1) Animal motifs were commonly depicted on ancient and medieval Indian coins, reflecting the close intimacy between humans and animals in Indian culture. Common motifs included elephants, bulls, lions, horses, and peacocks.
2) Specific animal symbols often represented religious or cultural meanings. For example, lions symbolized power and later came to represent Buddhism. Horses sometimes depicted sacrificial animals or celebrated horse sacrifices (asvamedha).
3) Royal rulers used coin designs to commemorate important events, such as Samudragupta depicting horses to celebrate his asvamedha sacrifice. Animal motifs provided symbols of authority, cultural meanings, and ways for rulers to promote their achievements.
The Kuṣaṇas started their ruling under Kujula Kadphises in central asia and centre of power was Gandhara .
The Kuṣaṇas apparently introduced the very first anthropomorphic representations of Indian gods for their coins in Gandhara, even before an iconographical canon for these deities became standardised
The Kuṣaṇas started their ruling under Kujula Kadphises in central asia and centre of power was Gandhara .
The Kuṣaṇas apparently introduced the very first anthropomorphic representations of Indian gods for their coins in Gandhara, even before an iconographical canon for these deities became standardised
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This presentation providing basic information regarding the Gomteshwar statue of Sharavanbelgola, Karnataka. it is prepared for BA 1st year students of Vocational Courses.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This presentation providing basic information regarding the Gomteshwar statue of Sharavanbelgola, Karnataka. it is prepared for BA 1st year students of Vocational Courses.
The file contains short notes from the 12th standard textbooks of History(NCERT). Contains 15 chapters of different eras. From ancient history to Framing of Indian Constitution. Suited for competitive examinations and students giving board examination. A quick way to recapitulate.
In 176 BC, the Yuezhi were driven from Tarim Besin to westward by the Xiongnu, a fierce people of Magnolia.
The Yuezhi under the leadership of the Kushanas came down from Central Asia and swept away all earlier dynasties of the Northwest in a great campaign of conquest. They established an empire which extended from Central Asia right down to the eastern Gangetic basin.
In Bactria, they conquered the Scythians and the local Indo-Greek kingdoms, the last remnants of Alexander the Great's invasion force that had failed to take India.
From this central location, the Kushan Empire became a wealthy trading hub between the peoples of Han China, Sassanid Persia and the Roman Empire.
Roman gold and Chinese silk changed hands in the Kushan Empire, at a very tidy profit for the middle-men.
Baby ganesha sitting on the lap of lord shiva and mother parvathi vintage baz...Dokka Srinivasu
These are 2 different Baby Ganesha sitting on the Lap of Lord Shiva and Mother Parvathi vintage bazaar post cards of 19th Century in my collection.
I am sharing these in my Heritage of India blog.
http://indian-heritage-and-culture.blogspot.in/2015/09/baby-ganesha-sitting-on-lap-of-lord.html
Every person want to fulfill something in his or her life. But success is coming to those people who are moving forward to implement some action instead of just thinking. Success is coming to those who think properly with proper and dedicated planning.
Every person has infinite potential within him/her. These 18 principles are useful as how a person use his infinite potential to succeed in life.
I prepared this power point presentation and i hope many people will benefited with this presentation to succeed in their Goals and Life. All the best to the readers those who study and implement these principles.
Maithreem Bhajatha song by smt. m.s. subbulakshmi at united nationsDokka Srinivasu
Maithree Bhajatha Song by Srimati M.S. Subbulakshmi at United Nations
http://srimati-ms-subbulakshmi.blogspot.in/2012/04/maithree-bhajatha-song-by-srimati-ms.html
Lord shiva with young ganesh mythological post cardDokka Srinivasu
This is my mythological post card. i share this in my heritage of india blog.
http://indian-heritage-and-culture.blogspot.in/2012/04/lord-shiva-with-young-ganesha.html
Heritage of India, Taj Mahal Post Card
I shared this in my heritage of India blog.
http://indian-heritage-and-culture.blogspot.in/2012/04/taj-mahal-post-card.html
Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
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Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
1. OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 1
THE ANIMAL MOTIFS ON INDIAN COINS
(ANCIENT AND MEDIAEVAL PERIOD)
Jayanti Rath
In the evolution of the species it has been universally acknowledged that man
appeared in the last of all living creatures. Soon after his august appearance in the hoary
past, his first task had been to adjust himself with the nature and the species. Initially, of
course he had unreasonable fear about other animals whom he watched carefully from
the distance and in fact, he admired strength and craftiness of some of the beasts. In his
observation there was awe, admiration, sympathy and above all love for certain animals.
Very soon man could distinguish between the ferocious as well as noble type. With his
superior intellect man could tame the latter variety, specially those beasts who came
down very near to the dwelling of man on their own accord. Of these some animals
supplied milk, the flesh of some was taken as food, a few animals were chosen for
riding, handling and chasing enemies, while a limited number of animals were used for
drawing the plough-share. This close intimacy between the man and the animal was
eventually reflected in art, sculpture and subsequently in coins. The fantasy and fascination
of Indian mind for different varieties of animals make the coins of India highly
Kaleodoscopic.
The animal world of the punch-marked coins consist of elephant, bull, lion. dog, cat,
deer, camel, rhinoceros, rabbit, frog, fish, turtle, ghariyal (fish eater crocodile), scropion
and snake. Among the birds, peacock is very popular. The lion and horse symbols
appear to have acquired greater popularity in 3rd century B.C. This is evidenced by the
capitals of Ashok. The horse symbol is also found on some coins of Yaudheyas and on
the series of the coins of Mathura rulers Sivadatta (reverse). It appears as a sacrificial
victim which evidenced by the Kanauja coins. Allan has noticed a Yupa or a linga (Yupa
is more acceptable) with the horse symbol on their round copper coin of Kanauja. He
explained that the reverse has a horse apparently before a sacrificial post (Yupa) and
may thus commemorate an asvamedha sacrifice. The horse figure is very often found on
the coins of Kanauja Kausambi, Mathura. Panchala and Vrishnis.
The symbol of bull standing before a symbol on the earliest coins of the Arjunayanas
and the Yaudheyas, may very well represent the bull before yupa i.e. (sacrificial post).
The bull was also a characteristic device of monetary issue of Ayodhya. This symbol is
very common on Kausambi coins and also on a few specimens of Mathura. The coin
57
2. OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 1
from Almora also show the depiction of bull before tree in railing. The lion symbol gained
more popularity than the horse in subsequent times. It came to symbolise power and
might and ultimately royal dignity. Its entry in Indian art and mythology was apparently
from Western Asia. and the earliest coins to bear lion figures were issued by the foreign
rulers, i.e. the Indo-Greak kings called Pantaleon (C.185-175 B.C.) and Agathocles
(180-165 B.C.). However, the lion device is also appeared on the silver punch-marked
coins and on few specimens of local coins.
Lion symbol appears on the indigenous coin of Taxila, Agaras (Punjab) (late 2nd
C.B.C.), Rajanyas (Punjab), Rajasthan (C. 1st C.B.C.) and Malva. The elephant symbol
is another popular symbol prominently shown on the coins. Bull and elephant together
have conspicuous symbols on Indian coinage. In fact, these two animals dominated the
ancient Indian art. Three elephants with riders is characteristic reverse mark on coin
issued by early Hindu rulers of Mathura, while single elephant is favoured variously on the
coins of Ayodhya, Kausambi, Mathura, etc. The stag or deer symbol is also depicted on
the coin of Kunindas and Yaudheyas as well as those from Almora.
Among the bird symbols cock, peacock, swan and duck are frequently represented.
The depiction of owl can also be seen in Punch-marked coin. The peacock symbol is
very popular in the coin of Yaudheyas. On some specimens of punch-marked coins the
peacock is placed on the top of a hill. Among the reptiles the most conspicuous is the
snake symbol, which is portrayed frequently on Indian coin. The fish symbol is generally
depicted in pairs and also in a tank (Uddehikas early 2nd C. B.C.), but sometimes is to
be found in a group of boar (on some punch-marked coins) or five (on a series of the
Mathura ruler Gomitra I (C. 1st C.B.C.). Another water animal, represented on early
Indian coin, is the crocodile. Frog is frequently depicted on punch marked coins.
We have number of coins having Mahavrsa, Vrsadhvaja or Vrsavahana (one whose
mount in bull ). In this connection it may be noted that the humped Indian bull on Greco-
Indian coins issued from the mint of Puskalavati has been identified as the emblem of
Siva.
A large number of immitation Kushana coins have been found from different parts
of Orissa. They are popularly called as Puri-Kushana coins. Among them a few coins
bear on the obverse the elephant-rider type of Huviska.
The Buddhist contact with lion further transformed it as the power of the seeker of
the liberation from all bonds of nature, which according to Buddhist faith is primary cause
of all casual nexus “Pratitya Samutpada”. Thus, the Buddha has been described as
“Sakyasimha” i.e. the lion of Sakyas. The lions of the Asokan pillar facing four quarters
and carrying Dharma-chakra on their heads stands for a two fold implications :—On one
hand they represent the Buddha, who set in motion the wheel of law or Dharma Chakra
to deliver mankind from the sorrow of samsana and on the other hand, they stand as the
58
3. OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 1
royal symbol of Ashoka who dedicated his life to propagate the gospel of Buddha to the
world at large. The influx of the symbol in the country with the mother Goddess (Isthar-
Nana) identifies her with Durga-Simhavahini found on the coin of Azes who made an
inroad from Eastern Iran, in the beginning of the Christian Era and also in the coin of
Kushanas, who pushed their rule to the heart of India in subsequent period, helped to
establish the original implication of the lion i.e. the symbol of female principle. The
original implication of lion indicates its association with the Indian Goddess Durga, Uma,
Sakti.
The horses were also used in Asvamedha sacrifice of Gupta rulers. Such horses
are found on some of the gold coins of Samudragupta and Kumaragupta-I. To celebrate
his memorable victories in Northern and Southern India, Samudragupta had performed
Asvamedha Sacrifice, probably late in his reign and to commemorate this great event
he had issued gold coins of a fairley extensive scale. Many Museums in India and
abroad possess this variety of Samudragupta coin. The Bayana hoard alone has laid
bare twenty Asvamedha coins. Samudragupta appears to have adopted the Asvamedha
device for his seals also.
Dr. Altekar is right when he says that “The asvamedha coins are among the best
specimens of the numismatic art of ancient India.
The horse on the overse looks noble and graceful and seems to be resigned to its
impending doom. Obviously the best artist were selected to prepare the model and they
were fully conscious of the importance of the event they were called upon to commemorate
on the imperial coin. Chandragupta -II was probably a renowned horseman and he might
therefore had conceived the idea of representing himself on some of his coins as riding
on his horse and marching to the battlefield to win material glory. In his coin he is seen
as riding a nicely modelled horse and is controlling the walking beast with a single rein
loop. The horse is carved on his coin strictly in prolific where the king on his back is
conceived in three quarter profile. Undoubtedly the horse is on the coin of
Chandragupta-II has been very naturalistically rendered. The Asvamedha type of coins
of Kumaragupta are very rare. There are two such coin in the British Museum and two
are in State Museum, Lucknow and in Bharat Kala Bhavan. The British Museum coin
depict horse as caparisoned and not bare as in the case of the Asvamedha type issued
by Samudragupta.
Artistically, Kumaragupta-I’s coins are much inferior in comparison to those of his
grandfather. Samudragupta’s horse is graceful and artistic and that of Kumaragupta
whether unharnessed or caprisoned can stand no comparison with the former. Even the
horseman variety of Chandragupta-II coins are much better than Kumaragupta’s horseman
type.
59
4. OHRJ, Vol. XLVII, No. 1
The coins of South India were generally identified on the basis of dynastic emblem
or cognizances.
The Satavahana Currency is the earliest in the series of widely circulated coin of
South India, coming next to the punch-marked coins. Satavahanas came into prominence
in 3rd century B.C. and their rule lasted for more than 400 years. They had occupied
quite a big territories in Western India and Deccan. They had issued a large number of
coins which have been discovered from Malwa Krishna and several other places of
Deccan and central India. These coins are of both lead and copper. In Maharashtra and
Vidarbha, a large number of copper or potin coins are found showing an elephant with
the trunk upraised or hanging down side and the Ujjain symbol on the other. The issuer
of these coins are Sri Pulumavi, Siva Sri Pulumavi, Skanda Satakarni, Sri Yajna Satakarni,
Vijaya Satakarni, Pulahamavi, Saka Satakarni, Rudra Satakarni, Kumbha Satakarni,
Karna or Krishna Satakarni.
In Deccan, lead coins of Sri Sati, Sri Satakarni and Sri Pulumavi are found from
Hyderabad. They bear a thick three arched hill on the obverse and the Ujjain symbol on
the reverse. The coin issued in Maharashtra and the Deccan are exclusively of lead and
they are known to have been issued by three or four rulers. These coins are of a number
of varieties, showing three or six-arched hill, a horse, a lion, a ship or wheel as one of
the main characteristics on the obverse side of the coins. The Ujjain Symbol on the
reverse is almost common to all.
New dynasties came up after the Andhra Satavahana rulers in the Deccan sometimes
in the 3rd century A.D. dealing with the later South Indian coins Vidya Prakash remarks,
“South Indian coins are generally identified on the basis of the dynastic emblem or
cognizances’.
In the following table the emblem of some of the principal dynasties of Deccan and
South India is given :
Sl. No. Name of the Dynasty Emblem
1. Chalukya Boar
2. Rashtrakutas Bull
3. Kalachuri Bull and Garuda
4. Kadamba (Mysore and the Kanara region) Hanuman
5. Yadava (Devagiri) Lion, Garuda and Hanuman
6. Hoyasala (Jaipur, Belgaun, Dharwer region) Tiger
7. Ganga Bull
8. Mysore Hindu rulers Elephant, Siva and Parvati
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9. Pallava (South Deccan) Bull and Lion.
10. Chera (present day Kerala, and Bow
Coimbatore and sales district).
11. Pandya (South and South-East Tamilnadu) Fish
12. Chola (Eastern Tamilnadu) Tiger
The gold coins of the Cheras have the figure of an elephant, often caprisoned on
obverse and a scroll device on the reverse. The representation of the boar incarnation
of Vishnu, though evolved during the Sunga Kushana period, became popular in the
sculptural art of Gupta period where in both the theriomorphic and therioanthropic type
occurred frequently.
As in art and sculpture the image of Varaha has also been portrayed in Indian coin.
In the silver coins of Mihira Bhoja, we find Varaha has been portrayed with an inscription
containing the legend Srimad Adivaraha. Here the symbol is seen in composite form. He
stands with the left leg raised above knee and the left hand rests apparently to support
the goddess.
In the gold coins of the kings of Nala Dynasty of central India, the words of Sri
Varaharaja and Sri Varaha are found embossed over the obverse of the coin. Though
the legends ostensibly refer to the ruler of the dynasty in the 5th century A.D, the second
one Sri Varaha could possibly be interpreted to mean Varaha from of Vishnu as well.
Mention may be made of the Ikshvakus and Pallava rulers. The Ikshvakus ruled in
the northern part of the Deccan. Originally they were the feudatories of the Andhra
Satavahanas and after their decline attained power. Ikshvakus immitated the Andhra
Potin coins having an elephant on one side and the Ujjain symbol on the other.
The Pallavas issued their own coins in copper with a bull or a lion on one side. It
is suggested that lion was the insignia of the early and bull of the later rulers of the
Dynasty.
The Ikshvakus and the Pallvas were replaced in course of time by the Vishnukundins
and the Eastern Chalukyas. They followed the motifs of the Pallava coin.
Of the Eastern Chalukyas the coin of Raja Raja-I (1019-1059 A.D.) bear the dynastic
symbol of boar facing left flanked by a lamp stand on either side and surmounted by an
ankusa (elephant goad ), a chhatra (parasol) and two chauries (fly-whisks) punched in
the centre.
Rajendra Kulottanga-I (1070-1118 A.D.) who was a prince of Eastern Chalukya
dynasty and a king of the Cholas, had issued coins with the central punch bearing two
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fish and two tiger seated dog fashion and flanked on either side by a bow and parasol
and a by which above.
Among the Western Chalukyas Jayasimha II (Jagadekamalla) (1015-1043 A.D.)
and his successors issued a type of coin where five lions are punched separately and
the title is punched with separate punches for each of the letter.
On a variety of coins having nine punches, the central punch bears the figure of
Hanuman, four punches have the lion, two have conventional kannada letter Sri and the
remaining two retain the legend ‘Sugu’ along with the ankusa Since Hanuman was the
crest of the Hangala branch of the Kodambas, these coins might have been issued by
them.
The Yadavas of Devagiri issued punch marked gold coins which were known as
padma-tanka or achchhus. The first ruler of the dynasty Bhillam V (1185-1193 A.D.)
issued coins bearing nine punches.
Five of them have the lion, two have Sri, the eighth has a sankha and the nine bear
the name Sri Bhillama Deva in two lines in Nagari letters.
Die struck gold coins were prominently issued by the Kadambas of Goa
Jayakesi-I (11th Century A.D.) issued coin of two types, one having Gajasardula (lion-
elephant) and the other only a lion facing right. Both the types have a common reverse
bearing a ’trisula’and the Nagari inscription Sri Malaigai Bhairava. The next ruler Soyideva
issued coins with the lion and the name Malaharama on the reverse Soyideva also
issued another type of gold coins with a large maned lion and name of the cyclic year
on the obverse and a long Nagari legend.
The Hoyasala King. Vishnuvardhana (1115-1159 A.D.). Narasimha (1159-1171 A.D.)
are also known do have issued die struck gold coins. The former issued coins of two
types. On one a lion forms the obverse and the title Sri Tala Kadagonda on the reverse.
The other type has a lion-riding Chamunda on one side and the title Sri
Nanambavadigonda on the other. The latter type was issued by Narasimha also. His
coins bear the inscription Sri Pratapa Narasimha.
The Silaharas of Kolhapur region issued some uninscribed coin having a trident,
with the sun and moon on the obverse and Garuda on the reverse.
A type of uninscribed gold coins having a large caprisoned elephant on one side
and a floral scroll on the other have been found from Mysore area and are called “Gajapati
Pagodas”. Some gold coin of Harshadeva, the king of Kashmir are very similar to these
coins. “The Raja Tarangini” mentions that his coin were imitated from those of the Karnata.
According to some scholars the Gajapati Pagoda’s belong to Mallikarjuna of the
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Vijayanagar dynasty. Some tiny thin gold coins with a recumbent bull on the obverse and
Telugu regnal dates on the reverse are found mostly on Orissa. They are attributed to the
early Gangas who had settled in Kalinga and ruled from 6th to 11th Century A.D.
In adopting the animal motifs on coins the rulers of the Sangam Dynasty of South
India took a pioneering role. Harihara, the first ruler and the founder of the Vijaya Nagar
kingdom (1336 - 1356 A.D.) used both the Hanuman and Garuda symbol on his coins.
His successor Bukka I (1356-1377 A.D.) took Hanuman as the coin symbol. The Garuda
symbol was next used only in time of Krishnaraya (1509-1529 A.D.). Harihara II (Pratapa-
Harihara) (1377-1404 A.D.) took the standing bull as the symbol on his copper coins.
Devaraya (1422-1466 A.D.) took elephant as the symbol on his copper coin.
The kings of Taluva dynasty (1506-1570 A.D.), like their predecessors took the bull
and the Garuda motifs on their coins along with the deities Uma-Mahesvara. Venkatesa
and Bala Krishn. The Ganda bherunda motif on coin appeared during the time of
Achyutaraya. which is a unique phenomenon in the numismatic history.
The rulers of Karnata dynasty (1570-1646 A.D.) seem to have been much influenced
by Vaishnavism. Venkatesa is prominently seen on their coins. Sankha. and Chakra, the
two main attributes of Vishnu. His vehicle Garuda and his incarnation Rama and Varaha
are found on the coin of Tirumalaraya (1570-1573 A.D.). The bull on the Vijaya Nagar
copper coins is the only device that continued from the very beginning. During the last
thirty years of the declining days of the kingdom, Vaishnavism dominated not only the
capital but also at the local centres. During this period Vishnu in almost all the forms of
his incarnation, appeared on the local coin. Animals like lion, bull, elephant, tiger, deer,
peacock are also seen on the local coins.
With the decline of the kingdom of Vijaya Nagara, a number of petty states issued
their own coins. The Nayaka princes of Tanjore. Madura and Tinnevelly and the Setupatis
of Ramnad are prominent among them.
A series of copper coin were issued by rulers of these said areas having varying
devices on the obverse, i.e. Hanuman, Ganesa, an elephant, a bull, a lion, a star, the sun,
the moon, etc. The early coinage of the Madura Nayakas has the name of the rulers on
the reverse in Tamil. But the coins of the later period of these rulers bear Telugu legend
on them.
With the advent of Muslim in India, Indian coinage assumed an altogether new
pattern. The representation of figures is eschewed in Islam, so like the other coinage of
the Islamic world, Indian coins too, with a few notable exceptions, carried inscriptions on
both the sides in Arabic or Persian script. The coins in India, hence forward displayed
the names of the issuers with their titles, the date in the Hizri era and the mint name (the
place of the issue of the coin). The Kalima or profession of the faith was also used in
the coin.
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Muhammad bin Sam founded the first Muslim dynasty in India after the final defeat
of Prithviraj and his allies in the second battle of Thaneswar in 1192 A.D. He struck coin
in immitation of the coins that were current in the country and placed seated Lakshmi on
the observe and inscribed his name in Nagari letters. He apparently struck no silver
coins in his Indian dominion but coins in billon of the “bull-horseman type.”
Qut-buddin Aiback was the first Sultan to set up the capital at Delhi, but no coin
bearing his name has so far been found. The next ruler, lltatmish (1211-1236) issued
silver coin with various legends. Some gold and silver coins, similar to the gold horse-
man types of Muhammad bin Sam were issued in the name of lltutmish from Bengal. He
issued three types of coins in billon. One type of coins has a bull on the obverse and a
horseman on the reverse.
The Mughal Emperor Akbar and Jahangir brought some new introduction on the
pattern of coins. Emperor Akbar introduced the effigy of Rama and Sita with the words
Rama and Siya in Nagari. Jahangir, issued some gold coins where the bust of the
Emperor in profile was portrayed. On the reverse of these coins a lion is found either to
left or to right. He issued some gold and silver coins, which bear the zodiac signs on one
side. They are remarkable in their execution.
Besides these few exceptions the muslim rulers seldom used any forms on their
coins. Instead, much emphasis was given on calligraphy.
However on the coin of the Hindu rulers of the Muslim period we come across
some figures both human and animal. The rulers of Kangra (a small hill state lying
between the river Ravi and Satlej) issued coin of the bull and horseman type.
A Gond dynasty was ruling in the latter part of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
with its capital at Amrakantaka, which extended in Kosala area and also occupied some
parts of the ancient Akara (the area around Bhopal). This area is famous in history for
the chivalry of Rani Durgabati who gallantly opposed the Mughal Governor Asaf Khan,
who had invaded her kingdom on 1564 A.D. Her father-in-law, Sangram Shah had
issued some gold coins of about 167 grains. The obverse of his coins has a crested lion
in a square.
The coins issued from Tripura by the ruler Ratnamanikya bear a grotesque lion on
its reverse. A ‘trisula’ was added at the back of the lion by Vijaya Manikya, a succeeding
ruler. He placed a figure of Ardhanarisvara on some of his coins. Here the composite
figure is made up of the half portion of the ten handed lion-rider Durga and that of the
four-handed bull-rider Siva. This is altogether a new pattern which displays the innovative
outlook of the issuer.
The most powerful successors of the Mughals were the Marathas and the Sikhs.
They issued gold. silver and copper coins. The Maratha coins bear the legend in Nagari
script whereas both the Persian and Gurumukhi scripts have been used by the Sikhs for
the legend of their coins.
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Ghaziuddin Haider, the Nawab of Awadh, was made the crowned king by the
British Governor General in 1819. Initially he was hesitant to issue coin in his own name.
He retained in the beginning the usual obverse of Shah Alam-ll coin and only on reverse
he introduced his coat of arms, two fish facing each other surmounted by a crown and
a tiger on either side holding a pennon as a support.
In 1761, Haider Ali, the general of Mysore took up the reins of power of the state
in his own hand. He introduced copper coins showing an elephant on the obverse and
the date and mint on the reverse. His son Tipu Sultan, issued coins of bewildering
varieties. With all these coins, the copper coins depicting the elephant was also current
during his time.
After the death of Tipu Sultan Mysore State was restored to Krishnaraja Wodeyar.
The early copper coins of Krishnaraja had the lion, the sun, the moon on the obverse and
the name of the ruler in Nagari on the reverse. Later on the copper coins retained the
elephant on the obverse and added to it the word Sri’or Sri Chamundi.
Thus, animals have been represented on the coins of India from very ancient period.
Almost all the reigning dynasties having sovereign authority to issue coins, have taken
some animal motifs for their coins. These symbols not only signify their religious inclination
but also pronounce their urge for self-expression. Their presence is still very much available
in the modern coinage of India, which suggests they can not be eliminated from our day-
to-day life. The advance of science and technology will no way be a hindrance to love
and sympathy for animals that is deeply ridden in Indian’s mind.
REFERENCES
1. Early Indian coins Numismatic Evidence Dr. Savita Sharma
Agam Kala Prakashan
Delhi, 1990.
2. Animal Motifs in Ancient India Art Asis Sen
Kolkata-1971.
3. The development of Hindu Iconography J.N. Banarjee
University of Kolkata
Kolkata-1957.
4. Horse in-early Indian Art T.K. Biswas
Kant Publications
Delhi-110039, 1987.
5. Coinage of South India Vidya Prakash
Varanasi-1968.
6. Varaha In Indian Art, Culture, Literature Shantilal Nagar. Araya Books
International
New Delhi-1993.
7. Coins P.L. Gupta
N.B.T. India
New Delhi-1969
Asst. Curator
(Numismatic Section)
Orissa State Museum,
Bhubaneswar-751014
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