This document provides an overview of content for an anatomy exam on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It includes sections on blood composition and typing, hematopoiesis, heart anatomy, cardiac conduction, blood pressure, cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. The summary covers key components of the circulatory and respiratory systems, how blood moves through the heart, and common disorders like asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

1. Anatomy Unit 3
Cardiovascular
and Respiratory
Systems
EXAM
EVERYTHING
YOU NEED TO
KNOW

2. Blood Composition Content
Diapedesis:
The ability of white blood cells to travel across tissues to the area of
infection.
Positive Chemotaxis:
The ability of white blood cells to recognize an area of infection, by
using antibodies and antigens.
Antibodies are used to bind to matching antigens when foreign
cells/viruses enter the body.
Hemoglobin:
The protein in red blood cells used to allow for oxygen gas binding to
red blood cells.
Change in Blood Oxygen Levels:
A DECREASE could be caused by increased physical activity,
decreased breathing, low hemoglobin concentration, or low blood cell
count, or misshapen blood cells.
Erythropoietin:
The protein released by the kidneys to stimulate the bone marrow to
produce more red blood cells, typically during drops in blood oxygen
level.

3. Blood Typing Content
Antigen:
A protein on the surface of a cell used for identifying a cell.
Antibody:
A protein floating in the blood, used to identify cells that are not
supposed to be there.
Agglutination:
The binding of matching antigens with antibodies in serum.
For Example  Antigen-A will bind with Antibody-A serum.
*This means they have blood type A.
Whatever blood agglutinates with, is the antigens that person’s blood
cells carry. You can use this to determine the blood type they have.
Blood Antibodies & Blood Type:
There are 3 options for blood typing proteins  A, B, and Rh
Whatever a person has as antibodies, it has the left over proteins as
antigens.
Whatever you have as antigens, determines your blood type.
For Example  A person has A and B antibodies>
*This means that the person has the Rh antigens on their cells>
*They then have O+ blood.

4. Hemostasis Content
Hemostatic Events:
a. Serotonin is released.
b. Von Willebrand Factor is released.
c. Platelets stick to Von Willebrand Factor.
d. Thromboxane and Thromboplastin is released.
e. Prothrombin is produced.
f. Prothrombin binds with Proaccerin Cofactor forming Thrombin.
g. Thrombin binds with Fibrinogen forming Fibrin.
h. Contractile proteins close up the wound.
i. Plasmin degrades the clot.

5. Hematopoiesis Content
Hemocytoblast:
The original stem cell which all blood cells come from.
Erythroid Stem Cell:
The stem cell from which red blood cells develop directly from.
Lymphoid Stem Cell:
The stem cell from which lymphocytes develop directly from.
Myeloid Stem Cell:
The stem cell from which non-lymphocytes develop directly from.

6. Heart Anatomy Content
The Right Side:
a. Pulmonary Circuit = Carries deoxygenated blood
b. Superior and Inferior Vena Cava:
The blood vessels that carry blood into the right atrium.
c. Tricuspid Valve:
The valve in between the right atrium and ventricle.
d. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve:
The valve in between the right ventricle and the exiting artery.
e. Pulmonary Artery:
The blood vessel that carries blood out of the right ventricle.
The Left Side:
a. Systemic Circuit = Carries oxygenated blood
b. Pulmonary Veins:
The blood vessels that carry blood into the left atrium.
c. Bicuspid Valve:
The valve in between the left atrium and ventricle.
d. Aortic Semilunar Valve:
The valve in between the left ventricle and the exiting artery.
e. Aorta:
The blood vessel that carries blood out of the left ventricle.

7. Cardiac Conduction Content
Starling’s Law:
States that the degree of cardiac extension determines the force by
which the heart contracts/pumps blood.
The more your heart fills with blood, the stronger the contraction.
Cardiac Conduction:
a. SA Node
b. AV Node
c. AV Bundle
d. BundleBranches
e. Purkinje Branches
Diastole:
a. Relaxation
b. AV valves open
c. Seminlunar valves closed
d. Ventricles passively filling with blood
Systole:
a. Contraction
b. AV valves closed
c. Semilunar valves open
d. Ventricles forecully contract and eject blood out of heart

8. Blood Pressure Content

Blood flows from HIGH to LOW pressure.

Heart Beat:
The sound of your AV valves closing, followed by the sound
of your Semilunar valves closing.

Hypertension:
a. High blood pressure
b. Systolic reading of 140 or higher
c. Causes:
i. Low physical activity
ii. Poor nutrition
iii. Deposits on the walls of blood vessels

Hypotension:
a. Low blood pressure
b. Systolic reading of 100 or lower
c. Causes:
i. Increased physical activity
ii. Healthier diet suddenly
iii. Change in body position
iv. Blood loss

9. Cardiovascular Disorders Content
Heart Fibrillation:
Uncoordinated heart contracting.
Congestive Heart Failure:
When the heart weakens over time because it has been put through
too much stress (typically due to an unhealthy cardiovascular system
over many years).
Thrombus:
Clot in the wall of your blood vessel.
Embolus:
Free floating clot.
Thrombocytopenia:
A hemostatic disorder in which a person has a low platelet count.
Hemophilia:
A hemostatic disorder in which a person is missing clotting factors
(like #8 and #9, or the anti-hemolytic cofactor).

10. Respiratory Content
When you exhale…
d. Diaphragm relaxes and pushes up
e. Lung volume decreases
f. Lung pressure increases
g. Gas flows out of lungs
h. *You exhale carbon dioxide gas.
When you inhale….
a. Diaphragm contracts and pulls down
b. Lung volume increases
c. Lung pressure decreases
d. Gas flows into lungs
e. *You inhale oxygen gas.
Oxygen Exchange:
a. Higher concentration of oxygen in the respiratory system than
cardio.
b. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into the blood stream.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange:
a. Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the cardiovascular
system than respiratory.
b. Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood stream into the alveoli.
Alveoli:
Tiny gas chambers/sacs at the ends of your bronchioles.
They are the site where gas exchange occurs between the respiratory
system and the cardiovascular system (through the capillaries).

11. Trachea:
The windpipe which carries air in and out of the bronchioles and/or
lungs.
Respiratory Disorder Content
Asthma:
A common respiratory disorder in which the bronchioles become
easily inflamed and filled with mucus.
The bronchioles are usually overly sensitive to some sort of inhalant.
Often fixed by inhalers.
Bronchitis:
General term for any type of disorder of the bronchiole tubes.
Bronchioles become inflamed and filled with mucus.
Usually caused by some sort of bacterial or viral infection, but could
also be from repetitive inhaling of irritants.
Cystic Fibrosis:
A genetic disorder in which a person’s organs over-produce thick
mucus.
This can prevent gas diffusion in the lungs, and mal-nutrition in the
digestive system.
Pneumonia:
A disease caused by a bacterial or viral infection.
Has flu-like symptoms.
Causes severe mucus production, chest pain, and coughing.
Tuberculosis:
A disease caused by a bacterial infection.
Can have flu-like symptoms but far more severe.
Treated by several rounds of antibiotics.
You can be tested for the disease by them injecting serum under your

12. skin.