student presentations M.L.B College Bhopal

1. BY:
POOJA DUBEY

2.  Bartering is the exchange of one product or service
for another without the use of money. The word barter
comes from the French word, barater, meaning “to
trade.” Early civilizations used this type of exchange
before there was money.

3.  Before the age of coins, the cowry shell was used as an
instrument of payment and a symbol of wealth and power. The
cowry , originating in India, was accepted in large parts of
Asia, Africa, Oceania and in Europe. This kind of transaction
continued till approximately the 6th century BCE

4. Earliest coins
Called puranas,karshpanas & panas
Irregular shape,standard weight
Issued by various Mahajanpadas & Mauryas

5.  Introduced the fashion of showing buster head of the
ruler
 Used Greek & Kharoshti language
 Greek god & goddesses commonly shown
 Made up of silver,copper,nickle & lead

6. *Engraved portrait head of king like Greeks
*1 side-helmeted bust of the king
*Reverse- Kings’ favorite deity
* Indian craftsmanship & skill may be noticed

7.  Created an extensive coinage with legend in Brahmi,
Pahlavi, Bactrian
 Inspired from Kushan coinage
 Obverse-Ruler with elaborate headdress
 Reverse- Zoroastrian fire altar or Shiva with the bull
Nandi

8. Copper and mostly circular
Some of the smallest coins of North India
Humped bull symbol was common
Wheel, horse, can also be seen

9.  Made up of lead, ‘potin’ & copper
 Silver coins were very rare
 Devoid of any beauty or artistic merit
 But constitute a valuable source of history of
Satvahanas
 1 side-figure of an elephant,horse,lion or chaitya
 other side-symbol of Ujjain

10.  Saka origin
 Of great historical importance
 Bear dates in saka era
 1side-Head of king
 Other side-the device of Buddhist chaitya or stupa
 Prakrit language used

11.  Marked a period of great Hindu revival
 Mostly gold coins but silver & copper too
 1 side-king performing religious, martial & leisurely
activities
 Other side-Goddess or Queen herself
 All inscriptions were in Sanskrit for the first time in
history of coins

12.  The silver coins of Vardhanas had on one side the
head of the king & other , the figure of peacock
 The dates on the coins of Harshvardhana are reckoned
in a new era, A.D.606

13.  The Western Chalukyan kings had image of a temple
or a lion and legends. The other side was left blank
 The coins of Eastern Chalukyan had symbol of the
boar at the centre, round which, each letter of the
king’s name inscribed by a separate punch. The other
side was left blank

14.  Mostly gold coins
 Also issued copper & billon coins but very rare silver
 There are 2 types of Rajput coinage
 1) Showed the name of the king in Sanskrit on one
side & the goddess on other side

15. 2) The kings of Gandhara or Sind
introduced the other type of silver coins
that has seated bull on one side and a
horseman on the other

16.  The coins of the Cholas king Raja-Raja 1 had
the standing king on one side and seated
goddess on the other side with inscription
generally in Sanskrit

17.  Minted in lead, copper, and bronze
 Mostly round, very few square
 Basic symbol were bull and lion
 Bull was the royal emblem of Pallavas
 Symbols like swastika, chakra, flag were also seen

18. Fashion of showing bust or head was dropped
Both sides of the coin bear inscriptions, giving
the king’s name and title in hijri era
The mint name was first appeared
 “Kalima” included

19.  Coins are mostly ‘Varahanas’ or ‘Pagodas’
 Various symbols such as the bull, the elephant
and various Hindu deities are found

20. The standard gold coin of the Mughals was
the ‘Mohar’
The silver rupee, adopted from Sher
Shah Suri currency was the most famous of
all Mughal coins

21.  Akbar issued both round and square coins
 In 1579, he issued gold coins called ‘Ilahi’ coins to
propagate his new religious creed ‘Din-i-Ilahi’
 Sahansah was the largest gold coin
 These coins bore the names of the Persian solar
months

22.  Jahangir showed the legend in a couplet in the coins.
 In some of his coins, he added the name of his
beloved wife Noorjahan
 The most famous of his coins had images of Zodiac
signs

23. Coinage marked by its variety and artistic
merit
Haider Ali minted ‘Pagodas’
Tipu sultan minted the ‘Mohar’ and ‘Half
Mohar’ in gold

24. The Fanamas bear the image of Narsimha
avatar of Vishnu
The gold Varahana bear the kings name in
Sanskrit on side and figure of Shiva and
Parvati

25. In 1835, a uniform device was introduced for the British rupees
in India. This rupee bears the king’s name on one side and the
title ‘East India Company’ on the other side. This type was
continued till 1862 when a new Act provided that the rupees
was to bear on one side the figure and name of the Queen
Victoria and the inscription, Victoria Queen on the other side
the designation of the coin in English, filled by the word India.