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Jay B. Wish, MD, Anil K. Agarwal, MD, FASN, and Thomas C. Dowling, PharmD, PhD, FCCP, prepared useful practice aids pertaining to anemia in CKD for this CPE activity titled "Exploring Emerging Strategies in the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CPE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2PB1tOd. CPE credit will be available until December 30, 2020.
Anemia in Chronic Kidney disease is a fascinating area of study both for the Basic scientist and Practising Nephrologist . In this talk , both areas are highlighted with emphasis on erythropoietin .
The most common lysosomal storage disease,
Incidence: approximately 1 in 40,000 for non-Jewish populations
Caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase
The glycolipid glucocerebroside accumulates in lysosomes of macrophages
Lipid-filled Gaucher cells displace normal cells in
Bone marrow
Spleen
Liver
Lungs
CNS
Skeletal disease is slow to respond to ERT and widely varies.
Some patients describe symptomatic improvement within the first year of treatment, although a much longer period of ERT is required to achieve a radiologic response.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/gnlRvJ1TTr8
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More Related Content
Similar to Anemia in CKD - ESAs Therapy - Guideline Critique, Evidence base - Dr. Gawad
Jay B. Wish, MD, Anil K. Agarwal, MD, FASN, and Thomas C. Dowling, PharmD, PhD, FCCP, prepared useful practice aids pertaining to anemia in CKD for this CPE activity titled "Exploring Emerging Strategies in the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease." For the full presentation, monograph, complete CPE information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at http://bit.ly/2PB1tOd. CPE credit will be available until December 30, 2020.
Anemia in Chronic Kidney disease is a fascinating area of study both for the Basic scientist and Practising Nephrologist . In this talk , both areas are highlighted with emphasis on erythropoietin .
The most common lysosomal storage disease,
Incidence: approximately 1 in 40,000 for non-Jewish populations
Caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase
The glycolipid glucocerebroside accumulates in lysosomes of macrophages
Lipid-filled Gaucher cells displace normal cells in
Bone marrow
Spleen
Liver
Lungs
CNS
Skeletal disease is slow to respond to ERT and widely varies.
Some patients describe symptomatic improvement within the first year of treatment, although a much longer period of ERT is required to achieve a radiologic response.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/gnlRvJ1TTr8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/KdVvfP7JIFI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MA7nU5NWL2g&list=PLL7Q08IoVDSpg0VlGdvCHOHbXqMs0GFRe
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiWabzTPFqY&list=PLL7Q08IoVDSrVcm6SmppQyefL_Ub2-xGY
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) in Adults and Acute Kidney Injury - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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- English version of this lecture is available at:
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- English version of this lecture is available at:
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Infection-related Glomerulonephritis (KDIGO 2021 Guidelines) - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Insights from the FIGARO-DKD and FIDELIO-DKD trials - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Diabetes Mellitus Management in CKD (Clinical Tips) - Dr. GawadNephroTube - Dr.Gawad
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
9. Anemia of CKD?
Normochromic Normocytic
Hypochromic Microcytic
Normochromic Macrocytic
Presence of other type of anemia may point to
another cause rather than CKD (on top of CKD)
10. • CHr
• CRP
Primary Evaluation (Prior to ESAs Therapy)
+ other Investigations
To address all correctable causes of anemia
Reticulocyte count :
If > 130,000/µl → look for:
blood loss or hemolysis
(endoscopy, colonoscopy, hemolysis screen)
Fe Deficiency when:
S. Ferritin ≤ 500 ng/ml
S.TSAT ≤ 30%
CHr: Detect iron stores in BM in last 1-2 days
CRP: Exclude infection
12. Back to Basics
Erythropoiesis & CHr (Reticulocytic Hb Content)
• The reticulocyte Hb content (CHr) is a
measure of the amount of Hb in the
reticulocytes.
• The amount of Hb in the reticulocytes
is a reasonably good reflection of how
much iron was available to the bone
marrow for incorporation into new red
blood cells a few days before.
14. ESAs Therapy
Initiation Maintenance
• Q1: When to initiate?
• Q2: What is the dose?
• Q3: How to follow initiation?
• Q1: What is the target Hb level?
• Q2: What is the dose & frequency?
• Q3: How to follow maintenance?
16. ESAs Initiation
Q1: When to Initiate?
Male, 25 years, CKD G4, Hb 10.5g/dl, on maintenance
iron therapy with S.TSAT 35% & S.Ferritin 600 ng/ml:
1. ESAs therapy is mandatory.
2. ESAs therapy may be initiated if anemia symptoms are
present.
3. Never start ESAs therapy.
4. Increase the Fe dose if there is a symptom of anemia
19. Initiation Dose
EPO α and β
20-50 units/kg 3 times/week
(I.V. dosage must be 20-30% higher than S.C. dosage)
Darbepoetin alfa
0.45 µg/kg once weekly
or
0.75 µg/kg once every two weeks
(S.C. or IV)
Methoxy polyethylene
glycol-epoetin beta
0.6mcg (600ng)/kg every two weeks
(S.C. or IV)
ESAs Initiation
Q2: What is the recommended dosage?
20. Initiation Dose
EPO α and β
20-50 units/kg 3 times/week
(I.V. dosage must be 20-30% higher than S.C. dosage)
Darbepoetin alfa
0.45 µg/kg once weekly
or
0.75 µg/kg once every two weeks
(S.C. or IV)
Methoxy polyethylene
glycol-epoetin beta
0.6mcg (600ng)/kg every two weeks
(S.C. or IV)
ESAs Initiation
Q2: What is the recommended dosage?
21. Initiation Dose
EPO α and β
20-50 units/kg 3 times/week
(I.V. dosage must be 20-30% higher than S.C. dosage)
Darbepoetin alfa
0.45 µg/kg once weekly
or
0.75 µg/kg once every two weeks
(S.C. or IV)
Methoxy polyethylene
glycol-epoetin beta
0.6mcg (600ng)/kg every two weeks
(S.C. or IV)
ESAs Initiation
Q2: What is the recommended dosage?
22. ESAs Initiation
Q2: How to follow initiation?
During the initiation phase of ESA therapy,
measure Hb concentration at least monthly.
(Not Graded)
24. ESAs Therapy
Initiation Maintenance
• Q1: When to initiate?
• Q2: What is the dose?
• Q3: How to follow initiation?
• Q1: What is the target Hb level?
• Q2: What is the dose & frequency?
• Q3: How to follow maintenance?
25. ESAs Therapy
Maintenance
• Q1: What is the target Hb level?
• Q2: What is the dose & frequency?
• Q3: How to follow maintenance?
26. ESAs - Maintenance
Q1: What is the target Hb level for CKD patients?
1. 11.5 - 13 g/dl.
2. 10 - 11.5 g/dl.
3. 9 - 10 g/dl
4. None of the above.
27. ESAs Maintenance
Q1: What is the recommended target Hb level?
Higher risk of stroke, all
cause, cardiovascular
morbidity & mortality
28. RCTs suggest that attempts to
reach higher Hb target are
associated with excess
morbidity & possibly
mortality, especially for cardiac
events.
ESAs Maintenance
Q1: Recommended target Hb level
What is the Evidence ?
31. ESAs Maintenance
Q1: Recommended target Hb level
What is the Evidence ?
• The only trial on CKD 5HD
(N=110).
• Two different targets (9.5-11 g/dl
and >11 g/dl) vs placebo
35. ESAs Maintenance
Q2: What is the dosage & frequency of administration?
Dose prescribed must maintain Hb level within
target.
Drug dose can be kept unchanged but
frequency can be reduced.
38. ESAs Therapy
Initiation Maintenance
• Q1: When to initiate?
• Q2: What is the dose?
• Q3: How to follow initiation?
• Q1: What is the target Hb level?
• Q2: What is the dose & frequency?
• Q3: How to follow maintenance?
Initial
Subsequent
(Acquired)
39. Initiation Maintenance
1. No increase in Hb
concentration from baseline.
2. After the first month of ESA.
3. On appropriate weight-based
dosing.
1. After treatment with stable doses
of ESA
2. Require 2 increases in ESA doses
up to 50% beyond the dose at
which they had been stable to
maintain a stable Hb
concentration.
Initial
Subsequent
(Acquired)
ESAs Therapy
ESAs Hyporesponsiveness
41. ESAs Therapy
ESAs Hyporesponsiveness
• CHr
• CRP
+ other Investigations
Time
HbResponse
Plateau Effect
Due to Fe ↓ 2nry to
ESA administration
(functional Fe
deficiency)
Fe ↓
Vit B12/folate ↓
Infection/Inflammation
Blood loss
• Occult blood in stool
42. ESAs Therapy
ESAs Hyporesponsiveness – Other Causes
↑ Blood loss
dialysis line & filter
Hyperparathyroidism
Hemolysis (high LDH,
unconjugated
bilirubin) & other
hemoglobinopathies
Hypothyroidism
Underdialysis
Serum Alb & Nutrition ACE-I/ARB
(for CKD ND)
BM biopsy
Pure Red Cell Aplasia
(PRCA)
Non-adherence
Malignancy
44. ESAs Therapy
ESAs Hyporesponsiveness
Pure Red Cell Aplasia
(PRCA)
Polysorbate was used
with Eprex instead of
human serum albumin as a
stabilizing agent
Polysorbate stimulates the
formation of EPO-Ab
• ESA therapy for more than 8 weeks
• Sudden rapid decrease in Hb concentration at the
rate of 0.5 to 1.0 g/dl per week
• OR requirement of transfusions at the rate of
approximately 1 to 2 per week
• Normal platelet and white
cell counts, AND
• Absolute reticulocyte
count less than 10,000/µl
Treatment of PRCA
• Stop ESA therapy
• Peginesatide
45. ESAs Therapy
ESAs Hyporesponsiveness
Pure Red Cell Aplasia
(PRCA)
Treatment of PRCA
• Stop ESA therapy
• Peginesatide
Peginesatide
• Formerly called hematide
• Small synthetic peptide that stimulates
erythroid colony growth.
• Its amino acid sequence is unrelated to
erythropoietin, does not cross react with
erythropoietin antibodies
48. ESAs Therapy
Side Effects
• 15 % of cases.*
• More common with I.V.
route.**
*Bennett WM. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991; 1:990.
**Watson AJ etal. Am J Med 1990; 89:432.
Therapy of EPO-induced
hypertension begins with
prevention.
The risk of hypertension can be
ameliorated by raising the
hematocrit slowly.
49. Avoid, when possible, red cell transfusions to minimize
the general risks related to their use.
In patients eligible for organ transplantation, avoid, when
possible, red cell transfusions to minimize the risk of
allosensitization.
Blood Transfusion
50. Benefits of red cell transfusions may outweigh the risks in
patients in whom:
1.ESA therapy is ineffective (e.g., hemoglobinopathies,
bone marrow failure, ESA resistance)
2.The risks of ESA therapy may outweigh its benefits (e.g.,
previous or current malignancy, previous stroke)
3.If rapid correction is required to stabilize the patient’s
condition (e.g., acute hemorrhage, unstable coronary
artery disease)
4.When rapid pre-operative Hb correction is required
Blood Transfusion
51. Future ESAs Therapy
Back to Basics - Erythropoietin
Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. March 2012. 59(3):444-451.
53. Future ESAs Therapy
Hypoxic Inducible factor (HIF) Stabilizer
Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. 59(3):444-451.Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. March 2012. 59(3):444-451.
54. Future ESAs Therapy
Hypoxic Inducible factor (HIF) Stabilizer
Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. 59(3):444-451.Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. March 2012. 59(3):444-451.
55. Future ESAs Therapy
Hypoxic Inducible factor (HIF) Stabilizer
HIF Stabilizer
Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. 59(3):444-451.Iain C. Macdougall. Am J Kidney Dis. March 2012. 59(3):444-451.
56.
57. Take Home Messages
Anemia of CKD is Normochromic Normocytic
anemia.
Exclude iron deficiency, infection and others causes
of anemia before starting ESAs therapy.
Replete iron stores before starting ESAs therapy.
58. Randomized controlled studies consistently
demonstrate that normalizing the Hb level of
patients with CKD with ESAs is associated with
poor outcomes , and it is better to get a Hb
target in the 9.0 to 11.5 g/dL range.
Take Home Messages
60. Take Home Messages
ESAs hyporesponsivness requires
rechecking of iron store status, infection
and other associated causes that may
lead to ESAs resistance.
61. Take Home Messages
It is better to avoid blood transfusion, but
there are some situations that it may be
mandatory.
RISK vs BENIFIT