This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
1) Ancient India had a well-defined taxation system that was an important source of revenue for the state. Taxes included land tax, trade taxes, fines, and voluntary contributions.
2) Taxation principles emphasized protecting citizens, minimizing burden, and spending revenue on public welfare. Taxes were meant to be reasonable and not oppressive.
3) Revenue was used to fund administration, roads, healthcare, and other public services, reflecting the idea that taxes were payment for protection and social benefits provided by the state.
Guilds played an important role in trade and commerce throughout ancient Indian history. They were organized groups of merchants and artisans that helped facilitate economic activity and growth. Guilds gained significant power and influence over time, taking on administrative, judicial, and banking functions in many cities and helping support the development of arts, crafts, and infrastructure projects through their donations.
This document provides an overview of republican states that existed in ancient India based on sources from Buddhist literature, Greek historians, and other texts. Some key points:
- Republican states, also known as ganarajya, were non-monarchical states where supreme power was held by the people through assemblies and councils.
- Many states in northern India in the 6th century BC were republics, including the Licchavis, Shakyas, Mallas, and others.
- Republican states had assemblies where all citizens or members of the ruling class could participate in governing. Larger states also had executive councils and were divided into provinces and cities.
- Sources describe the internal structures of republic
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
During the Gupta period, economic progress was driven by agriculture, trade, and craft production. Agriculture was the main occupation, with farmers growing crops like wheat, barley, rice, and sugarcane. Irrigation systems like tanks and wells supported cultivation. Trade flourished along land and sea routes connecting India to Central Asia, the Roman Empire, and Southeast Asia, with commodities like spices, textiles, and precious goods being exported. Crafts like metalworking, textile production, and pottery thrived in urban centers, supported by powerful merchant guilds. The economy became more localized and feudal in nature.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
1) Ancient India had a well-defined taxation system that was an important source of revenue for the state. Taxes included land tax, trade taxes, fines, and voluntary contributions.
2) Taxation principles emphasized protecting citizens, minimizing burden, and spending revenue on public welfare. Taxes were meant to be reasonable and not oppressive.
3) Revenue was used to fund administration, roads, healthcare, and other public services, reflecting the idea that taxes were payment for protection and social benefits provided by the state.
Guilds played an important role in trade and commerce throughout ancient Indian history. They were organized groups of merchants and artisans that helped facilitate economic activity and growth. Guilds gained significant power and influence over time, taking on administrative, judicial, and banking functions in many cities and helping support the development of arts, crafts, and infrastructure projects through their donations.
This document provides an overview of republican states that existed in ancient India based on sources from Buddhist literature, Greek historians, and other texts. Some key points:
- Republican states, also known as ganarajya, were non-monarchical states where supreme power was held by the people through assemblies and councils.
- Many states in northern India in the 6th century BC were republics, including the Licchavis, Shakyas, Mallas, and others.
- Republican states had assemblies where all citizens or members of the ruling class could participate in governing. Larger states also had executive councils and were divided into provinces and cities.
- Sources describe the internal structures of republic
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
During the Gupta period, economic progress was driven by agriculture, trade, and craft production. Agriculture was the main occupation, with farmers growing crops like wheat, barley, rice, and sugarcane. Irrigation systems like tanks and wells supported cultivation. Trade flourished along land and sea routes connecting India to Central Asia, the Roman Empire, and Southeast Asia, with commodities like spices, textiles, and precious goods being exported. Crafts like metalworking, textile production, and pottery thrived in urban centers, supported by powerful merchant guilds. The economy became more localized and feudal in nature.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Maritime trade has a long history in India dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the Harappans established an extensive maritime trade network connecting India to Mesopotamia and other parts of Western Asia. Major exports included timber, ivory, and luxury goods like lapis lazuli. The trade continued and expanded after the decline of the Harappans. Under the Mauryan Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, maritime trade flourished as the state established rules and infrastructure to regulate ports and trade. Major trading partners included regions along the Red Sea like Egypt and East Africa. In later centuries, India engaged in extensive trade with Rome, Byzantium, Southeast Asia,
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and incomplete, also required further additions.
The document discusses the emergence of Mahajanapadas in ancient India during the 6th century BCE. Some key points:
- 16 major Mahajanapadas emerged across northern India, each centered around a city-state and ruled by Kshatriya tribes. These included Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Videha, Saisunaga, and Matsya.
- The Mahajanapadas were both monarchies and republics. Monarchical states were located on the Gangetic plains while republic
The document provides an overview of marriage in Hindu traditions, including its meaning, aims, types, sources, and customs surrounding selection of bride and groom. It discusses key texts that discuss marriage like the Manusmriti. There are 8 types of marriages described - Brahma, Daiva, Arsa, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Raksasa, Paisaca. The aims of marriage are described as dharma, praja, and rati. Qualities like good family, character, learning are important in selecting a bride and groom.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The PPP is for the students of UG & PG not for my API and not even for the commercial purpose.
The *slide 50* of this PPP is wrongly typed the name *Samudragupta instead of Chandragupta II*. so kindly correct in your notes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Vrat refers to religious vows or observances in Hinduism involving restrictions on food and behavior. Vrats can be undertaken for religious purposes, to celebrate cultural traditions, or to seek divine help. They typically involve fasting, purity practices, and rituals focused on deities. Vrats can vary in duration from a day to a year and involve different levels of austerity. The goal is spiritual discipline and purification of mind and body to gain worldly and otherworldly benefits as well as express religious devotion.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses the concept and components of family in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It defines family as social groups originating through marriage and blood relations that consist of a husband, wife, and children. The family binds its members through legal, economic, religious, and social ties as well as duties and privileges. It also discusses 12 different types of sons recognized in ancient India, including biological sons, adopted sons, stepsons, and others. Primary duties of the family included legalizing sexual desires, childbirth and care, equal property rights, and work distribution.
The document summarizes the dissemination and forms of Buddhism that existed in Central Asia. It discusses:
1) How Buddhism spread to Central Asia in the 3rd century BCE during Ashoka's reign along the Silk Road, facilitated by trade, translation of texts, missionary efforts, and the political stability of the Kushan Empire.
2) The major Buddhist schools that gained prominence in Central Asia included the Dharmaguptakas, Sarvastivadins, Mulasarvastivadins, Mahasanghikas, and Lokottaravadins.
3) Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism also existed in the region, with monasteries and art
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is for students only.
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE due to the political and economic strength of the Roman Empire and the rise of kingdoms in India like the Kushans and Satavahanas. Key commodities traded were spices, textiles, gems from India and glass, wine, and metals from Rome. Major ports involved in the trade included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu. Archaeological evidence like amphorae, coins, and other artifacts provide evidence of extensive trade networks and cultural exchange between the two regions.
The Guptas established an elaborate administrative system with the kingdom divided into provinces, districts, cities and villages, each with their own officials to manage local administration under the oversight of higher authorities. Key departments included revenue collection, finance, judiciary, and military, and the system drew upon precedents from the Mauryan empire while further developing aspects like autonomous administration in cities by guilds and traders. Overall the stable administrative framework established under the Guptas contributed to the economic prosperity of the period.
History of india and indian national movementManish Kumàr
This document provides an overview of the history of India from prehistoric times through the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and tools used. The Mesolithic saw domestication of animals and early farming. The Neolithic brought polished stone tools, farming, domestication of cattle, pottery, painted designs. The Chalcolithic period added copper tools. It then details the Indus Valley Civilization from 2500-1700 BC, including major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and elaborates on aspects of their advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and use of burnt bricks.
Sources of Jammu and Kashmir of Kash.pptxAmita Gupta
- The document discusses various sources of information about the history of Jammu and Kashmir, including literary sources like ancient texts, the works of poets, and the Rajatarangini chronicle.
- Archaeological evidence uncovered temples, sculptures, and terracotta tiles from sites like Harwan dating back to 3rd-6th centuries AD. Ruins from the era of King Lalitaditya at Martanda temple also provide insights.
- Numismatic evidence like coins issued by the Karkota dynasty further illuminate the political history of the region.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Maritime trade has a long history in India dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. During this period, the Harappans established an extensive maritime trade network connecting India to Mesopotamia and other parts of Western Asia. Major exports included timber, ivory, and luxury goods like lapis lazuli. The trade continued and expanded after the decline of the Harappans. Under the Mauryan Empire in the 4th-3rd centuries BCE, maritime trade flourished as the state established rules and infrastructure to regulate ports and trade. Major trading partners included regions along the Red Sea like Egypt and East Africa. In later centuries, India engaged in extensive trade with Rome, Byzantium, Southeast Asia,
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and incomplete, also required further additions.
The document discusses the emergence of Mahajanapadas in ancient India during the 6th century BCE. Some key points:
- 16 major Mahajanapadas emerged across northern India, each centered around a city-state and ruled by Kshatriya tribes. These included Magadha, Kasi, Kosala, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Surasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Videha, Saisunaga, and Matsya.
- The Mahajanapadas were both monarchies and republics. Monarchical states were located on the Gangetic plains while republic
The document provides an overview of marriage in Hindu traditions, including its meaning, aims, types, sources, and customs surrounding selection of bride and groom. It discusses key texts that discuss marriage like the Manusmriti. There are 8 types of marriages described - Brahma, Daiva, Arsa, Prajapatya, Asura, Gandharva, Raksasa, Paisaca. The aims of marriage are described as dharma, praja, and rati. Qualities like good family, character, learning are important in selecting a bride and groom.
The Kushan Dynasty ruled between 30-375 CE in areas of modern day Afghanistan and northern India. The Kushans were originally from the Yuezhi confederation and migrated to the region in the 1st century CE under the leadership of Kujula Kadphises. Major Kushan rulers included Kujula Kadphises, Vima Kadphises, and the powerful emperor Kanishka, who expanded the empire and patronized Buddhism. The Kushan Empire dominated trade between Rome, China, and South Asia and facilitated the spread of Gandhara art and Mahayana Buddhism. The empire fragmented in the 3rd century CE due to invasions and was eventually overwhelmed by the
The PPP is for the students of UG & PG not for my API and not even for the commercial purpose.
The *slide 50* of this PPP is wrongly typed the name *Samudragupta instead of Chandragupta II*. so kindly correct in your notes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
Vrat refers to religious vows or observances in Hinduism involving restrictions on food and behavior. Vrats can be undertaken for religious purposes, to celebrate cultural traditions, or to seek divine help. They typically involve fasting, purity practices, and rituals focused on deities. Vrats can vary in duration from a day to a year and involve different levels of austerity. The goal is spiritual discipline and purification of mind and body to gain worldly and otherworldly benefits as well as express religious devotion.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses the concept and components of family in ancient Indian social life and institutions. It defines family as social groups originating through marriage and blood relations that consist of a husband, wife, and children. The family binds its members through legal, economic, religious, and social ties as well as duties and privileges. It also discusses 12 different types of sons recognized in ancient India, including biological sons, adopted sons, stepsons, and others. Primary duties of the family included legalizing sexual desires, childbirth and care, equal property rights, and work distribution.
The document summarizes the dissemination and forms of Buddhism that existed in Central Asia. It discusses:
1) How Buddhism spread to Central Asia in the 3rd century BCE during Ashoka's reign along the Silk Road, facilitated by trade, translation of texts, missionary efforts, and the political stability of the Kushan Empire.
2) The major Buddhist schools that gained prominence in Central Asia included the Dharmaguptakas, Sarvastivadins, Mulasarvastivadins, Mahasanghikas, and Lokottaravadins.
3) Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism also existed in the region, with monasteries and art
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is for students only.
Indo-Roman trade flourished between the 1st century BCE to 2nd century CE due to the political and economic strength of the Roman Empire and the rise of kingdoms in India like the Kushans and Satavahanas. Key commodities traded were spices, textiles, gems from India and glass, wine, and metals from Rome. Major ports involved in the trade included Barygaza, Muziris, and Arikamedu. Archaeological evidence like amphorae, coins, and other artifacts provide evidence of extensive trade networks and cultural exchange between the two regions.
The Guptas established an elaborate administrative system with the kingdom divided into provinces, districts, cities and villages, each with their own officials to manage local administration under the oversight of higher authorities. Key departments included revenue collection, finance, judiciary, and military, and the system drew upon precedents from the Mauryan empire while further developing aspects like autonomous administration in cities by guilds and traders. Overall the stable administrative framework established under the Guptas contributed to the economic prosperity of the period.
History of india and indian national movementManish Kumàr
This document provides an overview of the history of India from prehistoric times through the Indus Valley Civilization. It describes the Stone Age periods (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) and tools used. The Mesolithic saw domestication of animals and early farming. The Neolithic brought polished stone tools, farming, domestication of cattle, pottery, painted designs. The Chalcolithic period added copper tools. It then details the Indus Valley Civilization from 2500-1700 BC, including major sites like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, and elaborates on aspects of their advanced urban planning, drainage systems, and use of burnt bricks.
Sources of Jammu and Kashmir of Kash.pptxAmita Gupta
- The document discusses various sources of information about the history of Jammu and Kashmir, including literary sources like ancient texts, the works of poets, and the Rajatarangini chronicle.
- Archaeological evidence uncovered temples, sculptures, and terracotta tiles from sites like Harwan dating back to 3rd-6th centuries AD. Ruins from the era of King Lalitaditya at Martanda temple also provide insights.
- Numismatic evidence like coins issued by the Karkota dynasty further illuminate the political history of the region.
The document summarizes the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire between the 4th and 6th centuries CE in India. It saw advancements in literature, art, science, and education due to peace and prosperity under the Gupta kings' rule. Two important figures were Samudragupta, who politically unified India, and Chandragupta II, who further patronized the arts and elevated culture. Reasons for progress included the kings' support of education and trade ties that made the region an important cultural center. The end of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century CE halted further development.
The document summarizes the Stone Age periods in India, including the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic eras. It notes that the earliest humans in India date back around 1.38 million years ago based on archaeological sites. During the Paleolithic period, humans began using stone tools. The Mesolithic period saw the development of microlithic tools. Finally, the Neolithic period marked the beginning of settled agricultural societies in India around 6,000 BCE, with early villages forming and domestication of crops and animals.
The document provides information on the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. It discusses the major sites uncovered, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, and Dholavira. Key features of the Harappan civilization discussed include its organized city planning with grid layouts and drainage systems, agriculture including crops like wheat and barley, domestication of animals, use of bronze and copper tools, and development of crafts like pottery and seal making. The document also outlines the different phases of the Harappan civilization from early to late periods.
The document provides an overview of ancient Indian history from the prehistoric period through the Gupta Empire. It describes the major periods such as the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. It then discusses the Indus Valley Civilization in depth, noting its major sites, advanced urban planning, and eventual decline. The document also summarizes the rise of the Magadha Empire in Bihar and its powerful Haryanka dynasty rulers including Bimbisara and Ajatasatru.
The Sangam Age was a period in ancient Tamil history from around 300 BCE to 300 CE. During this time, Tamilakam was inhabited by the ancient Tamils and covered parts of modern-day Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The Sangam literature provides details about the political, social, economic and cultural aspects of this period. The three main Tamil kingdoms were the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas, who ruled different parts of Tamilakam. Local chieftains also held power. Agriculture was the main occupation and trade flourished by sea and land within India and with other parts of the world. Poetry, music and dance were an important part of Tamil culture during the Sangam Age
– Beginning of use metal and Pre-Harappan Bronze Age Cultures : 2. Harappan...Dr. Ashwani Asthana
Beginning of use metal and Pre-Harappan Bronze Age Cultures : 2. Harappan Civilisation: It’s Origin, Spread and Date. 3. Mature phase of Harappan Civilization: Architecture, Economy and technology.
The document discusses the Vedic period in India, divided into the Early Vedic period from 1500-1000 BC and the Later Vedic period from 1000-500 BC. It covers the literary sources of Vedas and epics from each period and the archaeological sources of iron and pottery. A comparative study is provided on the family structure, women's status, and caste system between the Early and Later Vedic periods, showing a decline in women's status and rise of a more rigid caste hierarchy over time.
Coins_MA, Sem.II_Material Remains as Source of Ancient Indian History & Cultu...Banaras Hindu University
Punch-marked coins and Indo-Greek coins were important forms of currency in ancient India that provide historical and cultural insights. Punch-marked coins date from 600-200 BCE and feature irregular shapes with symbols punched into the metal. They were issued by merchant guilds and states and can explain contemporary flora, fauna, trade networks, and territorial control. Indo-Greek coins date from 200 BCE to 100 CE and were precisely die-struck in precious metals. They were produced by over 40 rulers across South Asia and Afghanistan and typically included the ruler's name and portrait with Greek or Indian religious imagery. Both coin types influenced later Indian dynasties and provide evidence of economic and cultural exchange.
Early farming communities of Central India- Neolithic remains of Belan valley...Virag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
The document summarizes Stone Age cultures from the Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods. It discusses the evolution of tool technology over time from crude stone tools to polished tools. It provides details on tool types, sites discovered, changes in subsistence patterns from hunting/gathering to agriculture, and developments in arts, religion, and settlements. The Stone Age spans from around 2-2.5 million years ago to 1800 BC and saw significant cultural and technological developments among prehistoric humans.
This document discusses the developments in South Asia between 600 BCE to 600 CE. It mentions the emergence of agricultural settlements, pastoral settlements, and megalithic burials across northern India, the Deccan plateau, and parts of South India. Sixteen major kingdoms known as Mahajanapadas emerged in northern India, with Magadha being the most prominent. In the south, chiefdoms like the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas arose. The Mauryan Empire was the first imperial power and was administered through five major centers. New notions of
An outline Of Paleolithic Cultures of India.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
1. People have lived in India for thousands of years along river banks like the Narmada, practicing activities like gathering, hunting, and early farming.
2. Around 4700 years ago, some of the earliest cities developed along the Indus River valley in places like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, with planned streets, buildings, and drainage systems.
3. These Indus Valley Civilization cities engaged in extensive trade, importing materials from distant lands and developing new technologies like bronze. However, around 1400 BCE, many of the cities were gradually abandoned for unknown reasons.
Chapter_Villages,towns and trade.ppt Class 6 content CBSE curriculumdiptisharma693437
Iron tools like axes and iron ploughshares improved agriculture starting around 2500 years ago. Villages in southern India were inhabited by groups like the Vellalar, Uzhavar, and Kadaisiyar, who had different levels of land ownership. In northern India, the Vellalar and gramabhojaka were large landowners while the Uzhavar and Grihapati were small landowners or ploughmen. Sangam literature from 2300 years ago was composed in assemblies in Madurai, while Jataka tales came from ordinary people. Early cities are evidenced by sculptures, fortifications, wells, and accounts from travelers. Punch-marked coins without inscriptions were used for trade for about 500
–Harappan Civilization –The Earliest Urbanisation in South AsiaDr. Ashwani Asthana
The document provides an overview of the Harappan civilization, beginning with its earliest identification in the 19th century through excavations in the 1920s that led to its naming and characterization. It describes the major Harappan sites such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira and features of urban planning like standardized bricks, streets, and drainage systems. Key aspects of Harappan culture discussed include copper metallurgy, standardized weights, crafts like bead making, and the still undeciphered Harappan script. Trade networks connecting the Indus region to places like Mesopotamia and Oman are also summarized.
An outline Of Paleolithic Cultures of India.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
Similar to Economic Progress in the Gupta Period (20)
समुद्री व्यापार.pptx Maritime Trade in IndiaVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Military Administration and Ethics of War .pdfVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Megalithic Culture of India, Megalithic Culture of Penisular IndiaVirag Sontakke
Presentation Lines
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Painted Grey Ware.pptx, PGW Culture of IndiaVirag Sontakke
Presentation Lines
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
गुप्त कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था .pptx, Economy of Gupta PeriodVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
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This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Temple Architecture of Early Chalukyas “Pattadkal” .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Origin of physical form and structures in Indian architecture.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Town Planning depicted in Kautilya Arthashatra.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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IGCSE Biology Chapter 14- Reproduction in Plants.pdf
Economic Progress in the Gupta Period
1. Economic
Progress in the
Gupta Period
Dr. Virag Sontakke
Assistant Professor
Center for Advanced Studies
Department of A.I.H.C. & Archaeology,
Banaras Hindu University
virag@bhu.ac.in
3. Introduction
• After the Mauryan period, Gupta Dynasty brought unity, peace and
prosperity to the Indian subcontinent.
• Although the Gupta Dynasty was smaller in size than the Mauryan, but
Gupta ruled longer than Maurya.
• Gupta period is considered as the golden age of India by some historians.
• During Gupta period the economic stability and prosperity facilitates all-
round cultural progress.
• The agriculture system was well developed and new methods were used to
increase agricultural production.
• The Mehrauli iron pillar (of Gupta period) is the best example of metal
workmanships.
• The seals, gold, and silver coins of this period also reflect the advance stage
of the metal industry.
4. Name of the King Period (CE)
Shri Gupta (c. late 3rd century)
Ghatotkacha (c. late 3rd century - 319)
Chandragupta I (c. 319 – 335/350)
Kacha (early 4th century?)
Samudragupta (c. 335/350 – 375)
(Ramagupta) (late 4th century?)
Chandragupta II (380 – 413/415)
Kumaragupta I (415 – 455)
Skandagupta (455 - 467)
Purugupta (467 – 473)
Kumaragupta II (473 - 476)
Budhagupta (476 – 495)
Narasimhagupta (495 – ?)
(Bhanugupta) (circa 510)
Vainyagupta (circa 507)
Kumaragupta III (circa 530)
Vishnugupta (540 – 55
Genealogy of the Gupta King
230 years (c. 319–543 CE),
8. Literary Sources
1. The Amarakosha and Brihat Samhita contain special chapters on the study of plants and gardens,
forest, crops, manure, etc.
2. The Brihat Samhita describes twenty-two jewels. Jewels were used at this period for a large variety of
purposes.
3. Ratna pariksha mentioned the science of testing gems.
4. Vatsyayana mentions about Ruparatnapariksha (testing of precious stones), Dhatuveda (the
smelting of metals), and Maniragakarajnanam (technology of jewels ).
5. Among them Purana is a good source of history.
6. “Aryamanjusrimulkalpa”,
7. The drama “Kaumudini Mahotshaba” written by a woman writer Bajjika,
8. Kamandak’s “Nitisara” those sources carried important information about the Gupta Empire.
9. Kalidas: Medhdut, Raghuvansh
10. Varahmihir:
11. Vishakhadatt: Devi Chadraguptam
12. Shudraka:
13. Jindas: Vasudevhindi
14. Panchtantra
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. Economic System of Gupta Dynasty
Agriculture Art & Crafts
Industry Trade
Economy
16. Agriculture
• Agricultural was the main sources of Economy during Gupta period.
• The major part of the revenue of the state came from agriculture.
• Various types of land are mentioned in the inscriptions;
a) land under cultivation was usually called Kshetra.
b) Lands not under cultivation were variously called as Khila, etc.
c) Aprahita: jungle or forest land.
d) Vasti: habitable land.
e) Gapata Sarah: pasture land.
• Inscriptions: uncultivated land was being regularly brought under cultivation.
• Different land measures were known in different regions.
• Amarkosha: description of various ploughshare
• Bruhaspati: a) shape and size of ploughshare
• Varahmihir: triple crop pattern in a year
17. Irrigation
• The importance were given to irrigation.
• The Sudarshana reservoir (Tadaga) in Saurashtra
in Gujarat.
1. Originally built in the Maurya period (322-297
BCE) by Pushygupta.
2. Ashoka’s governor Tusask made cannels (272-
232)
3. Reservoir was thoroughly repaired in the time
of Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman (130-165 CE)
4. Again at the time of Skandagupta this dam
damaged and repaired by Parnadatta (CE 455-
467).
• Parnadatta, his newly appointed governor of
Saurashtra and Parnadatta's son Chakrapalita,
undertook the repair of the reservoir this time.
18. Agricultural Products
• Cereals
1. Barley,
2. Wheat
3. Paddy etc.
• Vegetables: cucumber, beetle, onion, garlic, gourd, pumpkin
• Cash crops like cotton and sugarcane
• Amarkosh: wheat, barley, paddy, green piece, sesame, ginger etc.
• Kalidas: Paddy cultivation is higher
• Kalidas: different category of riches, Magadh rice was sented (shali, niwar,
kalam and shyamak)
• Amarkosh: sesame, lentil, (udad, mung, masur, arhar), blackgram, kulthi
• Fruits: Mango, coconut, jackfruits, pomegranate, grapes, banana,dates
etc.
19. Different systems of Irrigation
• Another method for irrigation was to draw water from wells and supply to
the fields through channels.
• The mechanism known as ghati-yantra as ghati was referred to well
irrigation.
• Ghati-yantra: In this method, to tie a number of pots to a chain: the
chain with the pots reached down to the water of the hull, and by making
the chain and the pots rotate, the pots would continuously fill with water
and empty it.
• In regions like Bengal: rainwater was collected in ponds and other types of
reservoirs;
• In peninsular India: tank irrigation became gradually the norm.
• The farmers of course depended mainly on rainfall and the importance of
rainfall is underlined in the texts written in the Gupta period.
20. Condition of Farmers
• The condition of ordinary cultivators may be declined considerably.
• New small kingdoms, new rulers and their official who did not take part in
agriculture imposed great burden.
• The number of taxes imposed by the state on the producers also increased in this
period.
• The the practice of imposing vishti or unpaid labour was also in vogue.
• All in all, the condition of the ordinary cultivators seems to have become worse
than in the earlier periods.
• It is believed by some historians that because of the practice of land grants, the
peasant population as a whole were reduced to a very low position in society.
• There were also slaves who worked on the fields of their masters.
• Even domestic female slaves were cruelly exploited.
• Text like the Kamasutra, tells us how much hardship they had to go through at
the hands of their masters.
21. Animal Rearing
1. Manu, Kamandak & Katyayan: Vaishya were involved
2. Amarkosh: nine cattle breeds were famous
3. Amarkosh: 13 types of horses
4. Amarkosh: 9 type of oxes
5. Amarkosh: 15 names of elephants
6. Katyayana: animals hired for transportation
Shephard/ herder: gop, gosankhya, gopalak, godhudh, aabhir, vallabh
Animal products:
1. Milk
2. Meat
3. Dairy products
23. Classifications of Art objects
Pottery,
Items of
furniture,
Baskets,
Metal Items,
Terracotta,
Glass Items
Ordinary
Items
Ivory Items,
Semi-precious
stone beads
Shell bangles
Gold ornaments
Fine silk,
muslin
Luxurious
Items
24. Crafts Production
• There was industrial development during the Gupta period.
• Textile was an essential industry.
• Some of the major items produce were- Muslin, linen, silk, food grains, spices,
salt, bullion, calico, wool and cotton etc.
• Other industries like ivory work, stone cutting and curving or shaping of stones.
• Metal work of precious metals like- gold, silver, copper, iron, bronze, led, pearl
industries were also very popular.
• The Gupta rulers issued a large number of gold coins with beautiful artistic
design.
• The art of the jewellery was in the advanced condition. “BrihatSamhita”
mentioned about twenty two types of jewellery.
• Huen-Tsang also mentioned that brass, gold and silver were produced in
abundance.
• The seals, gold, silver and copper coins of that period also reflect the advance
stage of the metal industry.
25. Metal industry
• Huan tsang: large scale production of metal objects
• Numerous metal coins of Gupta kings
• Alloy in gold and silver coins indicate high class of metallurgy
• Mehroli iron pillar of Chandra is best example of metallurgy
26. Amarkosh: 7 names of
iron
Mehrouli Iron Pillar.
Excavations Remains:
A) Agricultural Tools
B) Weapons
C) Daily use
D) Carpentry Tools:
plough, chain, sickle,
axes, adze, scissors,
utensils, sword, knife
Amarkosh: 6
names of copper
Excessive use of
copper plates
Coper coins:
(Chandragupt II,
Ramagupt &
Kumaragupt)
Bronze images:
Bihar, UP, MH
Sultanganj
bronze image
Silver: Roupya
Varahmihir:
silver extract
from mines
Silver coins
Silver pots
Silver
implements
Amarkosh: 19
names of copper
Shudrak: difficult
to find loyal gold
smith
Gold coins
Gold ornaments
Mrucchkatikam
Drama: Gold
jewellery shops
in Ujjayani
Bhita: gold ring
and ornament
Iron Copper Gold
Silver
29. Varahmihir: 22 types of
beads
Varahmihir: Source of
Diamond-Vena river,
Sopara, South Kosal,
Kalinga, Pundru
Bruhadsanhita: beads
of diamond, Agate etc.
Varahmihir: Gold
Jewellers used beads in
ornaments
Vishakadatta
(Mudrarakshas
Drama): work
assign to
Patliputra
carpenter for
Palace & Gates.
Fahiyan: 80’
wooden Buddha
image on the
bank of Indus.
Vatsyayan:
wooden art
includes in 64
Leather was
under state
control.
Varahmihir:
Leather
Worker
(Chrmshilpi)
Amarkosh:
Leather items
Shoes, bags,
whip, rope etc
Daily utensils
Abundance
variety of pots
are recovered
from excavations.
Ahichattra: life
size Ganga-
Yamuna images
Stone
Beads Carpenter Potter
Leather
Worker
32. Sculptural Art
• Earlier developments in plastic arts seem to have culminated in the Gupta
sculpture.
• The most important contribution of Gupta sculpture is the evolution of the
perfect types of divinities, both Buddhist and Brahmanical.
• A large number of Buddha images have been unearthed at Sarnath (School
of Art).
• Stone and bronze images of Buddha have also been found at Mathura and
other places.
• The images of Siva, Vishnu and other Brahmanical gods are sculptured in
some of the finest panels of the Deogarh temple (Jhansi district).
• The art of casting metals reached a degree of development.
• Fa-Hien saw an over 25 metre high image of the Buddha made of copper,
but it is not traceable now.
35. Textile
• Different varieties of silk cloth, called Kshauma and Pattavastra are mentioned in the texts, show in
Ajanta Paintings.
• Mandasor inscription of the Kumargupta 1st time in western Malwa refers to a guild of silk-weavers who
had migrated from south Gujarat and had settled in the Malwa region.
• Texts like Amarakosha and Brihat Samhita mention different categories of craftsmen who
manufactured textiles them.
• Cotton Centres: Bengal, Tamil, Gujrat
• Silk cloths: Banaras
• Cotton cloths : Matura
• Silappatikaram:
a) Mathura was famous for Cotton cloths; shops were crowded by buyers.
b) Kavripattanam: cotton-silk threads centres
c) Uraiyur: famous Muslin center
• Narad Smruti:
a) Ship and forest goats are useful for blankets
b) Rabbits: Wool
36.
37. Paintings
• The art of painting reached its height of glory in this age.
• The most important examples of the Gupta paintings are to be found on
the wall frescos of the the Bagh caves.
• The Gupta painters also painted incidents from the life of Buddha during
the Gupta period.
• They probably have some influence on Ajanta painting also.
40. Guilds/Sreni
• Guilds continued as the major institution in the manufacture of goods and
in commercial enterprise.
• There were guilds not only of traders and bankers but also of manual
workers like weavers and stone cutters.
• These guilds enjoyed sufficient autonomy.
• They had their own property and trusts which worked as bankers, settle
disputes of their members and issued their hundis and even coins.
• These guilds played an important role in the goods industry and also
helped to further strength the economic condition of the empire.
• The State was provided protection and to respect their customs and norms.
• Similarly, members of the Sreni were also expected to follow the norms of
the organization; otherwise, they were liable to punishment.
41. Reference of Guilds
1. Raghuvansh: Architect Shreni (vastukar)
2. Mudrarakshas: Gold Smiths
3. Varahmihir: Carpenter, Weavers, Leather worker, painter,
4. Indore copper plate of Skandgupta period: Guild of oil-men endowment
for maintenance of oil lamp in sun temple.
5. Seals-sealing
a) Bhita: Kulik nigam
b) Vaishali: Shreshthi nigam
c) Basadh (Vaishali): Shershthi-Kulik nigan (joint organization)
d) Basadh (Vaishali): Shreshthi-Sarthvaha-kulik nigam (joint organization)
42. Taxes of Gupta period
42
• Tax was major source of Revenue collection
• Tax was lesser than Mauryan period
• Kalidas & Kamandak: King should work for wellbeing of the state
• Inscriptions: 1/6 % of agricultural tax
• Bhag, Bhog and Kar was main taxes
• Bhag: Agricultural tax 1/6
• Bhog: Periodic taxes in from of fruits, flowers, milk and dairy products
• Kara: Not clearly identified. (Rudradaman Kara is not good for people), Samudrgupt
Prayag prashasti also refer Kara.
• Hiranya: Either cash or collected from cash crop
• Dhanya:
• Shulk: Bihar pillar inscription mentions “Shoulkik” an officer who collect this tax.
• Uprikar and Udrang: these new taxes strated from this period.
43. Trade and commerce
• Trade was carried on both through the land as well as the coastal routes.
• India had trade relations with both the eastern and the western
countries.
• India maintained regular maritime relation with Sri Lanka, Persia,
Arabia, Byzantine Empire, Africa, and even further west.
• During Gupta period well developed commercial relations with China,
Burma, and South East Asia and Shri lanka.
• The important trade items were silk, spices of various kind, textiles,
metals, ivory, sea produce, etc.
• Fa-Hien: people of the “madhya desh” were prosperous and happy.
44.
45. Internal Trade
1. Vaishyas were associated in trade
2. Weekly markets
3. Market known as “Vidani”, where traders assembled
4. Amarkosh: Roads had shops at both sides
5. Excavations at Bhita: Remains of Market area
6. South India: Spices
7. Himalaya: Saffron
8. Elephants: Kalinga, Assam
9. Horse: Kamboj
10. Salt: Sea, Mines
11. Silk: Bengal
12. Wool: Nepal, Maharashtra
46. External Trade
• Western coast: Egypt, central Asia, Europe & Africa
• Deval, Bhadoch, Shurparak and Kalyan
• Gold coin found in Madagaskar
• Eastern coast: South-east Asia, China, Java etc
• Tamralipti, Kangod
• Fahiyan went back to China from Tamtralipti
• Chinese Silk was also trading
• Ports like Brighukachchha were well connected through inland routes from
all parts of India.
• During this period, India was part of an international trade network which
also included other great classical empires of the day, the Han Dynasty, in
China to the east and the Roma to the west.
48. Conclusions
• The Gupta period was characterized by a sophisticated culture with
innovative advances in literature, arts, and sciences.
• The rulers sponsored advances in science, painting, textiles, architecture,
and literature.
• Economy of Gupta period were prosperous.
• Progress in Royal art like sculpture, paintings, structures, temples, Stupas,
Viharas, Universities, roads etc.
• Agriculture was main source of revenue.
• Increase of Art & crafts items
• Slight decline of International trade can be observed.