sources discussed include insulin from pancreas and vitamin A from cod liver. Mineral sources include metals like iron and non-metals like iodine. Microbial sources include antibiotics like penicillin produced by fungi. The document also discusses synthetic, semi-synthetic, plant tissue culture, and recombinant DNA technology sources of drugs.
This document discusses various sources of drugs, beginning with crude drugs derived from organic and inorganic sources. Crude drugs contain active ingredients and require no additional processing. Before the 20th century, most drugs came from natural sources like plants, animals, microbes, and minerals, with plants being the major source. Now, most drugs are synthesized or biosynthesized. The document then discusses specific biological sources of drugs including plants, animals, microbes, marine sources, and their constituent parts and secretions. Common active compounds from each source like alkaloids from plants and enzymes from animals are outlined. The use of tissues cultures to produce plant metabolites is also summarized.
This document summarizes a research article about propolis and its uses in dentistry and medicine. It begins by defining apitherapy as the medicinal use of honeybee products, including propolis. The document then discusses the chemical composition of propolis, noting that it contains over 180 chemicals including flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives. Finally, the document outlines some of the clinical uses of propolis, stating that it has been used to treat conditions like gingivitis and periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
Zoopharmacognosy refers to animals self-medicating by ingesting or applying plants, soils, or other substances to prevent or reduce pathogens and toxins. Animals engage in this behavior innately through natural selection to protect themselves. Self-medication can be preventative by ingesting substances before infection, or therapeutic by doing so after infection to fight pathogens. Examples include chimpanzees eating plants with anti-parasitic properties, goats consuming shrubs after nematode infection, and birds lining nests with insect-repelling plants. Zoopharmacognosy provides animals with natural, cost-effective ways to treat illnesses and reduces risks of drug side effects.
Sources of drug for Undergraduate MBBS studentsSarju Zilate
--> Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources
.Plant sources
.Animal sources
.Mineral/ Earth sources
.Microbiological sources
.Synthetic sources
.Semi synthetic sources
.Human sources
.Genetically engineered
Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem.
Leaves
Digitoxin and Digoxin
Hyoscine
Nicotine
Atropine
Oil of Eucalyptus
Animal source
Heparin - Leech
Pepsin - stomach of cow
Human source
HCG - Pregnant women
Urokinase - human kidney cell
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
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REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Animal sources of drugs, medicines and perfumes
1. Submitted By:
Tarique Bin Aziz
MSc. in Zoology (Specialization in Wildlife & Biodiversity
Conservation)
BSc. (Honors) in Zoology
Department of Zoology
Jagannath University, Dhaka
Animal sources of drugs, medicines and perfumes
3. Introduction
According to the world health organization, between
75% and 80% of world’s population use traditional
folk medicine and drug.
In the world, drugs and medicine are used in the
treatment and preservation of diseases and people all
over the world use body spray and perfumes to
remove the ill smell.
4. Drug, medicine and perfumes can be obtained from
various sources .
The sources are –
Plant sources
Animal sources
Micro- organism sources
Mineral sources
Synthetic sources
Semi- synthetic sources
5. Definition of drugs and medicines
Drug is a chemical substances also called medicine.
Which is used in the treatment and prevention or
diagnosis of diseases or used to otherwise enhance
physical or mental well being.
We can also say that, Drug is any substance or product
used or intended to be used to modify or explore the
physiological state or pathological condition for the
well being of recipient.
6. Animal sources of Drugs :
Pancreas is a source of insulin used in treatment of diabetes .
Urine of pregnant women gives human chronic gonadotropin
(HCG) used for the treatment of infertility.
Sheep thyroid used in hypertension.
Cod liver is used as a source of vitamin A and D.
Blood of animals are used in preparation of vaccines.
Immunoglobulin G is prepared by the injecting antigen into an
animal and collecting the antibody formed as a reaction to the
antigen. For example, horse globulin containing anti-tetanus and
anti-diphtheria toxin has been extensively used at one time
7. Animal Sources of Homeopathic Drugs:
Drugs are derived from animals in general or their secretions or products;
embracing the different kinds of worms, lice, insects, beetles, flies, crabs, toads,
snakes.
Whole animals: Living animals, spiders, snail, and dried animals are used as
homeopathic drugs.
Different parts : Different parts of animal also used in drugs. Some are given
below:-
1. Spongia from skeletons
2. Calcarea calcinata from shells
3. Gadus lota from back bone of a fish
4. Castor from thumb nail of horse
5. Sepia from inky juice of the cuttle fish
6. Lecithin from animal brain or egg-yolk
8. Secretions:
Orchitinum from testicular extracts of man,
Ophorinum from ovarian extract of cow.
Milk and milk products:
1. Colostrum from first part of human milk
2. Lac caninum from bitch milk
3. Lac defloratum from skimmed cow-milk
4. Lac felinum from the cat milk
9. Venoms of poisonous animals:
Scorpions, Apis virus, Bufo vulgaris, Ampnisboena
vermicularis (venoms of lizard snake)
Vipera betus, Vipera lachesis (from the venoms of
poisonous snakes).
10. Advantages :
1.Huge amounts of drugs can be produced
2.Drug can be obtained in pure form.
3.It is less antigenic.
Disadvantages :
1.Well equipped lab is required.
2.Highly trained staff is required.
3.It is a complex and complicated technique
11. Animal sources of perfumes
Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or aroma compounds,
fixatives and solvents used to give the human body. Animals, foods,
objects and living-spaces an agreeable scent.
Sources:
1. Ambergris:
Sources:
Lumps of oxidized fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled
by the sperm whale.
Uses:
It has a marine fecal odor. Highly valued by perfumers.
12. 2. Castoreum :
Sources:
Obtained from the odorous sacs of the mature North American beaver and the
European beaver.
Uses:
used as a tincture in some perfumers.
3. Civet :
Sources:
Obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family Viverridae, related
to the mongoose.
Uses:
This is also called Civet Musk. Used in perfume.
4. Hyraceum : Commonly known as "Africa Stone“
Sources:
Obtained from both urine and feces excreted by Cape Hyrax.
Uses:
Used in traditional perfumery.
13. Advantages:
1.Animals are highly valued for perfumery.
2.It possesses a sweet, generous, aromatic intensity and longevity.
Disadvantages:
1. Extensive hunting of male musk deer for their pods in recent
history has resulted in the detriment of the species.
2. World Animal Protection investigated African civets caught for
this purpose which is harmful for their population.
14. Fig : Animal sources of Drugs, Medicines and perfumes.
15. Conclusion
Animals serve as a great source for both drugs
and perfumes. They are highly valued for
those purpose but sometimes detriment of the
species occurs as a result of extensive hunting.