Abstract Finding a parking space in most metropolitan areas, during the rush hours, is difficult for drivers. The problem arises from not knowing where is the empty space; even if it is known, many vehicles may pursue very limited parking spaces to cause serious traffic congestion. In this project, a prototype of smart parking (S-Park) system is designed and implemented that allows drivers to effectively find and reserve the empty parking spaces using an android application connected to Internet. By periodically polling the parking status from the sensor networks deployed in parking lots, the reservation status is affected by the change of physical parking status. The drivers are allowed to access the server on their Android smartphones. The proposed smart parking policy has the potential to solve the problems of parking systems, as well as reduce traffic congestion caused by parking searching thus making the system two-way efficient, that is, cost wise and time wise. Key Words: Smart parking system, Android based application, Embedded server, One time password.
Reservation based s park system using embedded server and android applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Searching for a parking space in most metropolitan areas, especially during the rush hours, is difficult for car drivers. This problem arises from not knowing where the available spaces may be at that time; even if known, many vehicles may pursue very limited parking places to cause serious traffic congestion. In this project, we design and implement a prototype of smart parking (S-Park) system that allows drivers to effectively search and reserve the available parking spaces using an android application. By polling the parking status from the sensor networks deployed in parking lots, the reservation service is affected by the change of parking status. The drivers are allowed to access this system application on their Android Smartphones. The proposed reservation-based parking policy has the possibility to simplify the operations of parking systems, as well as minimize traffic congestion caused by parking searching thus making the parking system two-way efficient, that is, cost wise and time wise.
Keywords: Smart Parking System, Android Application, Embedded Server, One Time Password
With increasing vehicle size in the luxury segment and crunching parking space, traffic congestion is increasingly becoming an alarming concern in almost all major cities around the world. Burning about a million barrels of the world’s oil every day, and considering cities are turning urban without a well-planned, convenience-driven retreat from the cars, these problems will only worsen.
Smart Parking systems is one of the latest disruptive technologies that help address this problem by generating real time contextual information about the available parking spaces particular geographical area to accommodate vehicles low-cost sensors, mobility-enabled automated payment systems, real-time data collection, Smart Parking systems is designed to aid drivers to precisely find a spot.
What’s more, Smart Parking also minimizes emissions from vehicle in urban centers when deployed as a system by decreasing the dependency of people; unnecessarily circling the blocks trying to identify parking space. Apart from this green cause, by employing a host of technologies such as M2M telematics, Smart Parking helps resolve one of the biggest problems when driving around in urban areas – which is illegal parking and identifying free parking space.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Reservation based s park system using embedded server and android applicationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Searching for a parking space in most metropolitan areas, especially during the rush hours, is difficult for car drivers. This problem arises from not knowing where the available spaces may be at that time; even if known, many vehicles may pursue very limited parking places to cause serious traffic congestion. In this project, we design and implement a prototype of smart parking (S-Park) system that allows drivers to effectively search and reserve the available parking spaces using an android application. By polling the parking status from the sensor networks deployed in parking lots, the reservation service is affected by the change of parking status. The drivers are allowed to access this system application on their Android Smartphones. The proposed reservation-based parking policy has the possibility to simplify the operations of parking systems, as well as minimize traffic congestion caused by parking searching thus making the parking system two-way efficient, that is, cost wise and time wise.
Keywords: Smart Parking System, Android Application, Embedded Server, One Time Password
With increasing vehicle size in the luxury segment and crunching parking space, traffic congestion is increasingly becoming an alarming concern in almost all major cities around the world. Burning about a million barrels of the world’s oil every day, and considering cities are turning urban without a well-planned, convenience-driven retreat from the cars, these problems will only worsen.
Smart Parking systems is one of the latest disruptive technologies that help address this problem by generating real time contextual information about the available parking spaces particular geographical area to accommodate vehicles low-cost sensors, mobility-enabled automated payment systems, real-time data collection, Smart Parking systems is designed to aid drivers to precisely find a spot.
What’s more, Smart Parking also minimizes emissions from vehicle in urban centers when deployed as a system by decreasing the dependency of people; unnecessarily circling the blocks trying to identify parking space. Apart from this green cause, by employing a host of technologies such as M2M telematics, Smart Parking helps resolve one of the biggest problems when driving around in urban areas – which is illegal parking and identifying free parking space.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
The main objective of this project is to avoid the congestion in the car parking area by implementing a parking management system. Normally at public places such as multiplex theaters, market areas, hospitals, function-halls, offices and shopping malls, one experiences the discomfort in looking out for a vacant parking slot, though it’s a paid facility with an attendant/ security guard. The parking management system is proposed to demonstrate hazel free parking for 32 cars, with 16 slots on each of the two floors. The proposed system uses 32 infrared transmitter-receiver pairs that remotely communicate the status of parking occupancy to the microcontroller system and displays the vacant slots on the display at the entrance of the parking so that the user gets to know the availability /unavailability of parking space prior to his/her entry into the parking place. In this system the users are guided to the vacant slot for parking using Bi-colored LEDs and the ultrasonic sensors enable the drivers to park the vehicle safely. The parking charges are automatically deducted from the user’s account using RFID technology. From security point of view a daily log-book of entry/exit along with the vehicle details is also registered in the computer’s memory.Implementation of concept of green communication and exception handling facility make the system concept unique and innovative.
Smart and efficient system for the detection of wrong cars parkingjournalBEEI
This paper presents a smart and efficient car-parking detection system. The proposed system is comprised of two cameras connected to a mobile system that is devised with Arduino, four DC motors, and PIR sensor placed strategically to monitor parking space, especially within its painted rectangular lines of each parking lot. The mobile monitoring system is automatically responsive to any move they detected as vehicles within the parking space along the rows of parking lots. Once detected, the captured images are processed using the MATLAB software. Any improperly parked cars detected, the cameras will identify their plate numbers, and snap and record it in a database. The designed prototype of the proposed system was tested in five presumed cases. In each case, ten images were processed, thus 50 images were eventually obtained. Out of the 50 images, 48 images corresponded to correct detection whereas the other two images corresponded to wrong detection. Accordingly, the efficiency rate of the proposed smart car-parking monitoring system is 96%. This system offers suitable solution in assisting drivers to park properly within each parking lot and owners of parking area to keep it organized via remote monitoring system.
The main motive behind this technology is to reduce and secure the parking issues in metro cities. They
technology is designed to solve the daily problems of parking in many places like malls, multiplex, award
functions, auditorium etc. The aim and purpose is to scale down an efficient working model of a vehicle parking
system for accommodating vehicles within a limited area. The goal is to provide better security and reliability
with an advanced vehicle parking system. Architects and designers are finding various possible solutions to
reduce this people problem.
All people want to improve their quality of life and this can be achieved only by technology. Many problems are faced by daily vehicle users in payment based parking systems, both in open air parking system where the parking is done along the streets and in closed parking system where parking is done in closed infrastructure added with entry and exit points. Delays (long queues) and accuracy in fares are the main problems faced by the users. Many solutions are proposed to solve this problem but all have their own drawbacks. In this paper a new solution is proposed based on Near Field Communication (NFC) which makes the payment system reliable and easy.
Vlsics040307DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM ON FPGAVLSICS Design
As, the number of vehicles are increased day by day in rapid manner. It causes the problem of traffic
congestion, pollution (noise and air). To overcome this problem A FPGA based parking system has been
proposed. In this paper, parking system is implemented using Finite State Machine modelling. The system
has two main modules i.e. identification module and slot checking module. Identification module
identifies the visitor. Slot checking module checks the slot status. These modules are modelled in HDL
and implemented on FPGA. A prototype of parking system is designed with various interfaces like sensor
interfacing, stepper motor and LCD.
Smart Car Parking system using GSM Technologydbpublications
In this paper, we present PGS, a Parking Guidance System based on wireless sensor network(WSN) which guides a driver to an available parking lot. The system consists of a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system) and a management subsystem. The WSN based VDS gathers information on the availability of each parking lot and the management sub-system processes the information and refines them and guides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System). The paper describes the overall system architecture of PGS from the hardware platform to the application software in the view point of a WSN. We implemented the WSN based VDS of PGS and experimented on the system with several kinds of cars.
Gps Tracker with RFID | School Security | techlead-india
eTechSchoolBus is complete school bus security solution. According to a survey, it has been found that parents are extremely worried about their children when they are on the way to school in school bus. The key reason of worrying is increase in crime; rush driving of school bus driver etc. Hence the tracking of school bus is ultimate solution. eTechSchool Bus provides RFID based location updates of your children whether your child has reached school or not. GPS device installed in vehicle gives current location of school bus. eTechSchool Bus product is designed specifically for the real time movement tracking, knowing when students got picked or dropped from the bus. SMS alerts are sent to parents on the arrival of the bus as well as when a student is picked or dropped.
How it works?
Download Presentation
A smart card (nametag) is provided to each student. Smart Card contains student information. At the entrance of the bus, RFID card reader will be provided (Internally its connected with GPS Device). Students need to flash the smart card (nametag),
while entering into the bus at pick-up point (Pickup)
while leaving from bus at a school (Pickup)
while entering into the bus after school (Drop)
while leaving bus at drop point (Drop)
A sms will be sent in each of the above cases. Parents can check exact location of bus on online software of eTechSchool Bus. Individual UserID and password will be provided to parents. Parents will be able to check the bus location of their child only. User Id and password will also be provided to school administrators, so that they will be able to check location of all buses.
Features:
Live tracking ie. the system provides real-time location data that displays the movement of the bus along with the date and time stamp, direction, speed and number of students in the bus on a map.
For Parents: Track the child getting in/out of the bus and entering or leaving the School.
Many more alerts can be configured with the system in cases such as:
If their child/employee does not board the bus when it leaves from the school/office
If bus takes a halt between school and home
If the bus breaks down
If bus is deviated from it’s path
Emergency (Panic) Button
Supports multiusers
GPS device with internal battery back – up
Stores data upto 120 days
Regular and up-to-date reports of vehicles
Benefits:
Parents become aware on the whereabouts of the school bus
School management remains informed about location, speed of school bus with information of students travelling in bus
Parents remain informed about real time location of bus and pick – up and drop updates of their child via sms on mobile phones
Availability of Panic button to inform school administrators/bus controllers in case of emergency
Reporting on vehicle performance over user specified time interval
Remote Immobilization : Remotely stop your vehicle
Real time, multiple vehicle tracking for schools
Contact: Sagar
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Conceptualization of IoT Powered Parking SystemIJERA Editor
In the present world, traffic congestion caused by vehicle is a frustrating problem and it has been growing exponentially. Car parking problem is one of the major contributor for this traffic congestion especially in urban cities. Currently the manual method where in the driver finds the parking area by luck and in most cases it leads to failure, if the driver is in a city with high vehicle density. As an alternative for this we proposed “IOT POWERED PARKING SYSTEM”. It mainly aims on deduction of time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus by decreasing the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon elimination in our atmosphere.
The main objective of this project is to avoid the congestion in the car parking area by implementing a parking management system. Normally at public places such as multiplex theaters, market areas, hospitals, function-halls, offices and shopping malls, one experiences the discomfort in looking out for a vacant parking slot, though it’s a paid facility with an attendant/ security guard. The parking management system is proposed to demonstrate hazel free parking for 32 cars, with 16 slots on each of the two floors. The proposed system uses 32 infrared transmitter-receiver pairs that remotely communicate the status of parking occupancy to the microcontroller system and displays the vacant slots on the display at the entrance of the parking so that the user gets to know the availability /unavailability of parking space prior to his/her entry into the parking place. In this system the users are guided to the vacant slot for parking using Bi-colored LEDs and the ultrasonic sensors enable the drivers to park the vehicle safely. The parking charges are automatically deducted from the user’s account using RFID technology. From security point of view a daily log-book of entry/exit along with the vehicle details is also registered in the computer’s memory.Implementation of concept of green communication and exception handling facility make the system concept unique and innovative.
Smart and efficient system for the detection of wrong cars parkingjournalBEEI
This paper presents a smart and efficient car-parking detection system. The proposed system is comprised of two cameras connected to a mobile system that is devised with Arduino, four DC motors, and PIR sensor placed strategically to monitor parking space, especially within its painted rectangular lines of each parking lot. The mobile monitoring system is automatically responsive to any move they detected as vehicles within the parking space along the rows of parking lots. Once detected, the captured images are processed using the MATLAB software. Any improperly parked cars detected, the cameras will identify their plate numbers, and snap and record it in a database. The designed prototype of the proposed system was tested in five presumed cases. In each case, ten images were processed, thus 50 images were eventually obtained. Out of the 50 images, 48 images corresponded to correct detection whereas the other two images corresponded to wrong detection. Accordingly, the efficiency rate of the proposed smart car-parking monitoring system is 96%. This system offers suitable solution in assisting drivers to park properly within each parking lot and owners of parking area to keep it organized via remote monitoring system.
The main motive behind this technology is to reduce and secure the parking issues in metro cities. They
technology is designed to solve the daily problems of parking in many places like malls, multiplex, award
functions, auditorium etc. The aim and purpose is to scale down an efficient working model of a vehicle parking
system for accommodating vehicles within a limited area. The goal is to provide better security and reliability
with an advanced vehicle parking system. Architects and designers are finding various possible solutions to
reduce this people problem.
All people want to improve their quality of life and this can be achieved only by technology. Many problems are faced by daily vehicle users in payment based parking systems, both in open air parking system where the parking is done along the streets and in closed parking system where parking is done in closed infrastructure added with entry and exit points. Delays (long queues) and accuracy in fares are the main problems faced by the users. Many solutions are proposed to solve this problem but all have their own drawbacks. In this paper a new solution is proposed based on Near Field Communication (NFC) which makes the payment system reliable and easy.
Vlsics040307DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAR PARKING SYSTEM ON FPGAVLSICS Design
As, the number of vehicles are increased day by day in rapid manner. It causes the problem of traffic
congestion, pollution (noise and air). To overcome this problem A FPGA based parking system has been
proposed. In this paper, parking system is implemented using Finite State Machine modelling. The system
has two main modules i.e. identification module and slot checking module. Identification module
identifies the visitor. Slot checking module checks the slot status. These modules are modelled in HDL
and implemented on FPGA. A prototype of parking system is designed with various interfaces like sensor
interfacing, stepper motor and LCD.
Smart Car Parking system using GSM Technologydbpublications
In this paper, we present PGS, a Parking Guidance System based on wireless sensor network(WSN) which guides a driver to an available parking lot. The system consists of a WSN based VDS (vehicle detection sub-system) and a management subsystem. The WSN based VDS gathers information on the availability of each parking lot and the management sub-system processes the information and refines them and guides the driver to the available parking lot by controlling a VMS (Variable Messaging System). The paper describes the overall system architecture of PGS from the hardware platform to the application software in the view point of a WSN. We implemented the WSN based VDS of PGS and experimented on the system with several kinds of cars.
Gps Tracker with RFID | School Security | techlead-india
eTechSchoolBus is complete school bus security solution. According to a survey, it has been found that parents are extremely worried about their children when they are on the way to school in school bus. The key reason of worrying is increase in crime; rush driving of school bus driver etc. Hence the tracking of school bus is ultimate solution. eTechSchool Bus provides RFID based location updates of your children whether your child has reached school or not. GPS device installed in vehicle gives current location of school bus. eTechSchool Bus product is designed specifically for the real time movement tracking, knowing when students got picked or dropped from the bus. SMS alerts are sent to parents on the arrival of the bus as well as when a student is picked or dropped.
How it works?
Download Presentation
A smart card (nametag) is provided to each student. Smart Card contains student information. At the entrance of the bus, RFID card reader will be provided (Internally its connected with GPS Device). Students need to flash the smart card (nametag),
while entering into the bus at pick-up point (Pickup)
while leaving from bus at a school (Pickup)
while entering into the bus after school (Drop)
while leaving bus at drop point (Drop)
A sms will be sent in each of the above cases. Parents can check exact location of bus on online software of eTechSchool Bus. Individual UserID and password will be provided to parents. Parents will be able to check the bus location of their child only. User Id and password will also be provided to school administrators, so that they will be able to check location of all buses.
Features:
Live tracking ie. the system provides real-time location data that displays the movement of the bus along with the date and time stamp, direction, speed and number of students in the bus on a map.
For Parents: Track the child getting in/out of the bus and entering or leaving the School.
Many more alerts can be configured with the system in cases such as:
If their child/employee does not board the bus when it leaves from the school/office
If bus takes a halt between school and home
If the bus breaks down
If bus is deviated from it’s path
Emergency (Panic) Button
Supports multiusers
GPS device with internal battery back – up
Stores data upto 120 days
Regular and up-to-date reports of vehicles
Benefits:
Parents become aware on the whereabouts of the school bus
School management remains informed about location, speed of school bus with information of students travelling in bus
Parents remain informed about real time location of bus and pick – up and drop updates of their child via sms on mobile phones
Availability of Panic button to inform school administrators/bus controllers in case of emergency
Reporting on vehicle performance over user specified time interval
Remote Immobilization : Remotely stop your vehicle
Real time, multiple vehicle tracking for schools
Contact: Sagar
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Conceptualization of IoT Powered Parking SystemIJERA Editor
In the present world, traffic congestion caused by vehicle is a frustrating problem and it has been growing exponentially. Car parking problem is one of the major contributor for this traffic congestion especially in urban cities. Currently the manual method where in the driver finds the parking area by luck and in most cases it leads to failure, if the driver is in a city with high vehicle density. As an alternative for this we proposed “IOT POWERED PARKING SYSTEM”. It mainly aims on deduction of time in finding the parking slots and also it avoids the unnecessary travelling through filled parking slots in a parking area. Thus by decreasing the fuel consumption which in turn reduces carbon elimination in our atmosphere.
In our day today life, the main problem is parking of vehicles mainly the car parking at a particular destination. Also this problem leads to traffic
congestion. This paper proposes the basic concept of using Wi-Fi based smart car parking services in modern cities as an important application of the
Internet of Things (IOT).This system will be launched through Smartphone provided and it can be used to monitor or find the empty slots in that area.
This system helps to improve the maximum utilization of parking area and reduces the user‟s waiting time.
Advanced Vehicle Tracking system using GSM/GPRS and GPSrahulmonikasharma
Vehicle Tracker is a Universal Anti-Larceny System for all kinds of motorcycles. The gadget is inserted inside a vehicle whose position is to be resolved and followed continuously. The composed device works utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global system for mobile communication/General Packet Radio Service (GSM/GPRS) technology that is the most widely recognized courses for vehicle tracking system. GPS and high sensitivity antenna are used for effective and precise location tracking of motorcycle through mobile application. Accelerometer sensor will alert the user of a possible larceny by detecting the slightest transition of the motorcycle. Immobilizer relay to remotely enable/incapacitate motorcycle ignition. Ignition switch status monitoring is utilized to detect key insertion. Fuel level sensor used to detect fuel larceny and to determine the information about fuel level in automobile tank.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
With growing, Car parking increases with the number of car users. With the increased use of smartphones
and their applications, users prefer mobile phone-based solutions. This paper proposes the Smart Parking
Management System (SPMS) that depends on Arduino parts, Android applications, and based on IoT. This
gave the client the ability to check available parking spaces and reserve a parking spot. IR sensors are
utilized to know if a car park space is allowed. Its area data are transmitted using the WI-FI module to the
server and are recovered by the mobile application which offers many options attractively and with no cost
to users and lets the user check reservation details. With IoT technology, the smart parking system can be
connected wirelessly to easily track available locations.
Nowadays the congestion of traffic level increases with the increasing population rapidly. With respect to
the amount of population country, the utilization of personal vehicles also increased. Most of the folks choose personal
vehicles than public transportation. Enter his/her details to the application, and enter the location where he/she wants to
reach time-consuming to find parking space in most metropolitan areas, commercial areas, especially during the rush
hours. It is often costly in almost every big city in all over the world to find a proper and secure parking space. The
proposed project is a smart parking system that delivers information to people finding a parking space online booking. It
reduce unnecessary time consuming for searching the problem of parking space in parking areas. Hence, the website is
provided by this project-based system where users can view various parking areas and choose the space from obtainable
slots. Keywords:
Similar to Android application for s park system (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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The family offers a choice of engines
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
Android application for s park system
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ANDROID APPLICATION FOR S-PARK SYSTEM
Gaurav Kate, Kaustubh Dave1
, Saprem Kulkarni2
, R. B. Dhumale3
Department of E & TC Engg., Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India.
Abstract
Finding a parking space in most metropolitan areas, during the rush hours, is difficult for drivers. The problem arises from not
knowing where is the empty space; even if it is known, many vehicles may pursue very limited parking spaces to cause serious
traffic congestion. In this project, a prototype of smart parking (S-Park) system is designed and implemented that allows drivers
to effectively find and reserve the empty parking spaces using an android application connected to Internet. By periodically
polling the parking status from the sensor networks deployed in parking lots, the reservation status is affected by the change of
physical parking status. The drivers are allowed to access the server on their Android smartphones. The proposed smart parking
policy has the potential to solve the problems of parking systems, as well as reduce traffic congestion caused by parking searching
thus making the system two-way efficient, that is, cost wise and time wise.
Key Words: Smart parking system, Android based application, Embedded server, One time password.
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Searching for the parking space in metropolitan areas is now
becoming time consuming. Due to mismanagement in the
parking space, it is difficult for drivers to find the parking
slot which results more traffic congestion and air pollution
by constantly wandering in certain area for available parking
space. Many smart parking systems are trying to reduce
such traffic congestion and improve convenience for drivers.
There are some currently working parking guidance systems
which obtain available parking space information from
deployed sensors and provide it to drivers[5]. However,
these systems are not helpful to guide the drivers to find the
proper empty parking slot in the parking space. When
available spaces are limited, and if more drivers are heading
towards these spaces, it will cause severe congestion. Even
though driver reaches the parking area, there are certain
problems such as blind search [3] in finding the empty slots.
It causes not only wastage of money but wastage of fuel
also. To solve the this problem, techniques like buffered
parking information sharing(BPIS) [3] are used. But
determining the number of buffered spaces is difficult. If
buffered spaces are low, there is problem of “multiple-cars-
chase-single-space”. If buffer is large then efficient
utilizations of parking slots is very low.
There are some systems like smart parking service based on
wireless sensor networks [1] which uses wireless sensors to
effectively find the available parking space. But to use this
system, additional hardware needs to be installed in the car
which is not feasible. New Smart Parking System Based on
Resource Allocation and Reservations [2] which has facility
to reserve the parking slot for fixed amount of time.
However, if the driver does not follow the timings as per
reservation it causes inconvenience for others.
The solution proposed in this project works as when user
wants to park car at the parking, the user uses the Android
application to check for available parking slots. The
availability is updated by the server when the availability is
checked by the user. If the slot is available, the user then
enters the payment mode and payment details. These details
are stored on the server and an OTP (One Time Password) is
generated, which is given to the user after payment is
verified. This OTP is then valid for a certain amount of time
after which it expires. The user when reaches the parking, is
required to enter the valid OTP and based on the current
availability of the parking slots, the nearest available
parking slot is allocated.
The proposed solution provides an efficient method for
providing parking space to the user as they are allotted
specific and unique OTP (One Time Password) on
successful booking of parking slots. This eliminates the need
of human intervention at the parking lot, as the user simply
needs to enter the OTP at the console provided at the
entrance of the parking lot. Also the provided OTP remains
valid for a pre-defined amount of time which eliminates the
problem of the user booking the space and not showing up
which can result in under utilization of the parking lot.
2. METHDOLOGY
In the system, the server periodically sends signals to the
sensor controller which checks for the availability using the
proximity sensors installed at each of the parking spaces.
Based on the statuses of these proximity sensors, the
occupancy and availability is updated on the server and this
status is then shown to the user whenever availability is
checked on the android application. Now, when the user
wants to book a parking space, and a space is available,
payment method is chosen and payment details are entered
by the user. On authentication of the payment details, a
space is booked on the server and a One Time Password
(OTP) is generated which is a unique identification for the
user. That OTP is stored at both places, that is, at the user
side (android application) and server side. Now when the
user reaches the parking, the OTP is required to be entered
on the console.
This entered OTP is then verified with respect to correctness
as well as time limit with the server and indicated to the user
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appropriately. On verification, the server checks for the
nearest available parking space and allocates it to the user
and displays the allotted slot’s location on the display. On
getting the location, the user parks the car and the
corresponding occupancy status is updated on the server
using the proximity sensors.
As seen from the Figure 1, the central controlling unit of the
system is the server which performs multiple functions such
as interfacing with the console, that is, display and keypad,
connecting to the sensor controller to update the status of the
parking spaces, that is, whether empty or occupied and lastly
as a server so as to receive requests from the client side, that
is, smartphone connected to the network to check
availability as well as book parking spaces. It also checks
for the correctness of the entered OTP and gives the
corresponding indication. The sensors, with the help of
sensor controller, at each of the parking slots check for the
occupancy of their parking spaces and give the
corresponding status to the server which then updates its
database. The smartphone then on the user’s side is used to
check the availability status of the parking spaces at a
particular parking lot and if available book a space. Each
slot is provided with ultrasonic sensor with 8-bit MCU(
microcontroller unit) and each MCU is connected to the
embedded server via one wire protocol having TDMA type
of multiplexing [4].
3. EXPERIMENTATION
Fig. 1:Block diagram of proposed S-Park system
Ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR 04) is interfaced with the sensor
controller as shown in the above Figure 2. The ultrasonic
sensor works on the principle of SONAR(Sound Navigation
and Ranging) i.e. sending a pulse of ultrasonic waves of
frequency 44 kHz when a signal of pulse width more than
10 ms is applied at the trigger input of the sensor. On
occurrence of an obstacle, the ultrasonic waves get reflected
and are sensed which in turn generate a pulse at the Echo
pin of the ultrasonic sensor. The width of this pulse at the
echo pin is measured in order to find the distance. The
algorithm to develop android application is given below.
Fig. 2. Ultrasonic sensor interfacing
Algorithm:
1. Create Main Activity.
2. Create Check Availability Activity and download
the updated availability file from the server and if available
go to next screen.
3. Extract the available slots from the downloaded file
and display on the screen.
4. Create Payment options Activity and select
payment mode and go to next screen.
5. Create Payment details activity and accept details.
6. Generate OTP and send user’s name and OTP to
the server.
4. RESULTS
Some results of proposed systems are shown below to
validate the proposed S-Park system.
Development of Android Application:
The Android Application needs to connect to the network,
and then request server to check for the availability and thus
download available spaces information from the server as
shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Application screen test for various versions of android
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After opening this Android application, next step is
checking availability of parking spaces on application as
shown in Figure 4. The file is downloaded containing the
current availability of the parking slots using
HttpURLConnection. If the available spaces are zero then,
the “Book Now” button is freezes as shown in Figure 5.
Fig. 4:Checking availability of parking spaces on application
Then on the BookSpace screen, the payment mode is
selected by the user, and followed by “Pay Now” button as
shown in Figure 6. User has to select either of the payment
methods to continue. This is followed by Payment Activity
wherein the user needs to enter the payment details which are
then sent to the server as shown in Figure 7. The final screen
in the application is the OTP generation screen where on
successful payment an OTP (One Time Password) is
generated which is sent to the server along with the user
details. The user then exits the App using the “Exit” button
as shown in Figure 8.
Fig.5:Checking availability of parking spaces on application
Fig. 6. Payment mode
The future work is to provide condition monitoring of
electronics components used in system to improve
performance without fail [6]-[11]. Also implement system
based on solar energy as proposed in [12]-[13].
5. CONCLUSION
Finding a parking these days is a difficult task and generally
results in traffic congestion and loss of time and fuel. This
project aims at reducing such difficulties of the drivers by
providing a reservation-based parking policy, thus
alleviating their problems and making the process of finding
a parking space easier. This project provides a solution for
reservation based parking by keeping a time limit for the
cars to arrive to reserved parking. This also avoids under
utilization of the parking space. This project also
implements the online reservation and payment facility so
that there is assured parking available when driver reaches
the parking. This system also provides online information of
whether the parking if full or not. The Android app
developed is user friendly as well as found to be working on
different android phones with different screen resolutions.
The app does not require any other features except internet
connectivity to run. This system uses a wired network of
sensors to connect to the embedded server this reduces
overall cost of the system. It eliminates the need of
additional hardware to be installed in cars. Ultrasonic
sensors are used in this project to detect the cars in each slot
this provides accurate as well as cost effective method to
detect occupancy of the slot. The microcontroller based
interface between server and sensors make the system
reliable, cost effective, and extendible if number of slots
needs to be increased after installation. Since number of cars
is increasing at a fast rate but parking space does not
increase to such an extent. There is need of such systems
that require very less infrastructure for existing parking.
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Volume: 04 Issue: 10 | Oct-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 110
Fig. 7 : Functions of android application
Fig. 8 : Functions of android application
REFERENCES
[1] Jihoon Yang, Jorge Portilla and Teresa Riesgo, “Smart
Parking Service based on Wireless Sensor Networks”,
IEEE Magazine, Feb 2012, pp. 6029-6033.
[2] Yanfeng Geng, “New Smart Parking System Based on
ResourceAllocation and Reservations”, IEEE
Transaction on intelligent transportation systems, Vol.
14, Issue No. 3, Sept 2013, pp. 1129-1138.
[3] Hongwei Wang and Wenbo He, “A Reservation-based
Smart Parking System”, The First International
Workshop on Cyber-Physical Networking Systems,
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA, Mar 2011, pp.
701-705.
[4] Behrouz Forouzan, “Data Communications and
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Converter for Solar Energy Harvesting using PID
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