the whole ppt consists of lecture on classical orders ,order parts ,and more detail description on ionic order , doric order ,Corinthian order

1. ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN - I
TOPIC : CLASSICAL ORDERS

2. Parts of a column
An order in architecture is a certain
assemblage of parts subject to uniform
established proportions regulated by the
office that each part has to perform.
• The present from Ancient
Greek and Ancient Roman civilization,
the architectural orders are the styles
of classical architecture, each
distinguished by its proportions and
characteristic profiles and details, and
most readily recognizable by the type
of column employed.

4.  The three major classical orders are
 Doric,
 Ionic, and
 Corinthian.
These three orders of architecture originated in Greece. To these the Romans added, in practice if not in name,
the Tuscan, which they made simpler than Doric, and the Composite, which was more ornamental than the
Corinthian.
The orders describe the form and decoration of Greek and later Roman columns, and continue to be widely used in
architecture today.
 The Doric order is the simplest and shortest, with no decorative foot, vertical fluting, and a flared capital.
 Ionic columns are taller and thinner, with a decorative foot and scroll-shaped volutes on the capital.
 The most complex order is the Corinthian order, which is tall and thin and features a decorative foot, volutes and
acanthus leaves on the capital.

7. Elements
The different orders has distinctive:-
• Capitals at the top of columns and
• Horizontal entablatures which it supports,
While the rest of the building does not in itself vary between the orders.
The column shaft and base also varies with the order, and is sometimes articulated with vertical hollow
grooves known as fluting. The shaft is wider at the bottom than at the top, because its entasis, beginning a
third of the way up, imperceptibly makes the column slightly more slender at the top, although some Doric
columns, especially early Greek ones, are visibly "flared", with straight profiles that narrow going up the
shaft.

9. The Doric Order of Greek architecture
The Doric order of Greek architecture was first seen towards
the beginning of the 7th century BCE, causing many to think of
it as the oldest order, as well as the simplest and most massive. Doric
columns were stouter than those of the Ionic or Corinthian orders.
Their smooth, round capitals are simple and plain compared to the
other two Greek orders. Doric-style columns were typically placed
close together, often without bases, with concave curves sculpted into
the shafts. Doric column capitals were plain with a rounded section at
the bottom (the echinus) and a square at the top (abacus). The echinus
appears flat and splayed in early examples and rises from the top of
the column like a circular cushion to the abacus which supports the
lintels.

10. Examples of Doric columns in Greek architecture
 The Parthenon The most iconic example of Doric
columns is the Parthenon, which was
built in the 5th century BCE to honor the
Greek goddess Athena. The Parthenon is
what is known as a peripteral Doric
temple in that columns are located not
only in the front of the structure but
along the sides as well.
The Parthenon spans 228 x 101.4 feet
with exterior Doric columns that are 6.2
feet in diameter and 34.1 feet tall.

14.  The Temple of Hephaestus
The Temple of Hephaestus is the most complete example of Doric columns having been built almost entirely of marble
during the years 449 to 415 BCE.

15.  The Temple of the Delians
The Temple of the Delians is an unfinished temple located on the island of Delos. A key difference for this structure
is that its columns are not fluted and sit directly on the floor without the benefit of a base.

16. The Ionic Order of Greek architecture
Ionic capital and base
Developed during a similar period as the Doric
Order in the mid-sixth century BCE, Ionic
columns made their way to mainland Greece
the following century with many of the
country’s landmarks built in the Ionic style.

17. Examples of Ionic columns in Greek architecture
 The Heraion of Samos
Built to honour the goddess Hera, the Heraion of Samos was a monumental temple designed by the architect Rhoikos
c. 570-560 BCE. It was one of the first great Ionic buildings that was ultimately destroyed by an earthquake, leaving a
single Ionic column still standing.

18.  The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Once classed as one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus was an Ionic design. The
temple was built by Croesus, King of Lydia, in 550 BCE. Also known as Artemesium, the temple was famous not only
for its size, sprawling over 350 feet by 180 feet, but for the magnificent works of art that adorned it. The temple
was eventually destroyed by invading Goths in 262 CE.

19. The Corinthian Order of Greek architecture
Like the Doric and Ionic orders, the Corinthian Order does not
have its origin in wooden architecture, having grown directly
out of the Ionic Order in the mid-5th century BCE. Taking its
name from the city of Corinth, the Corinthian Order can be
distinguished from the Ionic Order by its more ornate capitals
carved with stylized acanthus leaves.
On the Corinthian entablature, the frieze was usually
decorated with continual sculptural reliefs, where the
figures were raised from the surface but not completely
freestanding.

20. Examples of Corinthian columns in Greek architecture
Also known as the Olympieion, the Temple of Olympian Zeus was an enormous temple built over several centuries,
starting in 174 BCE and finally completed by Roman emperor Hadrian in 131 CE. Its unusually tall columns and
ambitious layout made the temple one of the largest ever built in the ancient world.
The temple’s Corinthian columns measured 17.25 meters high with a diameter of 1.7 meters each with 20 flutes.
Originally featuring 104 columns in total, each was capped with highly decorative Corinthian capitals carved from
two massive blocks of marble.