Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationArghya Chowdhury
What is Microzonation? How is Microzonation helpful in mitigating Seismic hazards and in civil engineering? Find out all about it in this Presentation.
this ppt is related to disaster management cycle , paradigm shift pre disaster preparedness,SEISMIC MICROZONATION
helpfull to give a presentation at college school and any other way also
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
Microzonation of seismic hazards and their applicationArghya Chowdhury
What is Microzonation? How is Microzonation helpful in mitigating Seismic hazards and in civil engineering? Find out all about it in this Presentation.
this ppt is related to disaster management cycle , paradigm shift pre disaster preparedness,SEISMIC MICROZONATION
helpfull to give a presentation at college school and any other way also
Seismic Microzonation - Principles and MethodologyIJERA Editor
The string of earthquake in India has created a serious problem for engineers and administrators and even for
people also. Metro cities and other big cities in India have experienced severe earthquake hazard problem. This is
same for Himalayan region and even peninsular shield. On 26 jan 2001 , one of the greatest India has ever
experienced strikes in Kachchh , a region of Gujrat . Magnitude of this earthquake was 7.7 (MW) .This earthquake
spread a huge damage which was almost a radius of 400 Kms. This earthquake damaged major cities of Gujrat like
Ahmedabad , Bhavnagar , Surat. No one can say no for same threat for Delhi , national capital of India from local
and probable catastrophic earthquake due to central himalaya . There are many more other Indian cities which are
sitting in thick sedimentry basins along Indo-Gangetic plane and Brahmaputra valley . They have also the same
threat. To reduce the seismic hazard, it is now important to define a correct response in terms of peak ground
acceleration and spectral amplification . Both are highly dependent on local site conditions and also dependent on
source characterization of future expected earthquakes . Microzonation studies are now important for a detailed
ground motion modelling for urban and semi-urban cities of India. This paper presents an overview of seismic
microzonation . Steps required and methodology used for seismic microzoation is also discussed here.
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
Monsoon rains affect the Indian subcontinent every year causing devastating floods and deadly
landslides. The worst damages usually are reported in the northern and north-eastern part of India in the
Himalayan region. High risk landslide sites are located across the country, which become dangerous during
rainy season. Hence, monitoring and prediction of landslides in these regions are of utmost importance.
Geographical data management and dissemination for mitigation activities in the event of such disasters can be
handled effectively using GIS technology and physical sensors. With parallel computing power available,
models can be run by varying parameters to simulate different landslide scenarios. This will help in
understanding the landslide precursors, critical parameter values and create awareness among those living on
these slopes on real time.
Application to the whole regional territory over a dense computation grid can aim at the development of a real
time system to generate landslide risk scenarios based on precursor data. The proposed Landslide Monitoring
and Prediction System (LMPS) is based on the principles of landslide physics and hence a sensor-based
monitoring of the precursor variables will lead to an operational landslide monitoring and prediction system,
combining the strengths of mathematical modeling and GIS
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle
faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that
geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes
have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is
increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible
seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into
account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and
attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high
population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic
instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in
order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to
existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Role of Geologists in Natural Hazard Mapping and Application_Dr Kyi Khin_MGSS...KYI KHIN
Every year, natural hazard events threaten lives and livelihoods, resulting in deaths and billions of dollars in damage. Many geoscientists and various institutions are working with many partners to monitor, assess, and conduct targeted research on a wide range of natural hazards so that policymakers and the public have the understanding to enhance preparedness, response and resilience. For planning and risk assessment to tackle the Natural Hazards for public awareness, alarming and evacuation, Hazard Maps are essentially needed for institutions and governmental working committees of Natural Disaster Prevention, in future.
To share the overall activities of the project, along with its results, in a way such that it can be easily referred to and understood from, the JICA-ERAKV Project (The Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal), published the project brochure and shared with the counterparts and the general public during the Final Seminar (14th February, 2018).
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
Prediction of earthquakes and reducing damageseSAT Journals
Abstract
An earthquake also known as tremor or temblor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, roads and bridge damage, general property damage, and collapse or destabilization of buildings. The objective of earthquake engineering is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by seismic retrofitting to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Methodologies to anticipate earthquakes require to be developed, so that early warning can be issued to avoid heavy casualties and major damages.
Keywords: Earthquake, seismic retrofitting, seismic waves
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Change Detection in Land Use/ La...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ability of the GIS to incorporate the spatially varying data of ground elevation, soil properties, slope, etc. in the engineering analysis of the slope stability.
gis
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Change detection analysis in land use / land cover of Pune city using remotel...Nitin Mundhe
Lecture delivered in the National Conference entitled “Monitoring Degraded Lands” jointly organized by Agasti Arts, Commerce and Dadasaheb Rupwate Science
College, Akole and Maharashtra Bhugolshastra Parishad Pune to be held on 4 to 6 February 2014.
GIS and Sensor Based Monitoring and Prediction of Landslides with Landslide M...iosrjce
Monsoon rains affect the Indian subcontinent every year causing devastating floods and deadly
landslides. The worst damages usually are reported in the northern and north-eastern part of India in the
Himalayan region. High risk landslide sites are located across the country, which become dangerous during
rainy season. Hence, monitoring and prediction of landslides in these regions are of utmost importance.
Geographical data management and dissemination for mitigation activities in the event of such disasters can be
handled effectively using GIS technology and physical sensors. With parallel computing power available,
models can be run by varying parameters to simulate different landslide scenarios. This will help in
understanding the landslide precursors, critical parameter values and create awareness among those living on
these slopes on real time.
Application to the whole regional territory over a dense computation grid can aim at the development of a real
time system to generate landslide risk scenarios based on precursor data. The proposed Landslide Monitoring
and Prediction System (LMPS) is based on the principles of landslide physics and hence a sensor-based
monitoring of the precursor variables will lead to an operational landslide monitoring and prediction system,
combining the strengths of mathematical modeling and GIS
Seismic Microzonation Study in Tabriz Metropolitan City for Earthquake Risk M...IJERA Editor
Azerbaijan is the site of convergent plate collisions along the Alpine-Himalayan active mountain belt. Brittle
faults in the Azerbaijan area are mostly Cenozoic in or younger. The data presented demonstrate clearly that
geological structures are commonly repeated at all scales from outcrop to regional. Several regional earthquakes
have been strongly felt and caused damages in and around Tabriz during history. Urban seismic risk is
increasing with population growth and encroachment of vulnerable built in environment into areas susceptible
seismic hazard. Seismic -hazard assessment an estimate of ground motion at the site of interest, taking into
account instrumental and historical earthquake records, information on tectonics, geology, and
attenuation characteristics of seismic waves Tabriz is important industrial city of Iran. It has a very high
population density about 2.000000 people in area just 90 km2. The main objective of the Tabriz seismic
instrumentation and microzonation study was to carry out and propose new building in Tabriz and suburbs in
order to apply these criteria its development programs and determine the potential for damage to
existing constructions during earthquake motions, and finally earthquake risk mitigation assessment.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Role of Geologists in Natural Hazard Mapping and Application_Dr Kyi Khin_MGSS...KYI KHIN
Every year, natural hazard events threaten lives and livelihoods, resulting in deaths and billions of dollars in damage. Many geoscientists and various institutions are working with many partners to monitor, assess, and conduct targeted research on a wide range of natural hazards so that policymakers and the public have the understanding to enhance preparedness, response and resilience. For planning and risk assessment to tackle the Natural Hazards for public awareness, alarming and evacuation, Hazard Maps are essentially needed for institutions and governmental working committees of Natural Disaster Prevention, in future.
To share the overall activities of the project, along with its results, in a way such that it can be easily referred to and understood from, the JICA-ERAKV Project (The Project for Assessment of Earthquake Disaster Risk for the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal), published the project brochure and shared with the counterparts and the general public during the Final Seminar (14th February, 2018).
A Survey on Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Soft Computing Techniquesiosrjce
Landslide is a common phenomenon especially in tectonically fragile and sensitive mountainous
terrain which causes damage to both human lives and environment. The complex geological setting of the areas
in the mountainous region makes the land highly susceptible to landslides. Hence, landslide susceptibility
mapping is an important step towards landslide hazard and risk management. The accurate prediction of the
occurrence of the landslide is difficult and in the recent years various models for landslide susceptibility
mapping has been presented. GIS is a key factor for the modeling of landslide susceptibility maps. This paper
presents the review of ongoing research on various landslide susceptibility mapping techniques in the recent
years.
Prediction of earthquakes and reducing damageseSAT Journals
Abstract
An earthquake also known as tremor or temblor is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, roads and bridge damage, general property damage, and collapse or destabilization of buildings. The objective of earthquake engineering is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings and other structures and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by seismic retrofitting to improve their resistance to earthquakes. Methodologies to anticipate earthquakes require to be developed, so that early warning can be issued to avoid heavy casualties and major damages.
Keywords: Earthquake, seismic retrofitting, seismic waves
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for Change Detection in Land Use/ La...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Ability of the GIS to incorporate the spatially varying data of ground elevation, soil properties, slope, etc. in the engineering analysis of the slope stability.
gis
Remote Sensing Method for Flood Management SystemIJMREMJournal
Flood occurred when heavy and continuous rainfall exceeding the absorptive capacity of soil and the flow
capacity of rivers, streams, and coastal areas. Land areas that are most subjected to floods are areas situated
adjacent to rivers and streams, that are known as floodplain and therefore considered as “flood-prone”. These
areas are hazardous to development activities if the vulnerability of those activities exceeds an acceptable level.
The main objectives of this study are; to identify floodplains and other susceptible areas, and to assess the
extent of disaster impact in the study area which is located at Kota Tinggi, Johor, Malaysia. This area
experienced an unprecedented flood during December of 2006 to January of 2007.Questions such as how often
and how long the floodplain will be covered by water, and at what time of year flooding can be expected need to
be answered. Thus, an understanding of the dynamic nature of floodplains is greatly required. Multi-temporal
Radarsat-1images, Landsat ETM+ image, topographical maps and land use maps were used in this study for
the purpose of delineating the flood extend before, during and after the flood event. DEM acquired from
topographic map is used to derive flood depth. The final outputs of this study are flood extent and flood depth
maps where both of these maps show the impact of the flood to environment, lives and properties. This map is
also important and can be applied to develop a comprehensive relief effort immediately after flooding.
Change detection analysis in land use / land cover of Pune city using remotel...Nitin Mundhe
Lecture delivered in the National Conference entitled “Monitoring Degraded Lands” jointly organized by Agasti Arts, Commerce and Dadasaheb Rupwate Science
College, Akole and Maharashtra Bhugolshastra Parishad Pune to be held on 4 to 6 February 2014.
Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Se...ijtsrd
This study work focuses on the analysis of a structural system to determine the deformations and comparison of steel quantity of seismic zones. In this study, we have taken G 12 multi storied RC moment resisting framed structure building with the shear wall by analyzing the structure for gravity load, wind load and seismic loads for different cities. By Selecting four different cities on the basis of seismic zones zone II, zone III, zone IV, zone V and also considering that the basic wind speed. We have mainly focus on the structural system to determine the deformations and also forces induced by applied loads or ground excitation is an essential step in the design of a structure to resist earthquake. The analysis and design for all the cities are carried out using STAAD Pro' and STAAD Foundation' software which are industry standard software the world over. The wind resistant design is carried out as per IS 875 Part 3 1987 and the earthquake resistant design is carried out as per IS 1893 Part 1 2002. Analysis and design of beams, columns and shear wall have been done in STAAD Pro and the foundation is done in STAAD Foundation. We have also checked the design of some beams, columns, and footings manually and find correct. Design of RCC slabs is carried out manually for which an excel sheet is developed for working out moment coefficients for different edge conditions as per IS code. In this study work, we design and analyze a reinforced concrete frame structure in various seismic zones and we observing the variation in the behavior of the structure in various loading conditions. Priyatam Kumar | Vikash Kumar Singh "Design and Analysis of a Multistory Reinforced Concrete Frame in Different Seismic Zone" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26688.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26688/design-and-analysis-of-a-multistory-reinforced-concrete-frame-in-different-seismic-zone/priyatam-kumar
Earthquake ground motion and response spectra (Bijan Mohraz, Fahim Sadek)TheJamez
This chapter surveys the state-of-the-art work in strong motion seismology and ground motion
characterization. Methods of ground motion recording and correction are first presented, followed by a
discussion of ground motion characteristics including peak ground motion, duration of strong motion, and
frequency content. Factors that influence earthquake ground motion such as source distance, site geology,
earthquake magnitude, source characteristics, and directivity are examined. The chapter presents
probabilistic methods for evaluating seismic risk at a site and development of seismic maps used in codes
and provisions. Earthquake response spectra and factors that influence their characteristics such as soil
condition, magnitude, distance, and source characteristics are also presented and discussed. Earthquake
design spectra proposed by several investigators and those recommended by various codes and provisions
through the years to compute seismic base shears are described. The latter part of the chapter discusses
inelastic earthquake spectra and response modification factors used in seismic codes to reduce the elastic
design forces and account for energy absorbing capacity of structures due to inelastic action. Earthquake
energy content and energy spectra are also briefly introduced. Finally, the chapter presents a brief discussion
of artificially generated ground motion.
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development and various types of structures. Engineering geology is a promising subject for operational applications of geological knowledge. The future lies in this subject. Opportunities will increase for students specializing in this subject.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. Assignment:
Term paper on Engineering Seismology,
Ground Acceleration and
Application of Engineering Seismology
Submitted to:
Sir Faisal Rehman
Submitted by:
Salah Ud Din Shabab
Roll #:
PGLF17E003
Department of Earth Sciences University Of Sargodha,
Sargodha
2. Engineering Seismology:
Engineering seismology lays the bases for calculating seismic hazard, and
includes producing catalogues of historical and instrumental earthquakes, reliable
ground motion mitigation models and high-definition geological underground
models and interpreting historical accounts. Engineering seismologists produce
local seismic hazard maps (micro zonation) and link the results to data on building
vulnerability so that dependable risk assessments can be carried out.
Origins:
Whereas the focus in the past was on what to do after a catastrophic
earthquake, nowadays attention is shifting more and more to prevention,
comprising the implementation of measures designed to mitigate risks. To this
end, engineering seismology aims to lay down and develop corresponding
foundations and methods used to enable the assessment of site-specific seismic
hazards. It combines the disciplines of historical seismology, strong motion
seismology and location effects, numerical modelling and earthquake-induced
phenomena, and then crystallizes that knowledge into basic practical guidelines
for civil engineering, spatial planning and setting technical standards for
construction.
Earthquake Catalogues and Seismic Observations:
A robust earthquake catalogue provides a basis for making statistical
statements about the probability of earthquakes occurring in a certain area.
Historical details of the locations and strength of earthquakes are derived
primarily from observations of their impact on nature, people and buildings. The
consequences are described along with tremor's macroseismic intensity, the
distribution of which serves to calculate the magnitude of historical earthquakes.
Since having a comprehensive earthquake catalogue based on homogeneous
magnitudes is an essential prerequisite for forecasting seismic hazards, gathering
macroseismic intensity data is also an important task in the modern era of
instrumental recording, because it helps us improve the calibration of historical
quakes in the future.
Microzonation – Looking into the Local Geological
Underground:
Compared with solid, rocky ground, soft soils like valley floors, riverbanks
and lake shores can amplify seismic tremors by a factor of up to 10 (in extreme
cases). Consequently, in addition to producing seismic hazard maps showing
3. regional differences in risk levels, the likelihood of site-specific underground
tremors also has to be ascertained, in so-called microzonation studies. These
studies entail the geological and geotechnical mapping of unconsolidated
sediments, the analysis of slope stability and the potential for soil liquefaction,
the use of geophysical measurements to predict amplifications of seismic waves,
and numerical simulations calibrated to earthquake recordings.
Risk Analysis – an Instrument for Planning Earthquake
Mitigation:
A medium earthquake risk combined with a dense population and high
value concentration means that highly populated areas faces a high seismic
hazard. The quantification of the actual risk level is based on maximally realistic
earthquake damage scenarios. Building vulnerability is also taken into account in
so-called 'fragility curves' and combined with expectations about local seisms.
Scenarios like this enable forecasts to be made about the potential physical and
financial damage and numbers of fatalities, injuries and homeless people in the
wake of an earthquake. Another key point entails the accurate factoring in of
uncertainties when calculating damage scenarios. At the time of writing, all
school buildings in the canton of Basel were being analysed using such a risk
model, focussing in particular on issues associated with the cost-effectiveness of
seismic retrofitting measures.
Ground Acceleration:
During an earthquake when the ground is shaking, it also experiences
acceleration. The peak acceleration is the largest increase in velocity recorded by
a particular station during an earthquake.
Seismic ground acceleration (force per unit of mass) plays an
important role in assessing effects of earthquakes on the built
environment, persons, and the natural environment. It is a basic parameter of
seismic wave motion on which earthquake resistant building design and
construction are based. Thelevel of damage is, among other factors, directly
proportional to the severity of the ground acceleration, and it is important
information for disaster-risk prevention and mitigation programs.
Knowledge of the spatial distribution of maximum seismic acceleration in
an urban area, due to strong-earthquake shaking, is important for territorial
planning and use, urban development, risk management, implementation of
disaster prevention measures, community emergency prepare dness and other
applications. This knowledge is developed through seismic microzoning of urban
4. areas for reliable strong motion estimation, either through comprehensive
geophysical geotechnical surveys and appropriate enumerical modeling, or from
having as many seismic strong-motion instruments as possible recording a strong
and destructive earthquake.
In both cases, significant financing and a long time waiting for an event to
occur are required. However, if a destructive earthquake strikes an urban area,an
approximate ground response can be attained through systematic observations of
macroseismic effect sand a careful ground shaking severity rating, when no such
strong motion seismic network exists. In this paper, we report this kind of
experiment and the use of macroseismic, geotechnical and
predominant frequency data to quantitatively estimate maximum ground
acceleration.
Peak ground acceleration:
(PGA) is equal to the maximum ground acceleration that occurred during
earthquake shaking at a location. PGA is equal to the amplitude of the largest
absolute acceleration recorded on an accelerogram at a site during a particular
earthquake. Earthquake shaking generally occurs in all three directions.
Therefore, PGA is often split into the horizontal and vertical components.
Horizontal PGAs are generally larger than those in the vertical direction but this
is not always true, especially close to large earthquakes. PGA is an important
parameter (also known as an intensity measure) for earthquake engineering, The
design basis earthquake ground motion (DBEGM) is often defined in terms of
PGA.
Unlike the Richter and moment magnitude scales, it is not a measure of the
total energy (magnitude, or size) of an earthquake, but rather of how hard the
earth shakes at a given geographic point. The Mercalli intensity scale uses
personal reports and observations to measure earthquake intensity but PGA is
measured by instruments, such as accelerographs. It can be correlated to
macroseismic intensities on the Mercalli scale but these correlations are
associated with large uncertainty.
The peak horizontal acceleration (PHA) is the most commonly used type
of ground acceleration in engineering applications. It is often used within
earthquake engineering (including seismic building codes) and it is commonly
plotted on seismic hazard maps.[5] In an earthquake, damage to buildings and
infrastructure is related more closely to ground motion, of which PGA is a
measure, rather than the magnitude of the earthquake itself. For moderate
earthquakes, PGA is a reasonably good determinant of damage; in severe
earthquakes, damage is more often correlated with peak ground velocity.
5. Application of Engineering Seismology:
The scope of engineering seismology includes geotechnical site
investigations for buildings and engineering infrastructures, such as dams, levees,
bridges, and tunnels, landslide and active- fault investigations, seismic
microzonation, and geophysical investigations of historic buildings. These
projects require multidisciplinary participation by the geologist, geophysicist, and
geotechnical and earthquake engineers. The broader scope of engineering
seismology also includes exploration of earth resources, including groundwater
exploration, coal and mineral exploration, and geothermal exploration. While
focusing on the application of the seismic method to geotechnical site
investigations, this book includes many case studies in all of the applications of
engineering seismology.
Engineering seismology is the study and application of seismology for
engineering purposes. It generally applied to the branch of seismology that deals
with the assessment of the seismic hazard of a site or region for the purposes of
earthquake engineering. It is, therefore, a link between earth science and civil
engineering.
There are two principal components of engineering seismology. Firstly,
studying earthquake history (e.g. historical and instrumental catalogs of
seismicity) and tectonics to assess the earthquakes that could occur in a region
and their characteristics and frequency of occurrence. Secondly, studying strong
ground motions generated by earthquakes to assess the expected shaking from
future earthquakes with similar characteristics. These strong ground motions
could either be observations from accelerometers or seismometers or those
simulated by computers using various techniques, which are then often used to
develop ground motion prediction equations.
References:
Allaby, Ailsa; Allaby, Michael, eds. (2003). Oxford Dictionary of Earth Sciences (Second
ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ben-Menahem, Ari (1995), "A Concise History of Mainstream Seismology: Origins, Legacy,
and Perspectives" (PDF), Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Seismological
Society of America, 85 (4): 1202–1225
Ewing, W. M.; Jardetzky, W. S.; Press, F. (1957). Elastic Waves in Layered Media. McGraw-
Hill Book Company.
Gubbins, David (1990). Seismology and Plate Tectonics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
0-521-37141-4.
6. Hall, Stephen S. (2011). "Scientists on trial: At fault?". Nature. 477 (7364): 264–269.
Bibcode:2011Natur.477..264H. doi:10.1038/477264a. PMID 21921895.
Kanamori, Hiroo (2003). Earthquake prediction: An overview (PDF). International Handbook
of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology. 81B. International Association of Seismology &
Physics of the Earth's Interior. pp. 1205–1216.
Lay, Thorne, ed. (2009). Seismological Grand Challenges in Understanding Earth's Dynamic
Systems (PDF). Report to the National Science Foundation, IRIS consortium.
Schulte, Peter; Laia Alegret; Ignacio Arenillas; José A. Arz; Penny J. Barton; Paul R. Bown;
Timothy J. Bralower; Gail L. Christeson; Philippe Claeys; Charles S. Cockell; Gareth S.
Collins; Alexander Deutsch; Tamara J. Goldin; Kazuhisa Goto; José M. Grajales-Nishimura;
Richard A. F. Grieve; Sean P. S. Gulick; Kirk R. Johnson; Wolfgang Kiessling; Christian
Koeberl; David A. Kring; Kenneth G. MacLeod; Takafumi Matsui; Jay Melosh; Alessandro
Montanari; Joanna V. Morgan; Clive R. Neal; Douglas J. Nichols; Richard D. Norris;
Elisabetta Pierazzo; Greg Ravizza; Mario Rebolledo-Vieyra; Wolf Uwe Reimold; Eric Robin;
Tobias Salge; Robert P. Speijer; Arthur R. Sweet; Jaime Urrutia-Fucugauchi; Vivi Vajda;
Michael T. Whalen; Pi S. Willumsen (5 March 2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and
Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science. AAAS. 327 (5970): 1214–
1218. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID
20203042. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
Shearer, Peter M. (2009). Introduction to Seismology (Second ed.). Cambridge University
Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70842-5.
Stein, Seth; Wysession, Michael (2002). An Introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes and
Earth Structure. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-86542-078-6.
Wen, Lianxing; Helmberger, Donald V. (1998). "Ultra-Low Velocity Zones Near the Core-
Mantle Boundary from Broadband PKP Precursors" (PDF). Science. 279 (5357): 1701–1703.
Bibcode:1998Sci...279.1701W. doi:10.1126/science.279.5357.1701