--> Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources .Plant sources .Animal sources .Mineral/ Earth sources .Microbiological sources .Synthetic sources .Semi synthetic sources .Human sources .Genetically engineered Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem. Leaves Digitoxin and Digoxin Hyoscine Nicotine Atropine Oil of Eucalyptus Animal source Heparin - Leech Pepsin - stomach of cow Human source HCG - Pregnant women Urokinase - human kidney cell

1. Sources of Drug
By. Dr Sarju R. Zilate
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacology
JNMC, Sawangi (M)

2. • Drug:
• Any substance or product that is used or intended to, modify or
explore physiological systems or pathological states for the
benefit of the recipient.

3. Drugs are obtained from 8 major sources
1. Plant sources
2. Animal sources
3. Mineral/ Earth sources
4. Microbiological sources
5. Synthetic sources
6. Semi synthetic sources
7. Human sources
8. Genetically engineered

4. Plant Sources:
• Plant source is the oldest source of drugs.
• Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants.
• Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e. leaves, flowers,
fruits, seeds, roots, bark and stem.

5. Leaves
• The leaves of Digitalis
Purpurea are the source of
Digitoxin and Digoxin, which
are cardiac glycosides.

6. • Leaves of Eucalyptus
give oil of Eucalyptus,
which is important
component of cough
syrup.

7. • Tobacco leaves
give nicotine.

8. • Leaves of Atropa
belladonna gives
atropine, which is
anticholinergic.

9. • Hyoscyamus
Niger gives
Hyoscine,
which is also
anti-
cholinergic.

10. Flowers
• Poppy papaver
somniferum
gives morphine
(opioid)

11. • Vinca rosea
gives
vincristine
and
vinblastine

12. • Rose
gives
• rose water
used as
tonic.

13. Fruits
• Senna pod gives
anthracine, which is a
purgative (used in
constipation)

14. • Calabar beans
give
physostigmine,
which is
cholinomimetic
agent.

15. Seeds
• Seeds of Nux Vomica
give strychnine,
which is a CNS
stimulant.

16. • Castor oil seeds
give castor oil.

17. Roots
• Ipecacuanha root
gives Emetine,
used to induce
vomiting as in
accidental
poisoning. It also
has amoebicidal
properties.

18. • Rauwolfia
serpentine
gives
reserpine, a
hypotensive
agent.
• Reserpine was
used for
hypertension
treatment.

19. Bark
Cinchona bark
gives quinine
and quinidine,
which are
antimalarial
drugs. Quinidine
also has
antiarrhythmic
properties.

20. Stem
• Chondrodendron
tomentosum
gives Tubo-
qurarine, which is
skeletal muscle
relaxant used in
general
anesthesia.

21. • Important Pharmacological active principles in Plants are:
• 1) Alkaloids
• 2) Glycosides
• 3) Oils
• 4) Resins
• 5) Gums
• 6) Tannins

22. 1.ALKALOIDS
Drug Plant
Atropine Atropa belladonna leaves
Quinine Cinchona bark
Morphine Papavaram somniferum (Poppy)
Reserpine Roots of Rauwolfia serpentina
Nicotine Tobacco leaves
Alkaloids names usually end with “ine”.

23. 2.Glycosides
Drug Plant
Cardiac
glycosides
Digitoxin Fox glove leaves
(Digitalis Purpurea)Digoxin

24. 3.OILS
• Generally 3 types of oils are used for medical purposes.
i) Essential oil (Volatile oil)
ii) Fixed oil
iii) Mineral oil

25. i) Essential oils (Volatile oils)
• Obtained from leaves or flower petals by steam distillation.
• Uses:-
1. Carminatives:- for expulsion of gas from stomach. eg. Ginger and
Eucalyptus Oil
2. Flavorings agents:- Peppermint oil
3. Pain relieving agents:- Clove oil for toothache, acts as
counter irritant.

26. ii) Fixed oils
• Obtained by solvent extraction of crushed seeds.
• Use:
• Castor oil as a purgative
iii) Mineral oils
• Obtained by dry distillation of wood.
• Use:
• Liquid Paraffin as a Laxative to promote defecation

27. 4) Resins
• These are polymers of volatile
oils and insoluble in water.
• Ex: Benzoin resin is obtained
from the bark of several species
of trees in the genus Styrax.
• Use:
• Used as inhalational in common
cold and cough

28. 5) Gums
• Secretary products of plants
• These are dispersible in
water and form adhesive
mucilaginous colloids
• Ex:- Gum acacia
• Uses:-
• Emulsifying or suspending
agents.

29. 6)Tannins
• Non nitrogenous phenolic derivatives from plant.
• Soluble in water.
• Ex:- Astringents (precipitate surface proteins)

30. Animal Source
Drug Animal source
Heparin Leech
Regular Insulin Pancreas of Cow, Pancreas of pork
Pepsin Stomach of Cow
Thyroxin Thyroid Gland Of Animals
Vit. B12 Liver extract
Cod liver oil (Omega 3 fatty acid , Vit A
and Vit D)
Liver of Atlantic Cod (Fish)
Antitoxins & Sera Equine Blood (Horse)

31. Microorganism Source
Drug Microorganism
Penicillin Penicillium notatum
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
Griseofulvin Penicillin grisofullivum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae
• Bacterial, Fungi, Moulds imp source of many life saving drugs.
• These obtained from MO and used to kill Microorganisms.

32. Mineral Source
Mineral drug Use
Ferrous sulfate(FeSo4) Anaemia
Magnesium sulfate(MgSo4) Purgative
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHco3) Antacid
Aluminum Hydroxide Antacid
Zinc Oxide Oint. (Zinc- Zn) Sunscreen, Skin Protectant
Solganal, Auranofin (Gold- Au) Anti-inflammatory; Used in tx. of
Rheumatoid Arthritis

33. Synthetic
• Presently majority of drugs are obtained synthetically
• Some of drugs which are earlier obtained from plant today
synthesized in lab.
• Advantage
Quality can be controlled
Process is easier and cheaper
More potent and safer
Large scale production

34. Example Trade Name Classification
Meperidine Demerol Analgesic
Diphenoxylate Lomotil Antidiarrheal
Co-Trimoxazole Septran Anti-Infective
Sulfonamide; Used in
the treatment of UTI’s

35. Semi Synthetic
• These are mainly obtained by changing the chemical structure
of natural obtaining drugs.
• Ex:
1. Atropine bromide
2. Penicillin substrates ( by changing –R side chain)

36. Human Source
Drug Human source
HCG Pregnant women
Menotropin Post Menopausal women urine
Regular insulin Human
Urokinase Human kidney cells
rh GH Human

37. Genetically Engineered
• Relatively new methodology involves the blending of
discoveries from molecular biology, rDNA technology, DNA
alteration, Gene splicing, immuno pharmacology.
• Ex:-
Hepatitis-B
Insulin (Human insulin of rDNA techniques)

38. Formation of genetically engineered Hepatitis‐B Vaccine
Genetic material (DNA) is first extracted from hepatitis virus
The gene that direct the production of surface protein is located
These gene is removed from viral DNA and inserted into plasmid
The plasmid are then inserted into yeast cells
Yeast is grown by fermentation.
(Cells produce large amount of surface proteins)
After 48hr, yeast cells are ruptured then extracted surface proteins Purified and stabilized with
preserving agents
HEPATITIS-B vaccine ready to use

39. Digitoxin and Digoxin
Atropine
Hyoscine
Oil of Eucalyptus
Nicotine

40. Morphine Vincristine and Vinblastine Rose water

41. Anthracine Physostigmine

42. Strychnine Castor Oil

43. Emetine Reserpine

44. Quinine and Quinidine

45. Benzoin Resin Gum acacia

46. Penicillin Penicillium notatum
Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelace
Griseofulvin Penicillin grisofullivum
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae
HCG Pregnant women
Menotropin Post Menopausal women urine
Regular insulin Human
Urokinase Human kidney cells
rh GH Human