Chinese literature dates back thousands of years to early hieroglyphic writings from the Shang Dynasty in the 18th-11th century BC. Major works include philosophical and religious texts from the Zhou Dynasty, historical texts from the Han Dynasty, and poetry from the Tang Dynasty. Famous novels emerged in later dynasties like Water Margin, Journey to the West, and Dream of the Red Chamber. Chinese literature experienced western influence in the modern era following the overthrow of the last dynasty in 1912.
Embark on a captivating journey through the realms of Chinese and Japanese literature, where centuries of storytelling traditions await discovery. From the evocative verses of ancient Chinese poets like Li Bai and Du Fu to the mesmerizing narratives of Japanese classics such as "The Tale of Genji" and "The Pillow Book," this anthology offers a glimpse into the cultural and literary landscapes of East Asia. Delve into the profound wisdom of Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the delicate aesthetics of Japanese aesthetics like wabi-sabi and mono no aware. "Whispers of the East" invites readers to immerse themselves in the beauty and complexity of these timeless tales, exploring themes of love, honor, nature, and the human condition that resonate across generations and continents.
1. Brief history of the country
China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to 220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100 million people.
Dynasties of China
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC) The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and the military strategist Sun-tzu.
Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China.
Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the writing system.
Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618)
The Sui Dynasty was a short, in
This Powerpoint presentation speaks of the different countries in the East Asia and their corresponding History of their oral and written works of Literature.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Embark on a captivating journey through the realms of Chinese and Japanese literature, where centuries of storytelling traditions await discovery. From the evocative verses of ancient Chinese poets like Li Bai and Du Fu to the mesmerizing narratives of Japanese classics such as "The Tale of Genji" and "The Pillow Book," this anthology offers a glimpse into the cultural and literary landscapes of East Asia. Delve into the profound wisdom of Confucianism and Taoism, as well as the delicate aesthetics of Japanese aesthetics like wabi-sabi and mono no aware. "Whispers of the East" invites readers to immerse themselves in the beauty and complexity of these timeless tales, exploring themes of love, honor, nature, and the human condition that resonate across generations and continents.
1. Brief history of the country
China's history is rich with art, politics, science, and philosophy. It is home to the oldest of the major world civilizations. China was ruled by various dynasties for much of its history. The first dynasty is believed to be the Xia dynasty which formed somewhere around 2250 BC. The Shang or Yin dynasty gained power around the 14th century BC. The Han Dynasty, which lasted over 400 years from 206 BC to 220 AD, was one of the most influential in China's history. Much of the culture today was created during the Han Dynasty. Later famous dynasties, like the Song and the Tang, continued to refine the culture and bring new innovations to the world including printed money, a permanent navy, and a complex government that ruled over 100 million people.
Dynasties of China
The Xia Dynasty (2070–1600 BC) The Xia dynasty was founded by Yu the Great (c. 2123-2025 BC), known for developing a flood control technique that stopped the Great Flood that ravaged farmer's crops for generations. Very little is known about this dynasty and scholars believe it to be mythical or quasi-legendary
The Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 BC)
The Shang dynasty is the earliest recorded Chinese dynasty supported by archaeological evidence. 31 kings ruled much of the area along the Yellow River and made great advances in maths, astronomy and art. They used a highly developed calendar system and an early form of modern Chinese language.
The Zhou Dynasty (1045-221 BC)
The Zhou dynasty was the longest dynasty in the history of China, ruling for almost 8 centuries. The Zhous saw some of the greatest Chinese philosophers and poets: Lao-Tzu, Tao Chien, Confucius, Mencius, Mo Ti and the military strategist Sun-tzu.
Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC)
The Qin Dynasty was the first to unite China as a country under an emperor instead of a ruling clan, which meant the beginning of China's feudal era.The Qin Dynasty was the shortest dynasty in China, lasting only 15 years.
The First Emperor — Qin Shi Huang was first to use the title of emperor in China.
Qing Shi Huang standardized units of weight and measurements, as well as the writing system.
Great building projects, such as the Great Wall and the Terracotta Army were built in this era.
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)
The Han Dynasty was one of the most powerful, prosperous, and important dynasties in China's history. Confucianism was elevated to orthodox status and Taoism, China's local religion, arose. Cai Lun improved the technique of paper making, Zhang Heng invented a seismograph that could measure earthquakes.
Wei, Jin, and the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–581)
The Three Kingdoms (220-265), Jin Dynasty (265-420), Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386-589) is one of the most important periods in Chinese history. Dan meets up with Total War: Three Kingdoms game developers to discuss fact and fiction within gaming narratives.
The Sui Dynasty (581–618)
The Sui Dynasty was a short, in
This Powerpoint presentation speaks of the different countries in the East Asia and their corresponding History of their oral and written works of Literature.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Delivering Micro-Credentials in Technical and Vocational Education and TrainingAG2 Design
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For more detailed information on delivering micro-credentials in TVET, visit this https://tvettrainer.com/delivering-micro-credentials-in-tvet/
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. There is a wealth of early
Chinese literature dating
from the Hundred Schools
of Thought that occurred
during the Eastern Zhou
Dynasty (770–256 BC).
3. The most important of
these include the Classics
of Confucianism, of
Daoism, of Mohism, of
Legalism, as well as works
of military science and
Chinese history.
4. What are the famous
literature in China?
1. Water Margin
Water Margin is one of the earliest Chinese
novels written in vernacular Mandarin and is
attributed to Shi Nai'an. It is also translated as
Outlaws of the Marsh and All Men Are Brothers.
5.
6. 2. Journey to the West
Journey to the West is a Chinese novel
published in the 16th century during the Ming
dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en. It is
regarded as one of the Four Great Classical
Novels of Chinese literature, and has been
described as arguably the most popular literary
work in East Asia.
7.
8.
9.
10. 4. Dream of the Red Chamber
Dream of the Red Chamber or The Story
of the Stone is a novel composed by Cao
Xueqin in the middle of the 18th century.
The intricate strands of its plot depict the
rise and decline of a family much like Cao's
own and, by extension, of the dynasty
itself.
11.
12. Writing in China dates back to the
hieroglyphs that were used in the Shang
Dynasty of 1700 – 1050 BC. Chinese
literature is a vast subject that spans
thousands of years. One of the
interesting things about Chinese
literature is that much of the serious
literature was composed using a formal
written language that is called Classical
Chinese.
13. However, this written language
wasn’t the vernacular language even
two thousand years ago. The
empires and groups of kingdoms of
all these eras were composed of
people speaking many different
native languages.
14. If Europe had a literary history like
China’s, it would be as if most
European writers until the 20th
century always tried to write in
ancient Classical Greek that became
a dead language more than two
millennia ago.
16. The first dynasty for which there is
historical record and archaeological
evidence is the Shang Dynasty. It was
a small empire in northern central
China. No documents from that
country survive, but there are
archaeological finds of hieroglyphic
writing on bronze wares and oracle
bones. The hieroglyphic writing
system later evolved into ideographic
and partly-phonetic Chinese
characters.
17. Zhou Dynasty (1045-255 BC) — Basic
Philosophical and Religious Literature
Confucius Statue
18. The Zhou Dynasty was
contemporaneous with the Shang
Dynasty, and then they conquered the
Shang Dynasty. Their dynasty lasted
for about 800 years, but for most of
the time, their original territory was
broken up into dozens of competing
kingdoms, and these finally coalesced
into several big and warring kingdoms
by the end of the Zhou era.
19. Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC) — Literary Disaster
and Legalism
The First Imperial Dynasty in China
20. The Qin Dynasty had big armies and
conquered the others. Once the Qin
emperor had control, he wanted to
keep it, and they squelched any
opposition to his authority. In the
conquered territories, there were
teachers of many different doctrines
and religions. A big philosophical and
religious school then was called
Mohism. They were particularly
attacked by the Qin Dynasty, and little
is known about it.
21. Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) —
Scientific and Historical Texts
Cai Lun invented the writing paper
22. A former peasant leader overthrew
the Qin Empire. The Han Dynasty era
lasted for 400 years. At the beginning
of the era, Confucianism was revived.
Confucian texts were rewritten and
republished. Confucianism was mixed
with the Legalism philosophy of Li Si.
The resulting ideology was the official
ideology of the Han Dynasty and
influenced political thinking
afterwards.
24. Tang Dynasty had a big empire that
benefited from trade with the west
along the Silk Road, battled with the
Tibetan Empire, and experienced the
growing influence of organized
Buddhist religions. This era’s main
contribution to Chinese literature was
in the poetry of Dufu, Li Bai and many
other poets. Dufu and Li Bai are often
thought of as China’s greatest poets.
25. Song Dynasty (960-1279) — Early
Woodblock Printing, Travel Literature,
Poetry, Scientific Texts and the Neo-
Confucian Classics
Emperor Taizu of Song Dynasty
26. The next dynasty is called the
Song Dynasty. It was weaker than
the Tang Dynasty, but the imperial
government officials made
remarkable scientific and
technical advances. Military
technology greatly advanced.
27. They traded little with the west
due to the presence of warring
Muslim states on the old trade
routes. There wasn’t territorial
expansion, but the empire was
continuously attacked by nomadic
tribes and countries around them.
29. The Mongols were nomadic people
who herded cattle north of the Tang
Empire and wandered over a large
area fighting on horseback. They
believed that they might be able to
conquer the world. They easily
conquered Persia far to the west. It
was a big empire with high technology,
a big population and a big army.
30. Then they decided to try to conquer
all the countries around them.
They attacked the Tang Dynasty, the
Dali Kingdom in Yunnan, and much of
Asia, and they formed the biggest
empire in the history of the earth
until then.
32. The Chinese rebelled against the
Mongols, and the Ming Dynasty
era began about 1368. The
Mongols and the Ming
government still sometimes
fought. Because of this and the
presence of Muslim countries in
between, trade with the west was
reduced to the pre-Yuan level.
33. The Ming initially were interested in
exploration, and Muslims whose
ancestors arrived during the Yuan
Dynasty and who were familiar with
seagoing trade were employed to
make long voyages to the Indian
Ocean, the Middle East and perhaps
Africa. Then they became isolationist.
35. Sun Yat-sen led a revolution that marked
the end of Chinese dynasties in which a
clan rules an empire. Of course, the big
change of Chinese society that happened
with the change of government led to a
change in literature.
It became westernized, and the Classical
Language wasn’t used. The national
government wanted women to have more
of an equal status in society, and women
writers and scholars were taken more
seriously.
36. There was a lot of politically oriented
literature printed. Scholars had access
to foreign literature, and many
students studied abroad.
Until about 1923, there was a New
Culture Movement. Writers generally
wanted to lead the way in
transforming China into a modern
industrialized country and replacing
Confucian life-style with a westernized
one.