Ischia is a quiescent volcanic complex, characterized by several periods of activity, also of explosive
typology. Each year, seismic stations detect few low-energy events, although in the past severe
earthquakes occurred, causing extensive damage. The last significant seismic event, with a magnitude of
3.91, occurred on 21st August 2017, again in the municipality of Casamicciola.
The hazard constituted by seismic phenomena is compounded by a high exposed value, in terms of
population and buildings. From 1861 to today, the resident population has increased considerably, from
23,511 to 62,831 units, to which are added 4 million tourists a year.
The high risk of the Ischia territory highlights the need to bring the sustainable planning at the centre of
the debate, considering the vulnerability of the area. In this perspective, an application aimed at
assessing the seismic impact scenario induced by a single seismic event is illustrated below. The aim is to
show a methodological approach able to quantify the resources necessary for emergency planning and
organization of operational intervention.
Investments in Italy to improve the resilience of infrastructural systems for...OECD Governance
Investing in infrastructure: Costs, benefits and effectiveness of disaster risk reduction measures.
Presentation made by:
M. Dolce,
Director General - Italian Civil Protection Department, Rome
Professor of Structural Engineering, University of Naples, Federico II
Landslide early warning systems: a perspective from the internet of things IJECEIAES
Populations located in the vicinity of slopes and soils derived from volcanic ash are constantly at risk due to the possibility of landslides. Such is the case of the city of Manizales, Colombia, which, due to its geomorphological characteristics, has experienced a significant number of landslides that have caused human and economic losses. The Internet of things (IoT) has allowed important technological advances for monitoring, thanks to the low cost and wide coverage of IoT-based systems. Slope monitoring and the development of landslide early warning systems (EWS) have been positively impacted by IoT developments, which shows a relationship. The objective of this article is to review, from the scientific production, the relationship between IoT and EWS. For this purpose, a fragmenting-deriving-combining methodology is applied to focus on a research trends analysis of the subject, from macroareas such as IoT and EWS to micro areas such as EWS by IoT-based landslides. Finally, the analysis concluded that the conceptual models of IoT and EWS for landslides have some correspondence in some of their layers.
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
Investments in Italy to improve the resilience of infrastructural systems for...OECD Governance
Investing in infrastructure: Costs, benefits and effectiveness of disaster risk reduction measures.
Presentation made by:
M. Dolce,
Director General - Italian Civil Protection Department, Rome
Professor of Structural Engineering, University of Naples, Federico II
Landslide early warning systems: a perspective from the internet of things IJECEIAES
Populations located in the vicinity of slopes and soils derived from volcanic ash are constantly at risk due to the possibility of landslides. Such is the case of the city of Manizales, Colombia, which, due to its geomorphological characteristics, has experienced a significant number of landslides that have caused human and economic losses. The Internet of things (IoT) has allowed important technological advances for monitoring, thanks to the low cost and wide coverage of IoT-based systems. Slope monitoring and the development of landslide early warning systems (EWS) have been positively impacted by IoT developments, which shows a relationship. The objective of this article is to review, from the scientific production, the relationship between IoT and EWS. For this purpose, a fragmenting-deriving-combining methodology is applied to focus on a research trends analysis of the subject, from macroareas such as IoT and EWS to micro areas such as EWS by IoT-based landslides. Finally, the analysis concluded that the conceptual models of IoT and EWS for landslides have some correspondence in some of their layers.
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in ...ijtsrd
Looking to the past records of earthquakes, theres expansion inside the interest of quake opposing structures which may be fulfilled by giving the shear wall frameworks inside the structure. Furthermore inferable from the principal quakes inside the new taps the codal arrangements updated and executing extra weight age on seismic tremor style of construction. Typically shear divider will be illustrated as the underlying vertical part that is prepared to oppose a blend of shear, second and hub load iatrogenic by parallel burden and gravity load move to the wall from various help. This research work centers on the correlation of seismic investigation of private structures utilizing supporting and shear walls. The investigation of the building is conveyed in each of the four seismic which are Zone III and Zone IV. This investigation contains understanding the key parts responsible for the construction to perform severely during a seismic tremor, with the goal that they acquire their reasonable attributes for the further quakes. Demonstrating of the design will be done through STAAD professionals. V8i programming. Times pan of the design in bidirectional is reestablished from the programming itself just according to IS 1893 part 1 2002 Sonal Asnani | Prof. Rashmi Sakalle "Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in Seismic Zones III and IV" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46437.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46437/comparison-of-seismic-analysis-of-multi-storyed-building-using-shear-wall-in-seismic-zones-iii-and-iv/sonal-asnani
CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM SEISMIC EXPOSUREIAEME Publication
This article discusses approaches to assessing the seismic impact on the
underground parts of buildings and structures and analyzes possible measures to
minimize them.
The development of promising methods of constructive seismic protection dictated
by the imperative need and requirements of improving the safety of buildings and
structures of enhanced security is given. Without knowledge of the real geodynamic
risks (the impact of earthquakes, fluctuations in the level of groundwater), investing of
funds in seismic safety will be ineffective.
The main objective of the research is to develop a set of measures for assessing the
seismic-geotechnical situation of the construction site due to the fact that at present:
taking into account difficult ground conditions is estimated very roughly, the
seismicity of the territory is determined by averaged indicators; geodynamic data
(score) is insufficient for modeling and calculating the underground part of the
building; there is no practice of a comprehensive study of the system (the soil
foundation - the underground part - the upper structure) before and after
construction.
On the basis of detailed initial data of seismic micro zoning it is possible to
perform clarification of seismic hazard and to provide effective measures of seismic
protection of high-rise buildings. The analysis of modern methods of structural
protection of buildings in earthquake-prone areas. The classification of existing
systems of classical seismic protection on the principle of their work is presented. The
main methods are analyzed and the general conclusions and principles of seismic
protection of individual structures and buildings are formulated as a whole.
The variants of design solutions for the construction of foundations with a
separation layer, design and methods of construction of vertical and horizontal
geotechnical barriers are considered. The main advantages and disadvantages of the
described methods are given.
The main tendency of development of seismic protection of buildings is defined
and the direction of further researches is chosen: collecting and the analysis
To Establish Evacuation Decision-Making Selection Modes of Aboriginal Tribes ...IJERA Editor
In this study I try to utilize the concepts of ―environmental vulnerability‖ and ―evacuation behaviors among minority groups‖ and apply the evacuation selection mode generated from the public hazard perception to geographic information system, and analyze movement paths of residents during after disaster by using composite technology so that I can modify the suggested service scope and capacity of evacuation sites in the regions investigated in this study and provide minority groups with optimal selection mode.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
More Related Content
Similar to ANALYSIS OF ORDINARY BUILDINGS ON THE ISLAND OF ISCHIA (ITALY) FOR A SEISMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in ...ijtsrd
Looking to the past records of earthquakes, theres expansion inside the interest of quake opposing structures which may be fulfilled by giving the shear wall frameworks inside the structure. Furthermore inferable from the principal quakes inside the new taps the codal arrangements updated and executing extra weight age on seismic tremor style of construction. Typically shear divider will be illustrated as the underlying vertical part that is prepared to oppose a blend of shear, second and hub load iatrogenic by parallel burden and gravity load move to the wall from various help. This research work centers on the correlation of seismic investigation of private structures utilizing supporting and shear walls. The investigation of the building is conveyed in each of the four seismic which are Zone III and Zone IV. This investigation contains understanding the key parts responsible for the construction to perform severely during a seismic tremor, with the goal that they acquire their reasonable attributes for the further quakes. Demonstrating of the design will be done through STAAD professionals. V8i programming. Times pan of the design in bidirectional is reestablished from the programming itself just according to IS 1893 part 1 2002 Sonal Asnani | Prof. Rashmi Sakalle "Comparison of Seismic Analysis of Multi Storyed Building Using Shear Wall in Seismic Zones III and IV" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46437.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46437/comparison-of-seismic-analysis-of-multi-storyed-building-using-shear-wall-in-seismic-zones-iii-and-iv/sonal-asnani
CONSTRUCTIVE METHODS OF PROTECTING BUILDINGS FROM SEISMIC EXPOSUREIAEME Publication
This article discusses approaches to assessing the seismic impact on the
underground parts of buildings and structures and analyzes possible measures to
minimize them.
The development of promising methods of constructive seismic protection dictated
by the imperative need and requirements of improving the safety of buildings and
structures of enhanced security is given. Without knowledge of the real geodynamic
risks (the impact of earthquakes, fluctuations in the level of groundwater), investing of
funds in seismic safety will be ineffective.
The main objective of the research is to develop a set of measures for assessing the
seismic-geotechnical situation of the construction site due to the fact that at present:
taking into account difficult ground conditions is estimated very roughly, the
seismicity of the territory is determined by averaged indicators; geodynamic data
(score) is insufficient for modeling and calculating the underground part of the
building; there is no practice of a comprehensive study of the system (the soil
foundation - the underground part - the upper structure) before and after
construction.
On the basis of detailed initial data of seismic micro zoning it is possible to
perform clarification of seismic hazard and to provide effective measures of seismic
protection of high-rise buildings. The analysis of modern methods of structural
protection of buildings in earthquake-prone areas. The classification of existing
systems of classical seismic protection on the principle of their work is presented. The
main methods are analyzed and the general conclusions and principles of seismic
protection of individual structures and buildings are formulated as a whole.
The variants of design solutions for the construction of foundations with a
separation layer, design and methods of construction of vertical and horizontal
geotechnical barriers are considered. The main advantages and disadvantages of the
described methods are given.
The main tendency of development of seismic protection of buildings is defined
and the direction of further researches is chosen: collecting and the analysis
To Establish Evacuation Decision-Making Selection Modes of Aboriginal Tribes ...IJERA Editor
In this study I try to utilize the concepts of ―environmental vulnerability‖ and ―evacuation behaviors among minority groups‖ and apply the evacuation selection mode generated from the public hazard perception to geographic information system, and analyze movement paths of residents during after disaster by using composite technology so that I can modify the suggested service scope and capacity of evacuation sites in the regions investigated in this study and provide minority groups with optimal selection mode.
Productivity Development in the Construction Industry by International Compar...civejjour
A downward trend on productivity growth rates has been observed since the 1970s of the twentieth century
for construction sectors of western industrial countries. Despite conflicting evidence, numerous recent
economic studies on growth research suggest that innovation and technology are significant drivers for
productivity and growth. According to the OECD the lack or low level of employees' skills and qualifications
might be in different ways a possible explanation for the observed slowdown of productivity growth. In this
context, intrafirm behaviour has long been recognized as a potentially important driver for productivity.
Results from surveys show that management practices have become more structured, in the sense of involving
more data collection and analysis. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the measured
management quality and firm performance can be observed. Studies suggest that there is a positive
association between human skills and productivity
Enhancing Rainwater Harvesting through Pervious Pavement System Based on the ...civejjour
Pervious pavements are widely used in stormwater management practices due to their porosity.
However, the longevity and infiltration capacity could be greatly reduced with time due to
clogging issues. DakeRechsand manufactures pervious bricks from desert sand based on
principle of surface-free energy treatment. The pavers are made from desert sand that can
withstand against temperatures as high as 100 degrees Celsius and also handling freeze-thaw
cycle testing. This product range contains silica as the base material, has good anti-slippery
performance when wet. And observations showed that the there is less chance of black ice
formation on the brick surface, due to air-permeable propertities of the material. The company
has completed hundreds of projects mainly in China. Utilizing breathable desert sand using the
surface free energy is something not mastered before and DakeRechsand introduces an ecofriendly, sediment-free, recyclable, and much efficient technology to enhance rainwater
harvesting and water conservation.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment and Infiltration via Silica-Sand based Pervious P...civejjour
Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a roadway in Beijing and were analysed for turbidity, pH,
TSS, TDS, COD, TP, TN, as well as metals Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Mn. The results showed that runoff
pollutant concentrations were relatively high. TSS, Zn, Fe, and Al concentrations exceeded the benchmark
values set by USEPA, indicating a high level of concern about impairing receiving water quality and the
need for pollution prevention measures. Also, most pollutant concentrations exceeded the those in
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study. The collected runoff samples were treated through two
bench-scale facilities composed of sand-based pervious bricks, subbase materials, and two types of
500mm-thick subsoils. The infiltration capacity of the brick is above 0.025 cm/s, and good water retention
and recharge properties was achieved with the help of subbase and subsoils. On the other hand, the
average removal of TSS, TP, and TN reached 81.8%, 64.1%, and 64.4%, respectively. The average
removal rates of Pb, Al, Zn, Fe, and Cd also reached 50%-99.2%. The sand-based pervious brick is
featured with micron-level pores. The paver system significantly reduced stormwater runoff pollutant
concentrations and good removal rates were acheived comparing to many pervious pavers with larger
pores.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
The Dynamics of Man's History and Economic Development: A Refocus on Ecologic...civejjour
Man’s history and developmental endeavour have been advancing alongside a trail of
ecological ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not
recorded an accelerated shift in ecology during any other epoch beside that of modern man
on the planet. The paper seeks to explore how man’s history and development affects ecology
and climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from global assessment reports and runs a
One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5
level. Findings show that, there is global climate change, seen in global warming trends; and
imbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land sinks. The t-Test
reveals significant net loss of global forest cover. The study also, found that at present,
processes of development generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore, the study
recommends a refocus to sustainable means of development.
Cost Effective Methods in Construction Engineeringcivejjour
The economic impact of construction cost overrun is a possible loss of the economic justification for the
project. The financial impact of a cost overrun results in demand for construction investment credits.
Therefore reliable estimates of construction cost are an important aspect to the contemporary construction
companies especially during the conceptual phase of lifecycle management. In this paper a cost-effective
analysis is done using one of the cost effective construction technique called Rat Trap Bond versus Flemish
bond and when estimated with CPWD 2012 schedule of rates it is proved that Low cost techniques such as
rat trap bond provides better cost effectiveness as compared to conventional Flemish bond construction
method.
Geotechnical Characterization on the Soyo Road Section using Electrical Resis...civejjour
The need for near-surface soils and rocks characterization at planned construction sites, using geophysical
techniques, has grown rapidly during the last few decades to map the variations in the soil stiffness and the
depth to bedrock. Although borehole data are important in geotechnical engineering, providing
information on stability and strength of soils and rocks, it is limited to a few points. To take borehole data
on the hole construction site becomes necessary increase the borehole density, which makes the project
very expensive. Geophysical techniques have the advantage in collecting information of large volume of
soils and rocks in its natural state. The Soyo Road was opened to traffic in 2017 but, due to the lack on
soils and rocks physic-mechanical properties information, there is still to complete a section of about 700
meters in the mangrove zone. Geophysical techniques were applied with the main goal of providing
technical information, essential for the completion of the targeted road section. Electrical resistivity data
was recorded along a profile of 820m long, using forty-two electrodes20-meter spaced, under pole-dipole
array. Seismic measurements were taken using twenty-four geophones, 5-meter spaced, 115-meter length
spread. Five seismic spreads were connected, generating a seismic line of 575-meters long. Measured
geophysical data were processed using EarthImager 2D, SeisImager/2D and SeisImager/SWpackages.
Electrical resistivity section shows two zones, the first associated with unconsolidated and/or poorly
consolidated soils, composed by clay, silt, sandy, carbonated rocks mixed with sloth and organic clay and,
the second associated with rock, composed by clay, all them saturated with marine saltwater. Seismic
refraction section shows an interface separating non-compacted soils and unconsolidated rocks to
compacted soils. Multi-channel analysis of surface waves model shows an alternating sequence of
horizontal horizons in the investigated first ≈25-meter depth, composed by non-compacted soils and/or
unconsolidated rocks and compacted soils. Due to its shear velocity values the site is constituted by soft
and stiff soils, composed by homogeneous organic matter and elements of mineral origin, responsible for
the ruptures and landslides that occurred and for the sinking of the structures built on the site.
The Impact of Aspect Ratio on the Behaviour of Rigid Water Storage Tankscivejjour
Ubiquitous reinforced concrete water storage tanks are quite popular and widely used in Palestine as in
elsewhere in the world; they form pivotal components of major bulk-water carrier systems. In essence, they
form lifelines to many communities; the water storage concept is as old as civilization itself. Location and
land availability often dictate the topology of the tank’s structure. They may be either shallow and stubby
or deep yet slender or anywhere in between having an aspect ratio dictated by overall site conditions. In
all cases adequate structural analysis is mandatory.
Incorporating Participatory Planning and Quality Function Deployment in Urban...civejjour
Urban Planning is a technical process concerned with the control of the use of land and design of urban
environment to guide and ensure the orderly development of settlements and communities. Outcomes from
the urban planning process are detailed plans. In Bahrain the detailed plans are developed through a
lengthy two-stage process, namely, design and implementation. During this lengthy process the documented
design variations were found to be the main cause for implementation delay. In addition, it was discovered
that land owners exclusion from the urban planning process caused major disagreements, between the
urban planning authorities and the land owners. Accordingly, this paper presents an investigation into the
applied urban planning process in Bahrain, and proposes a solution that incorporates Quality Function
Deployment (QFD) technique. The study is based on face-to-face interviews, questionnaire, Delphi method,
and a case study (North Tubli). The results of this study concluded that using participatory planning and
QFD within the urban planning process enables evaluation of the different alternative plans, based on
scientific and systematic procedures. In addition, it ensures that land owners and community members
requirements are satisfied.
Biogas Technology as a Sustainable Domestic Organic Waste Management Measure ...civejjour
Solid waste management especially residential organic waste management is one of the most important
problems after the water quality in developing countries all over the world. There are many waste
management techniques for the disposal of these wastes. Attaining sustainability goals is the challenge
faced by each of these techniques. This paper presents the evaluation study of the biogas technology as a
sustainable domestic organic waste management measure. The evaluation method is detailed and the
perception of the biogas users with respect to different aspects of sustainability is presented here. The
technological benefits and bottle necks were also reviewed in this paper.
STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE AROUND ABU DHABI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Studying the Effects of Aircraft Noise Around Abu Dhabi International Airport...civejjour
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of aircraft noise pollution on community and workers’
health near Abu Dhabi International Airport. This study was conducted in residential neighborhoods and
employment areas living and working within a 25-km radius of the airport with high exposure to aircraft
noise and in matched control areas far from the airport (outside the 25-km radius) and are unaffected by
aircraft noise. Data was collected by conducting a revealed-preference face-to-face interview surveys
among the residents and the workers nea rand far from Abu Dhabi International Airport during the months
of September and December 2014. A total of 5,070 residents in both areas (2,579 near the airport and
2,492 far from the airport) and 1,995 workers in both areas (995 near the airport and 1,000 far from the
airport) were interviewed and completed the questionnaire. Binomial Logit Regression Model was used to
determine the impact of aircraft noise on community and workers’ health. After controlling for
confounders, the health of the residents adjacent to the airport who have been chronically exposed to high
aircraft noise level are found to be worse than the control group. The results show that residents from the
noise exposure area have a high level of noise stress, hypertension, headache, general disturbance, loss of
sleep/insomnia, and hearing problems than the matched control area. On the other hand, aircraft noise
pollution near Abu Dhabi Airport has no negative impact on workers adjacent to the airport. The impact of
aircraft noise on community health should not restrain the growth of air travel industry in the city as this
growth is essential and beneficial to the whole nation’s economy. The reduction of aircraft noise level in
the exposed area could be achieved by imposing policies, codes of practices, and action noise plans to
assess and evaluate land use management as an effective tool for mitigating aircraft noise. Future research
should assess community health based on self-reported physician diagnosed blood pressure; and hearing,
stress, headache diagnostic examination.
Evaluation of the Superplasticizer Effect on the Concrete Compressive Strengt...civejjour
Concrete is the most important material in the civil engineering. The concrete compressive strength is a
non-linear function of the concrete age and some constituents. These constituents include cement, blast
furnace slag, fly ash, superplasticizer, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. The superplasticizers are
among elements which are important in increasing the concrete compressive strength and we are going to
analyze here using the tree-classification decision algorithm. The decision trees, usually, are used in
classification of a bunch of data. J48 is one of the most favoured ones. The decision trees are developed
using information entropy on a collection of training data. J48 is a recursive algorithm that combines the
remaining of the following data sets and continues normalizing the output data using the separation
process until a uniform classification result obtains. This article evaluates the superplasticizer effect on the
concrete compressive strength using the tree-classification decision algorithm.
Towards Innovate Methods of Construction Cost Management and Controlcivejjour
Project cost is one of the three main challenges for the construction manager, where the success of a
project is judged by meeting the criteria of cost with budget, schedule on time, and quality as specified by
the owner. Many projects experience extensive delays and thereby exceed initial time and cost estimate.
Available information, good estimating practice and experienced personnel are some of the factors found
to have considerable impact on estimation accuracy. The successful execution of construction projects and
keeping them within estimated cost and prescribed schedules depend on a methodology that requires sound
engineering judgment. So the research aim is to conduct research study and process of exploring the
existing model related to above three types of estimate and their contribution to civil engineering cost
management and control especially getting motivated with the verification and validation component of
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ANALYSIS OF ORDINARY BUILDINGS ON THE ISLAND OF ISCHIA (ITALY) FOR A SEISMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
1. ANALYSIS OF ORDINARY BUILDINGS ON THE
ISLAND OF ISCHIA (ITALY) FOR A SEISMIC IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
Francesca Linda Perelli1, Daniela De Gregorio2, Giulio Zuccaro3
1PLINIVS Study Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
2Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture (DiSt),
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
3PLINIVS Study Centre, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
& Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture (DiSt),
University of Naples Federico II, Italy
ABSTRACT
Ischia is a quiescent volcanic complex, characterized by several periods of activity, also of explosive
typology. Each year, seismic stations detect few low-energy events, although in the past severe
earthquakes occurred, causing extensive damage. The last significant seismic event, with a magnitude of
3.91, occurred on 21st August 2017, again in the municipality of Casamicciola.
The hazard constituted by seismic phenomena is compounded by a high exposed value, in terms of
population and buildings. From 1861 to today, the resident population has increased considerably, from
23,511 to 62,831 units, to which are added 4 million tourists a year.
The high risk of the Ischia territory highlights the need to bring the sustainable planning at the centre of
the debate, considering the vulnerability of the area. In this perspective, an application aimed at
assessing the seismic impact scenario induced by a single seismic event is illustrated below. The aim is to
show a methodological approach able to quantify the resources necessary for emergency planning and
organization of operational intervention.
KEYWORDS
Seismic Risk, Seismic Impact, Buildings Vulnerability
1. INTRODUCTION
Ischia is a quiescent volcanic complex, which has had several periods of activity, also
characterized by large explosive eruptions. The last eruption occurred in February 1302,
when a crater opened in the Fiaiano area, emitting lava for more than two months. Since
then, the island's volcanic system has continued to manifest its activity through
widespread fumarolic and hydrothermal activity and recurrent seismicity.
Every year, seismic stations detect few low-energy events, although strong earthquakes
have occurred on the island in the past, causing extensive damage. In particular, the
March 4, 1881 event caused severe damage in Casamicciola and Lacco Ameno. The
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.10, No.1, March 2023
DOI:10.5121/civej.2023.10102 25
2. July 28, 1883 earthquake, on the other hand, was the most catastrophic event to occur
on the island in recent centuries. In total, the earthquake caused 2313 deaths and 762
injuries, as well as 9500 homeless people, who were housed in shacks. The last
significant seismic event, with a magnitude of 3.91, occurred on August 21, 2017, also
in the municipality of Casamicciola.
In addition to the hazard from seismic phenomena, there is a high exposed value in
terms of population and built-up area. From 1861 to the present, in fact, the resident
population has increased significantly, from 23,511 to 62,831. To this is added about 4
million tourists a year. The increase in population has produced, in parallel, an increase
in the number of buildings, often constructed in derogation of building regulations with
shoddy materials and/or on fragile soils and, for this reason, particularly vulnerable to
geophysical hazards. The high risk of the Ischian territory places special emphasis on
the need for sustainable planning that considers the vulnerability of the area.
The high seismicity of the area has always drawn attention in the National Risk
Assessment (NRA) in the perspective of Disaster Risk Management (DRM). The event
of 21 August 2017 has been, in fact, studied by several researchers with the aim of
determining, through computer tools and modeling, the seismic impact of the analyzed
area in terms of building damage and damage mitigation [1,2,3]
With a view to estimating losses (of buildings, lives and economic), the Civil Protection
Department has made available the possibility of assessing the impact on the island of
Ischia through the IRMA platform [4]. This platform provides a library of past seismic
events, including the one that occurred in Ischa on August 21, 2017, and allows
accredited researchers to define a vulnerability model of the investigated area and
obtain an estimate of the expected damage.
With this in perspective, an activity of analysis of the ordinary Ischian built-up area is
illustrated in the following, which gives the possibility to know the constructive
peculiarities of the area and to estimate a possible response of the built-up area towards
seismic phenomena. To this purpose, the PLINIVS Study Center (PSC) carried out a
field data collection activity aimed at typological characterization of the island's
urbanized built-up area. The investigation has been carried out at two scales: the first
was developed at the scale of homogeneous sectors through the CARTIS form, the
second is a building-by-building data collection activity conducted through the CARTIS
BUILDING form and the PLINIVS form.
In a second step, the data collected has been used within a scenario assessment model of
seismic impact in Ischia induced by the seismic event of 21 August 2017. This model
shows the approach to be followed for assessments aimed at quantifying the resources
needed for emergency planning and the organization of operational intervention. A
seismic impact assessment goes through the estimation of three variables: hazard,
vulnerability and exposure [5]. Hazard is the probability of occurrence of the single
event, of a certain severity, in the specific area and in a specific time period.
Vulnerability is the sensitivity of an exposed element to the seismic event. It can be
assessed as the probability that the exposed element will experience a certain level of
damage or changes in state, with reference to an appropriate scale, because of an event
of assigned intensity. Exposure is the geographic distribution in quantitative and
qualitative terms of the different elements at risk that characterize the area under
consideration (buildings and occupants), whose condition and/or functioning may be
damaged, altered or destroyed due to the occurrence of the seismic event.
The outcome
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.10, No.1, March 2023
26
3. of the model is represented by the probable buildings distribution on appropriately
chosen damage scale.
The impact has been assessed through the E.A.S.E. model [6,7], a procedure developed
by the PSC that discretizes the area under consideration through a square-mesh grid of
size 250x250m. For each cell are defined: hazard data, in terms of PGA; exposure data,
in terms of number of buildings for each structural vulnerability class. Combining these
data with seismic vulnerability, the model provides, cell by cell, the number of
collapsed buildings, the number of not available buildings. The hazard value per cell
was derived from macro-seismic intensity data produced by [8] and grid-fitted. The
exposure model is built based on the BINC method [9], which defines a probable
quantitative and qualitative distribution of buildings on cells. The method makes use of
both data collected in the field through filing and, where accurate information is not
present, statistical correlations between data collected in the field and aggregate data on
buildings by census units in the 2011 ISTAT database (Italian National Statistics
Institute).
The paper is organized in two sections. The first one is focused on the analysis of the
ordinary buildings and contains the description of the used forms for the survey
activities, the criteria adopted for the built of the geo-database and the seismic
characterization of the buildings for each municipality of the Ischia Island. The second
section describes the impact model E.A.S.E., the characterization of the three factors
with respect to the August 21, 2017 event on the grid and the outcomes in terms of
damaged buildings.
2. ANALYSIS OF ORDINARY BUILDINGS
2.1 The cognitive investigations
To be able to assess the risk related to an eruption of the Ischia volcano, an extensive
and detailed cognitive campaign of seismic (with reference to pre-eruptive seismic
events) and volcanic vulnerability of the ordinary Ischia built-up area was conducted,
through the compilation of:
the CARTIS form [10] relating to the six Ischian municipalities;
the CARTIS BUILDING form for 2,000 buildings appropriately chosen within
the compartments identified in the CARTIS forms mentioned in the previous
point;
the PLINIVS form for 3,000 buildings (about 10% of the island's building
aggregates).
The surveyed data has been used to update the distribution of vulnerability classes of
the Island's built environment, correcting the distributions obtained on an ISTAT basis.
2.2 The CARTIS and the CARTIS BUILDING form
The CARTIS form (1st Level Form for Typological-Structural Characterization) is
aimed at surveying the prevailing ordinary building types within municipal or sub-
municipal areas (referred to as "sectors"), characterized by homogeneity of the building
fabric in terms of age of first establishment and/or construction and structural
techniques.
The form refers to ordinary buildings only, mainly for housing and/or services. These
are, for the most part, multi-story buildings, characterized by masonry
or reinforced
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.10, No.1, March 2023
27
4. concrete framed or baffled structure, and with inter-story heights and spacing between
vertical structural elements contained. Therefore, typologies attributable to monumental
assets (religious buildings, historic buildings, etc.), special structures, (industrial
warehouses, shopping centers, etc.) or strategic structures (hospitals, schools, barracks,
prefectures, civil defense headquarters, etc.), whose characteristics do not fall within
those of ordinary buildings, are excluded from the characterization.
The form is organized in 4 sections (from 0 to 3):
Section 0 has two parts. The first one (Part A) contains the general characteristics of the
Municipality (number of residents and number of buildings) and the identity details of
the interviewees. The second one (Part B) contains the list of the homogeneous sectors
identified within the municipality, and for each of them the number of buildings and the
percentage distribution of them on the different vertical macro-types is given. Four
macro-types of "masonry" and four macro-types of "reinforced concrete" can be
indicated in this section; the detailed characteristics of the vertical types will then be
specified in subsequent sections.
Section 1 identifies the typology in the Sector. There are also the identification code in
the Sector, the position in the urban context, together with a picture and sketches of the
typology in plan and section.
Section 2 contains the general features referred to at least the 80% of the buildings with
the examined vertical typology. The collected information regards the geometry as well
as to some metric information (number of floors; average floor height; ground floor
average height; underground floors; average floor area) together with age of
construction and main use, described by different possible ranges. For the construction
period and the number of floors it is possible to provide two boxes representative of the
most recurrent values on the investigated typology.
Section 3 characterizes the structural elements of the typology. There are three parts in
the Section: 3.1A, 3.1B and 3.2. The Sections 3.1A and 3.1B are alternatives to each
other and characterizes the vertical typology, while Section 3.2 contains info on the
other typological characteristics.
The CARTIS BUILDING form characterizes the typology of an individual structural
unit. The structure of the sheet coincides with that of CARTIS one, except for Section
0, absent in the CARTIS BUILDING, which refers to subdivisions.
The cognitive survey of the island of Ischia has been carried out by filling out the
CARTIS BUILDING form for randomly selected buildings in all the compartments, in
proportion to the number of total buildings in each compartment. The on-site survey
phase revealed some critical issues of the survey activity carried out based on the
CARTIS form related to:
a different percentage distribution of some types in the different compartments,
as shown in Table 1.
the need to correct the perimeter of some compartments in the municipalities of
Ischia, Lacco Ameno and Casamicciola Terme.
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.10, No.1, March 2023
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5. Table 1.Percentage distribution of prevailing typologies in the subdivisions of the six municipalities on the island of
Ischia through compilation of CARTIS (C) and CARTIS BUILDING (CB) form.
MUNICIPALITY OF
ISCHIA
MAS01 MAS02 RCO01 RCO02 surveyed
buildings [CB]
C CB C CB C CB C CB
% N°
1 C001 castle 100 100 10
555
2 C002 historic centre 80 60 20 40 160
3 C003 expansion area 1 30 15 50 65 20 20 135
4 C004 expansion area 2 10 5 60 70 20 15 10 5 180
5 C005 expansion area 3 10 80 90 20 25
6 C006 expansion area 4 100 100 45
MUNICIPALITY OF
BARANO D’ISCHIA
MAS01 MAS02 RCO01 RCO02 surveyed
buildings [CB]
C CB C CB C CB C CB
% N°
7 C001 historic centre 100 100 60
295
8 C002 expansion area 1 100 100 60
9 C003 expansion area 2 65 65 35 35 95
10 C004 expansion area 3 30 65 70 35 80
MUNICIPALITY OF
CASAMICCIOLA TERME
MAS01 MAS02 RCO01 RCO02 surveyed
buildings [CB]
C CB C CB C CB C CB
% N°
11 C001 after earthquake 60 40 40 60 95
203
12 C002 expansion area 1 100 100 8
13 C003 expansion area 2 50 50 60 50 90
14 C004 expansion area 3 100 100 10
MUNICIPALITY OF
FORIO
MAS01 MAS02 RCO01 RCO02 surveyed
buildings [CB]
C CB C CB C CB C CB
% N°
15 C001 historic centre 32 45 65 45 3 10 135
483
16 C002 expansion area 1 30 38 30 37 25 25 15 0 185
17 C003 expansion area 2 25 15 40 65 35 20 173
MUNICIPALITY OF
LACCO AMENO
MAS01 MAS02 RCO01 RCO02 surveyed
buildings [CB]
C CB C CB C CB C CB
% N°
18 C001 historic centre 100 100 45
252
19 C002 expansion area 1 100 100 16
20 C003 expansion area 2 65 80 35 20 101
21 C004 expansion area 3 50 80 50 20 90
MUNICIPALITY OF
SERRARA FONTANA
MAS01 MAS02 RCO01 RCO02 surveyed
buildings [CB]
C CB C CB C CB C CB
% N°
22 C001 historic centre 90 95 10 5 145
180
23 C002 expansion area 1 70 70 30 30 35
2.3 The PLINIVS form
In addition to the analysis of building types through the compilation of the CARTIS
BUILDING form for the six Ischia municipalities, an expeditious survey of an
additional sample of 3,000 buildings has been carried out, identified based on specific
characteristics of the subdivisions (size, diversity of types and building density).
The analysis of the buildings has been done through expeditious visual survey and
compilation of the Level I form, called PLINIVS, for the collection of parameters
affecting the seismic and volcanic vulnerability of buildings, which has been used
extensively in previous research. The information contained in the PLINIVS form can
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.10, No.1, March 2023
29
6. be divided into two groups. The first contains the common parameters used for seismic
vulnerability assessment, like as information on the main vertical and horizontal
structures, regularity in plan and elevation, age and preservation of the building, and
number of floors. The second group is specific to the behavior of the building with
respect to a volcanic eruption, as it collects information on the elements of vulnerability
with respect to fall deposits (roofs) and pyroclastic flows (openings and infills).
Specifically, the PLINIVS form is divided into the following eight sections:
Section 1: The IDENTIFICATION section locates the building with reference to the
geographical parameters provided by the Campania region;
Section 2: The GENERAL INFORMATION section refers to the type (ordinary
building, warehouse, electrical station, etc.), purpose (hospital, school, etc.), use (fully
used, partially used, unused, and abandoned), and exposure (ordinary, strategic, exposed
to special hazards) of the building;
Section 3: The CONDITION section refers to the age, the state of preservation of the
structure (poor, mediocre, good, and excellent), and the type of finish (cheap, ordinary,
luxury);
Section 4: The DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERISTICS section refers to: the total
number of floors starting from the ground floor; the number of above-ground floors,
including the penthouse; the number of residential apartments; the presence of occupied
or unoccupied basement; the height of the second floor; the minimum and maximum
heights of all floors up to the roof; the presence of obstacles with a height of more than
2m; the orientation (angle between the longest or main facade and the North); and the
position in the unit within the aggregate;
Section 5: STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS section refers to: the main type
(reinforced concrete, masonry, wood, steel, and mixed); vertical structures (sack
masonry with or without reinforcement, rough-hewn stone masonry, tuff block
masonry, reinforced concrete frame with weak or strong infill, etc.); to horizontal
structures (wooden slab, steel beam slab, concrete slab, vaults, etc.); to the thickness of
walls; and to the type of curtain walls ( tuff blocks or squared stones, concrete blocks,
etc.);
Section 6: The OPENINGS section refers to the percentage of openings on the façade;
the number of small, medium, and large windows; the material (wood, PVC, aluminum
or wood-aluminum, light steel, and anti-intrusion type steel); their protection and
condition;
Section 7: The INTERVENTION section refers to the age and type of intervention
(special maintenance, upgrading and retrofitting);
Section 8: The REGULARITY section refers to: the distribution of masses and
stiffnesses in plan and elevation; the type of structure (single- or double-framed one-
way, single- or double-walled directional, or framed walls); the presence of soft floor
(pilotis on part of the ground floor, completely open ground floor, or intermediate soft
floors); and the possible presence of squat elements.
2.4 The geo-database construction
The format of the surveyed data and the coding of the identifiers are organized so that
the information collected can be easily entered into the PLINIVS Centre data base. The
buildings are all georeferenced and reported in a G.I.S. system.
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7. The site survey operation was carried out according to the following procedure:
Selection of the building aggregates to be surveyed;
Identification, within the aggregate, of individual buildings, (understood as
autonomous structural units);
Subdivision, on the paper map, of each aggregate into buildings and assignment
to each listed building of an identification code, consisting of the aggregate code
(PROG_ED) and a building code, with progressive numbering within the
aggregate (EDIF);
Completion for each building of the survey form. In it, the building was
identified by reporting the aggregate code and the building code.
If, within the areas to be surveyed, an aggregate is found that is not shown on the
reference map, it is plotted on the paper service map provided and identified by a
temporary "new aggregate code." Any subdivisions into multiple buildings are still
coded with progressive EDIF identifier.
If, on the contrary, it has been found that buildings shown on the map are not in fact
present, an indication of this is given on the service map.
If, finally, macroscopic differences in geometry were found between an aggregate on
the cartography and the actual situation, appropriate corrections were reported on the
service map, and new provisional codes were assigned where necessary:
Transfer of the material produced in the field to the G.I.S. operators, who
reported the subdivisions and any corrections on the cartography and replaced
the "provisional aggregate code" with a new unique identifier (PROG_ED);
Entering the contents of the surveyed sheets into a special data base;
Linking, through the identification codes, of the collected data to the "shapes" of
the G.I.S.
2.5 The vulnerability classes on Ischia Island
The seismic vulnerability class has been assessed for each building surveyed (2,000
CARTIS BUILDING form + 3,000 PLINIVS form). The criteria adopted to assign the
vulnerability class is identified in the SAVE method [11], already widely used in the
past for similar research carried out by the PSC.
This methodology involves the assignment of a base score, depending on the type of
vertical structure, which is subsequently updated through the application of modifier
coefficients (based on the typological, geometrical and structural characteristics of the
building). The weight of these modifiers is previously calibrated on the statistics of
seismic damage detected as a result of earthquakes that have occurred in the past. The
most significant parameters for the vulnerability class assignment are the vertical
structure, that gives the general behavior of the structure, and the age of construction.
The latter, although it’s not a structural parameter, inherently considers the remaining
building types, which adapt over time. The vulnerability class considered in the SAVE
method are four, identified with the letters A, B, C and D ordered by decreasing
vulnerability.
In Figure 1 is represented the surveyed buildings distribution on the vertical macro-
typologies (reinforced concrete, masonry and mixed structure). It is shown that Ischia
Island has a high percentage of masonry buildings that in 5 municipalities on 6 is
Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal (CiVEJ) Vol.10, No.1, March 2023
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8. recurrent more than 50% of the structures. The municipality of Serrara Fontana has a
high percentage of mixed structure (78%), but this type of building is generally obtained
from an extension of pre-existing masonry buildings. The municipality of Ischia has the
highest percentage of reinforced concrete (20%).
Figure 2 shows the distribution of the surveyed buildings on the age of construction. A
very noticeable color variation has been used used for buildings constructed before
1980 (in blue scale) and after 1980 (in green scale) because in this year, regulations for
construction in seismic zones came into effect for the first time in Italy. It is highlighted
that Barano di Ischia and Serrara Fontana are the municipalities with the most recent
constructions: more than the 50% of the buildings have been built after the entry into
force of the legislation. The municipalities with the oldest buildings, however, are
Casamicciola Terme and Lacco Ameno.
Figure 3 shows, for each municipality, a qualitative distribution of the buildings for the
combination of the age of construction and the vertical macro-typologies. It is evident in
the entire island the choise of build with reinforced concrete and mixed structure in the
recent years. At the end, the use of the SAVE criteria has furnished the surveyed
buildings distribution on the vulnerability classes, shown in Figure 4. Analysis of the
buildings surveyed shows that the building fabric appears to be of good quality, being
characterized by the prevalence of buildings with classes C and D, as opposed to classes
A and B. The municipality with higher vulnerability classes (A and B) is Serrara
Fontana, but in general a fairly homogeneous situation is observed, with no substantial
differences among the six municipalities.
It is important to emphasize, however, that these results refer to a sample of buildings,
chosen randomly, which may not effectively represent the overall built environment of
Ischia.
3. THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT: THE EVENT OF 21 AUGUST 2017
3.1 The model
The EASE model [6,7], developed and engineered by the PSC for the Department of
Civil Protection under Conventions, has been adopted to estimate the effects of the
reference earthquake.
The model discretizes the territory under consideration through a square-mesh grid of
size 250x250m. Each cell is assigned: hazard data, in terms of macroseismic intensity;
and exposure data, in terms of the number of buildings for each structural vulnerability
class and number of occupants. Combining these data with seismic vulnerability
(percentiles 16, 50 and 84%), the model provides, cell by cell, the following outputs:
Number of collapsed buildings, as the sum of buildings with D4 and D5 damage;
Number of uninhabitable buildings, as the sum of buildings with D4 damage and
60% of buildings with D3 damage.
3.2 The Hazard
The event of 21 August 2017 (Lat. 40.738; Long. 13.897) of magnitude 3.91 and depth
1.5 km, inferred from the Parametric Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes
CPTI15, version
2.0, has been adopted as the reference hazard.
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9. Immediately after the event, National Institute of Geology and Volcanology (INGV)
developed and made available a shake-map that provides an immediate visualization of
the shaking level of the affected area. The shake-map reports the peak values recorded
by accelerometers and seismometers, mainly provided by the National Accelerometric
Network (RAN) of the Civil Protection Department and by the National Seismic
Network (RSN) of INGV, present in the area of the earthquake. Where no observed
values are present, the software interpolates the data using ground motion attenuation
laws, which are empirical laws for predicting shaking parameters as a function of
distance, magnitude and ground conditions.
Figure 1. Surveyed buildings distribution on the vertical macrotypologies
Figure 2. Surveyed buildings distribution on the age of construction
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10. Figure 3. Surveyed buildings distribution for vertical macro-typologies and age of construction
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11. Figure 4. Surveyed buildings distribution on the vulnerability classes
The confidence of a shaking map is a function of the density of recording stations
contributing to the calculation. The case of the Ischia earthquake is particularly complex
and difficult to make an accurate reproduction of the real shaking observed using the
ShakeMap procedure because:
there is only one usable datum on the Island of Ischia (IOCA seismic station,
accelerometric sensor, located at the Casamicciola Observatory);
the currently developed Shakemap procedure uses predictive ground motion
laws that have not been implemented for volcanic areas;
local ground motion amplification effects were observed at the IOCA station.
For the reasons stated above, the Shakemaps of the 21 August 2017 Ischia earthquake
do not allow to accurately represent the shaking due to the earthquake on the island
[12]. They are essentially derived from the application of the attenuation law alone [13,
14] and represent a compromise, leading to an underestimation of the shaking in the
epicentral area, but to a more correct estimate of the shaking of the rest of the Island, in
agreement with the available macro-seismic surveys [15].
However, it is always possible to use the data provided by the accelerometer recordings
of the IOCA seismic station to investigate the shaking locally (a few tens of meters)
near the station. For shaking outside the Island, the maps, however, show a relevant
attenuation of ground motion with distance-a common phenomenon in volcanic areas.
Having observed the low accuracy of the Shakemap, it was considered to produce
acceleration maps in Figure 5 by interpolating the macroseismic intensity distribution
maps [8] and using which acceleration-intensity conversion law of Faenza and
Michelini [13].
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12. Figure 5. Acceleration map produced by the PLINIVS Centre, on a grid of 250x250 m based on the macroseismic
intensity map
3.3 The Vulnerability
For each class of building vulnerability, the seismic vulnerability of ordinary buildings
is represented by the vulnerability curves shown in Figure 6 calibrated to the data from
the damage probability matrices shown in Table 2 and converted to PGA through
Margottini's law [16]. These curves relate the continuous value of acceleration to the
discrete damage parameter Di (D0: no damage; D1: light damage; D2: moderate
damage; D3: severe damage; D4: partial damage; D5: total collapse), through a
statistical analysis of damage observed following earthquakes occurring in Italy since
1980 [17].
3.4 The Exposure
In order to assess the distribution of vulnerability classes for each minimum model
reference unit (250x250m cell of a regular square-mesh grid), the BINC procedure [9],
based on statistical correlations between the 2011 ISTAT census data and the data
collected in the field, has been adopted.
ISTAT data on buildings refer to individual census area, and it for each of these sections
it gives information on the number of buildings and their distribution on the age of
construction. Through a statistical correlation between the vulnerability classes and the
age of construction derived on the damage database, the BINC procedure furnishes the
buildings distribution on the vulnerability classes for each census zone.
In a second step, a criterion is adopted to transfer available information by census
section to grid. In accordance with relations (1) and (2), having defined "zones" as the
areas of intersection between census sections and the grid (Figure 7), are calculated:
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13. Table 2. Damage Probability Matrices (DPMs) obtained through a statistical analysis on
observed damages after seismic events occurs in Italia since 1980 [17]
Vulnerability
Class
Macroseismi
c intensity
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
A
V
0,3487 0,4089 0,1919 0,0450 0,0053 0,0002
B 0,5277 0,3598 0,0981 0,0134 0,0009 0,0000
C 0,6591 0,2866 0,0498 0,0043 0,0002 0,0000
D 0,8587 0,1328 0,0082 0,0003 0,0000 0,0000
A
VI
0,2887 0,4072 0,2297 0,0648 0,0091 0,0005
B 0,4437 0,3915 0,1382 0,0244 0,0022 0,0001
C 0,5905 0,3281 0,0729 0,0081 0,0005 0,0000
D 0,7738 0,2036 0,0214 0,0011 0,0000 0,0000
A
VII
0,1935 0,3762 0,2926 0,1138 0,0221 0,0017
B 0,3487 0,4089 0,1919 0,0450 0,0053 0,0002
C 0,5277 0,3598 0,0981 0,0134 0,0009 0,0000
D 0,6591 0,2866 0,0498 0,0043 0,0002 0,0000
A
VIII
0,0656 0,2376 0,3442 0,2492 0,0902 0,0131
B 0,2219 0,3898 0,2739 0,0962 0,0169 0,0012
C 0,4182 0,3983 0,1517 0,0289 0,0028 0,0001
D 0,5584 0,3451 0,0853 0,0105 0,0007 0,0000
A
IX
0,0102 0,0768 0,2304 0,3456 0,2592 0,0778
B 0,1074 0,3020 0,3397 0,1911 0,0537 0,0060
C 0,3077 0,4090 0,2174 0,0578 0,0077 0,0004
D 0,4437 0,3915 0,1382 0,0244 0,0022 0,0001
A
X
0,0017 0,0221 0,1138 0,2926 0,3762 0,1935
B 0,0313 0,1563 0,3125 0,3125 0,1563 0,0313
C 0,2219 0,3898 0,2739 0,0962 0,0169 0,0012
D 0,2887 0,4072 0,2297 0,0648 0,0091 0,0005
A
XI
0,0002 0,0043 0,0392 0,1786 0,4069 0,3707
B 0,0024 0,0284 0,1323 0,3087 0,3602 0,1681
C 0,0380 0,1755 0,3240 0,2990 0,1380 0,0255
D 0,0459 0,1956 0,3332 0,2838 0,1209 0,0206
A
XII
0,0000 0,0000 0,0000 0,0010 0,0480 0,9510
B 0,0000 0,0000 0,0006 0,0142 0,1699 0,8154
C 0,0000 0,0001 0,0019 0,0299 0,2342 0,7339
D 0,0000 0,0002 0,0043 0,0498 0,2866 0,6591
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14. Figure 6. Vulnerability curves in PGA based on the DPMs in macroseismic intensity
Number of buildings in the zone i of the census area j having vulnerability class
k:
(1)
Number of buildings in the cell c having vulnerability class k:
(2)
where:
cell
census area
zone, intersection of the grid with the census area
vulnerability class (k = A, B, C, D)
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15. number of zone in the cell i
number of buildings in the census area j (ISTAT)
number of buildings in the census area j with vulnerability class k (BINC)
number of surveyed buildings in the census area j
number of buildings in the zone i of the census area j and vulnerability class k
number of surveyed buildings in the zone i of the census area j having
vulnerability class k (SAVE)
number of not surveyed buildings in the zone i of the census area j and
vulnerability class k
number of buildings in the cell c with vulnerability class k.
Figure 7. Illustrative depiction of the "zones" (green), defined as areas of intersection between the ISTAT census
sections (yellow) and the 250x250m cells (red) of the model's reference grid (blue).
3.5 Outcomes and Validation
To estimate the damage caused by the reference earthquake, the input data are
combined. The model discretizes the area under consideration through a square-mesh
grid of size 250x250m. To each cell are assigned:
hazard data, in terms of PGA,
exposure data, in terms of number of buildings for each structural vulnerability
class.
Combining these data with seismic vulnerability, the model provides, cell by cell, the
number of lost buildings (D4+D5), the number of unsafe buildings (0.6xD3 + D4 + D5).
In Table 3 is reported the number of lost and unsafe buildings for each municipality, in
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16. Figure 8 and Figure 9 show a qualitative distribution on the grid for lost and unsafe
buildings respectively.
Table 3. lost and unsafe buildings for the earthquake in
Casamicciola(21 August 2017) according to the EASE model
MUNICIPALITY
lost buildings
D4 + D5
unsafe buildings
0.6D3 + D4 + D5
Serrara Fontana 0 1
Lacco Ameno 2 7
Ischia 0 0
Forio 0 1
Casamicciola 11 35
Barano di Ischia 0 1
Figure 8. lost building on the grid for the earthquake in Casamicciola
(21 August 2017) according to the EASE model
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17. Figure 9. unsafe building on the grid for the earthquake in Casamicciola
(21 August 2017) according to the EASE model
Comparing the hazard map in Figure 5 with the outcomes in terms of lost buildings
Figure 8 and unsafe buildings Figure 9, it is shown that the high damages are in
correspondence of the epicentre of the seismic event.
A validation of the outcomes has been done by estimating the damages to the buildings
through the IRMA (Italian Risk MAp) platform developed by Eucentre for the
Department of Civil Protection [4], a tool that can produce impact scenario at
municipality scale. Exposure and vulnerability used as input are consistent or at least
comparable with those used for the National Risk Assessment. To compare the results,
we proceeded to assess the damage induced by the reference event, having assumed the
following factors:
HAZARD: the same shake map adopted for the elaborations presented here was
adopted;
VULNERABILITY: some specific vulnerability curves present in the platform
were selected (Perelli et al. [18] for masonry and Rosti et al. [19] for reinforced
concrete);
EXPOSURE: building data provided by the 2011 ISTAT census.
Differently from the E.A.S.E. model, IRMA platform considers a single value of PGA
on the entire municipality, corresponding to the PGA reported in the ShakeMap in
correspondence of the centroid of the municipality. The scenarios calculated under these
assumptions, through the IRMA platform, returned the results in Table 4, which are
comparable with the values estimated with the E.A.S.E. model.
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18. Table 4. lost and unsafe buildings for the earthquake in
Casamicciola(21 August 2017) according to the EASE model and IRMA Platform
EASE Model IRMA Platform
MUNICIPALITY collapsed
buildings
uninhabitabiles
buildings
collapsed
buildings
uninhabitabiles
buildings
Serrara Fontana 0 1 0 1
Lacco Ameno 2 7 2 7
Ischia 0 0 0 0
Forio 0 1 0 1
Casamicciola 11 35 11 35
Barano di Ischia 0 1 0 1
The results show that the impacts achieved with the two models are orders of magnitude
comparable. The biggest differences are found on the municipality of Casamicciola,
which, being very large and having the centroid close to the epicenter, shows a clear
overestimation of losses compared to the E.A.S.E. model.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Ischia is a quiescent volcanic complex with an explosive typology. The last eruption
occurred in February 1302, when a crater opened in the Fiaiano area, emitted lava for
over two months. Since then, the island's volcanic system has continued to manifest its
activity through widespread fumarolic and hydrothermal activity and recurrent
seismicity.
Each year, seismic stations detect few low-energy events, although in the past severe
earthquakes occurred, causing extensive damage. In particular, the event of 4th March
1881 caused serious damage to Casamicciola and Lacco Ameno. The earthquake of July
28, 1883 has been one of the most catastrophic event of the recent centuries. In total, the
earthquake caused 2,313 deaths and 762 injured, as well as 9500 homeless, who were
housed in shacks. The last significant seismic event occurred on 21st August 2017, in
the area of the municipality of Casamicciola.
The area has a high exposed value, in terms of population and buildings. The resident
population is of 62,831 units, to which are added 4 million tourists a year. The increase
in population has produced, at the same time, an increase in the number of buildings,
often built-in derogation of the regulations on constructions with poor materials and/or
on fragile soils and, therefore, particularly vulnerable to geophysical hazards. The high
risk of the Ischia territory highlights the need to bring the sustainable planning at the
centre of the debate, considering the vulnerability of the area.
In this perspective, the PLINIVS Study Centre conduced an activity of analysis of the
ordinary Ischian built-up area aiming to know the constructive peculiarities of the area.
A field data collection activity aimed at typological characterization of the island's
urbanized built-up area has been done through a homogeneous sectors investigation
(CARTIS form), and a building-by-building data collection activity (CARTIS
BUILDING form and the PLINIVS form).
The field data collection activity was preparatory to the calibration of the exposure
model to be used in the impact study using the approach of EASE, a tool developed by
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19. the PLINIVS Study Center that returns on a 250m x 250m grid the distribution of
buildings on the damage caused by the investigated seismic event. The outcomes
obtained through the EASE approach were compared with the outputs obtained through
the IRMA platform.
It is shown that Ischia Island has a prevalence of masonry buildings with respect to
reinforced concrete and mixed structures. Furthermore, most of Ischia's buildings has
been constructed before 1980, when earthquake-resistant regulations came into effect.
However, considering the quality of the used masonry in Ischia and the further
typological parameters, it can be shown that, according to the SAVE method, the built-
up can be considered resistant to seismic events: most of the half of the buildings can be
considered class C or D.
In terms of impact, the outcomes obtained from the EASE approach are compatible with
those observed in the field [8] and those derived from the IRMA platform.
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