The document discusses the major hormone-secreting glands of the endocrine system, including the hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary, adrenal cortex and medulla, thyroid, parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cells, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, ovaries, and placenta. It explains that the endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate body systems through the secretion of hormones like insulin, estrogen, cortisol, and others. Disorders of the endocrine system have the potential to affect all organ systems.

2. Major hormone-secreting glands of the endocrine
system.

3. Major Action and Source of Selected Hormones
Hypothalamus
 Releasing and inhibiting hormones
 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
 Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
 Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

4. Anterior pituitary
 Growth hormone (GH)
 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
 Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Posterior pituitary
 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Oxytocin

5. Adrenal cortex
 Mineralocorticosteroids, mainly aldosterone, Glucocorticoids, mainly
cortisol
 Adrenal androgens, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and
androstenedione
Adrenal medulla
 Epinephrine Norepinephrine

6. Thyroid (follicular cells)
 Thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
Thyroid C cells –Calcitonin
Parathyroid glands -Parathyroid hormone
Pancreatic islet cells- Insulin
Gastrointestinal tract- Gastrin

7.  Kidney - Renin, Erythropoietin
 Ovaries- Estrogen, Progesterone
 Placenta-Human chorionic gonadotropin

8. Endocrine system
 The nervous system and the interconnected network of glands known
as the endocrine system control body systems.
 Disorders of the endocrine system are common and have the potential
to affect the function of every organ system in the body.
 Understanding the function of each of the endocrine glands, and the
consequences of hypofunction and hyperfunction of each gland,
enables the nurse to anticipate physiologic changes and to plan
interventions to address them.

9.  The hormones secreted by the endocrine system are affected in large
part by structures in the central nervous system, such as the
hypothalamus.
 Other structures located in the brain, such as the pituitary gland, are
endocrine glands that influence the function of a large number of other
endocrine glands.

10.  The effects of hormones secreted by the endocrine system affect the
nervous system and are, in turn, mediated by the nervous system.
 The adrenal medulla, for example, secretes a number of substances (eg,
norepinephrine and epinephrine) that act as neurotransmitters.
 The immune system also interacts closely with the endocrine system.

11.  In addition to the hormones secreted by the major endocrine glands,
other tissues produce hormones that are secreted into body fluids and
act on nearby cells and tissues.

12.  The gastrointestinal mucosa produces hormones (eg, gastrin,
enterogastrone, secretin, and cholecystokinin) that are important in the
digestive process.
 The kidneys produce erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the
bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
 The white blood cells produce cytokines that actively participate in
inflammatory and immune responses.

13.  Hormones are important in regulation of the internal environment of
the body and affect every aspect of life.
 Some hormones target specific tissues; for example,
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), or corticotrophin, is secreted by
the anterior pituitary gland and targets the adrenal cortex to increase
the secretion of the hormones of the adrenal cortex (ie, glucocorticoids,
mineralocorticoids, and androgens).

14.  Other hormones affect a wide variety of cells and tissues of the body.
 Thyroid hormone is one example; it affects metabolic activity of cells
throughout the body.

15. GLANDS OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 The endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,
adrenals, pancreatic islets, ovaries, and testes.
 Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream,
which differentiates them from exocrine glands, such as sweat glands,
which secrete their products through ducts onto epithelial surfaces or
into the gastrointestinal tract.

16. FUNCTION AND REGULATION OF HORMONES
 The chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands are called
hormones.
 Hormones help to regulate organ function in concert with the nervous
system.
 This dual regulatory system, in which rapid action by the nervous
system is balanced by slower hormonal action, permits precise control
of organ functions in response to varied changes within and outside
the body.

17. CLASSIFICATION AND ACTION OF HORMONES
 Hormones are classified as steroid hormones (such as hydrocortisone),
peptide or protein hormones (such as insulin), and amine hormones
(such as epinephrine).
 These different classes of hormones act on the target tissues by
different mechanisms.

18.  Hormones can alter the function of the target tissue by interacting with
chemical receptors located either on the cell membrane or in the
interior of the cell.
 Thanking you.