An overview of
Lay counseling: Equipping Christians
for helping ministry
By Siang-Yang Tan
Contents
• The Need for Lay Counseling Ministries
• Biblical Basis for Lay Counseling
• A Biblical Model for Effective Lay Counseling
• Basic Principles of Effective Counseling
• Reasons to Refer
• The Literature of Lay Counseling
• Building a Ministry of Lay Counseling
• Selection of Lay Counselors
• Training of Lay Counselors
• Supervision of Lay Counselors
• Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Potential Pitfalls
• Conclusions
Introduction
• Is lay Christian counseling helpful or dangerous?
• Can we expect an average person without a master’s
or doctoral degree in counseling to be able to meet
the needs of someone plunged into depression or
wracked with indecision by some complex problems
in life?
• Lay counselors are “individuals who lack the training,
educational experience, or credentials to be
professional counselors, but who nevertheless are
involved in helping people cope with personal
problems” (Gary Collins, cited p. 14)
• Lay counseling is present in churches, para-church
organizations, mental health settings, Christian, and
secular
The Need for Lay Counseling
Ministries
• Psychological problems are
increasingly evident
• Christians are not trained to
handle difficult problems (i.e.
typical answer is “you’re a sinner,
just pray about it”)
• There are Scriptural texts that
support the use of lay counseling
Biblical Basis for Lay
Counseling
• Conservative circles are concerned about the
“seduction of Christianity by secular psychology”
• Every ministry must begin with Biblical and
theological basis, including lay counseling
• Two categories of Scriptural reference provide
biblical support for lay counseling ministries in
churches
– Calling of all Christians to be involved in ministry
(priesthood of all believers)
– All believers are called to be involved in ministry to one
another (i.e. people-helping by non-professionals and
para-professionals)
The Call to Ministry in General
(Priesthood of Believers, I Peter 2:5,9)
• Eph. 4:1-16 demonstrates God’s will for all
saints to be equipped for ministry or
service
– Unity of Calling: no clergy-laity distinction
– Unity of Ministry: each member of the body is
indispensable. We don’t have a ministry; we
are one.
– Unity in Common Life: (Eph. 2:5, 6, 19, 22, 3:6;
4:16); we are interdependent
– Unity in Purpose: ultimate goal is maturity in
Christ; ordained pastors should equip the
saints for ministry or service
The Call to Lay Counseling as a
Specific Ministry
• Mandate to show Christ-like love to one another (John
13:34-35) and carry each other’s burdens (Gal. 6:2)
• All believers are to admonish, encourage, or help one
another (Rom. 15:14; Col. 3:16; I Thess. 5:14)
• Some believers specially gifted with exhortation, or
paraklesis (Rom. 12:8)
• Jay Adams developed nouthetic (from nouthesia)
counseling, “change through co.
Journal of Psychology and Christianity2009, Vol. 28, No. 2.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of Psychology and Christianity
2009, Vol. 28, No. 2, 113-120
Copyright 2009 Christian Association for Psychological Studies
ISSN 0733-4273
113
trained, not interested, or not available (due to
having too many other pastoral duties) to meet
the needs for pastoral counseling. Still others
simply may trust lay people, whom they know,
more than a therapist, whom they do not know.
In addition, the training itself may benefit the lay
counselors spiritually and emotionally.
As lay counseling has proliferated, many have
attended lay counseling training seminars in their
own or neighboring churches. Even people who
do not intend to do supervised lay counseling
may attend out of a desire to benefit personally.
Exposure to lay counseling appears widespread.
Hence we suggest a working hypothesis. When
many Christians do attend therapy, they might
not enter as naïve participants. Instead, they
might have received lay counseling training
themselves or have been in congregations where
such training has been offered. To the extent that
this may occur, they might bring strong beliefs
about what proper, true, Christian, or biblical
therapy should consist of. As a result, a curious
paradox can emerge. For Christian mental health
professionals, surprisingly, the lay counseling
movement can create resistance to the extent that
the professional therapy differs from the person’s
implicit theory of Christian counseling.
This hypothesis has not been scientifically
investigated, but we believe it is reasonable and
deserves empirical scrutiny. While such empiri-
cal studies might develop (which can require
years of effort until publication), we believe it is
prudent for professional therapists to consider
how lay counseling might be affecting their
practice. The present essay and review is
offered with the intent of helping therapists
Lay Christian Counseling and Client
Expectations for Integration in Therapy
Fernando Garzon Everett L. Worthington, Jr. Siang-Yang Tan
Liberty University Virginia Commonwealth University Fuller Theological Seminary
R. Kirby Worthington
Richmond, VA
The integration of psychology and theology
has matured since early writings of the 1960s
(e.g., Tournier, 1962). It has become a move-
ment with journals, professional organizations,
and written ethical guidelines. Those practicing
from an integration paradigm are also likely
familiar with three other movements exploring
the relationship between psychology and theol-
ogy. These include Nouthetic biblical counseling
(Adams, 1970), Christian psychology (Johnson,
2007), and historic Christian soul care (Moon &
Benner, 2004).
Besides these four approaches to Christian
counseling and informal helping, however, a
grass roots movement of lay Christian counsel-
ing has proliferated throughout church congre-
gations in the United States and beyond (see
Tan, 1991, 2002). These lay model developers
have influenced tens of thousands of lay coun-
selors and perhaps millions of congregant ...
Journal of Psychology and Christianity2009, Vol. 28, No. 2.docxpriestmanmable
Journal of Psychology and Christianity
2009, Vol. 28, No. 2, 113-120
Copyright 2009 Christian Association for Psychological Studies
ISSN 0733-4273
113
trained, not interested, or not available (due to
having too many other pastoral duties) to meet
the needs for pastoral counseling. Still others
simply may trust lay people, whom they know,
more than a therapist, whom they do not know.
In addition, the training itself may benefit the lay
counselors spiritually and emotionally.
As lay counseling has proliferated, many have
attended lay counseling training seminars in their
own or neighboring churches. Even people who
do not intend to do supervised lay counseling
may attend out of a desire to benefit personally.
Exposure to lay counseling appears widespread.
Hence we suggest a working hypothesis. When
many Christians do attend therapy, they might
not enter as naïve participants. Instead, they
might have received lay counseling training
themselves or have been in congregations where
such training has been offered. To the extent that
this may occur, they might bring strong beliefs
about what proper, true, Christian, or biblical
therapy should consist of. As a result, a curious
paradox can emerge. For Christian mental health
professionals, surprisingly, the lay counseling
movement can create resistance to the extent that
the professional therapy differs from the person’s
implicit theory of Christian counseling.
This hypothesis has not been scientifically
investigated, but we believe it is reasonable and
deserves empirical scrutiny. While such empiri-
cal studies might develop (which can require
years of effort until publication), we believe it is
prudent for professional therapists to consider
how lay counseling might be affecting their
practice. The present essay and review is
offered with the intent of helping therapists
Lay Christian Counseling and Client
Expectations for Integration in Therapy
Fernando Garzon Everett L. Worthington, Jr. Siang-Yang Tan
Liberty University Virginia Commonwealth University Fuller Theological Seminary
R. Kirby Worthington
Richmond, VA
The integration of psychology and theology
has matured since early writings of the 1960s
(e.g., Tournier, 1962). It has become a move-
ment with journals, professional organizations,
and written ethical guidelines. Those practicing
from an integration paradigm are also likely
familiar with three other movements exploring
the relationship between psychology and theol-
ogy. These include Nouthetic biblical counseling
(Adams, 1970), Christian psychology (Johnson,
2007), and historic Christian soul care (Moon &
Benner, 2004).
Besides these four approaches to Christian
counseling and informal helping, however, a
grass roots movement of lay Christian counsel-
ing has proliferated throughout church congre-
gations in the United States and beyond (see
Tan, 1991, 2002). These lay model developers
have influenced tens of thousands of lay coun-
selors and perhaps millions of congregant ...
So What” – Insights from the Course This course h.docxrosemariebrayshaw
“So What?” – Insights from the Course
This course has certainly challenged me on multiple levels. First, when reading the book Why Don’t We Listen Better, written by Dr. James Peterson (2015). I was so convicted on my arrogance of not being an intentional listener. Peterson’s book reinforces a paradigm on the importance of listening. It’s not about getting the last word in, or winning the argument that is paramount. The necessity of being a good listener will have far reaching impacts to those around us. Too many times, society is placing value and priority on the loudest voice, when influence over others can truly be achieved by just learning the skill of listening. I am now making a commitment to continue the process of becoming a better listener. As the leader of an organization, I have always felt that leadership required a voice of direction in order to be successful, but in reality, my influence and effectiveness as a husband, father, and pastor will reach incredible new heights with a commitment to actively engage in communication through listening.
Like Louise Smith, the first lady of racing, I too have had a few proverbial bones broken on the journey to get where I am today. God has most certainly broken me down so that He could build me up and transform me into the man of God that I need to be for myself and others.
· One area of concern that I continually have to keep submitted to God in prayer is self-esteem.
. Mine would be humility. Perhaps this is the result of practicing secular counseling, but I seem to rush off to formulaic conclusions. But people aren't mathematical equations, are they? No, they are uniquely minted by God, individual in His eyes. Sometimes I have difficulty remembering this, that not all answers are found in textbooks.
· According to Dr. Tim Clinton and Ron Hawkins (2009), “self-esteem refers to an inner sense of worthiness that gives a person resilience and resistance to attack or criticism” (p. 214).
· Low self-esteem has attempted to manifest itself in various ways over my lifespan, usually induced by an old spirit of rejection from past hurts and heartbreaks.My “I” type personality profile asserts that I tend to think people expect me to be perfect (Carbonell, 2008, p. 40) and this could be the puzzling part of my personality that keeps me awake at night. Dr. Ken Nichols in his book Masterpiece writes, “a negative self-image produces a wide variety of problems” (2017, p. 23). Yet another topic I struggle with in conventional/secular therapy, as the subjective indicator of too much self-esteem is typically categorized as grandiosity. But what if someone is simply confident in themselves?
“What’s Best Next?”
Although society constantly assesses our value (Clinton & Hawkins, p. 215) that does not mean I have to allow those values to determine my worth or fight to uphold those values, especially if they do not align with what God has already said in His word about me. .
So What” – Insights from the Course This course h.docxpbilly1
“So What?” – Insights from the Course
This course has certainly challenged me on multiple levels. First, when reading the book Why Don’t We Listen Better, written by Dr. James Peterson (2015). I was so convicted on my arrogance of not being an intentional listener. Peterson’s book reinforces a paradigm on the importance of listening. It’s not about getting the last word in, or winning the argument that is paramount. The necessity of being a good listener will have far reaching impacts to those around us. Too many times, society is placing value and priority on the loudest voice, when influence over others can truly be achieved by just learning the skill of listening. I am now making a commitment to continue the process of becoming a better listener. As the leader of an organization, I have always felt that leadership required a voice of direction in order to be successful, but in reality, my influence and effectiveness as a husband, father, and pastor will reach incredible new heights with a commitment to actively engage in communication through listening.
Like Louise Smith, the first lady of racing, I too have had a few proverbial bones broken on the journey to get where I am today. God has most certainly broken me down so that He could build me up and transform me into the man of God that I need to be for myself and others.
· One area of concern that I continually have to keep submitted to God in prayer is self-esteem.
. Mine would be humility. Perhaps this is the result of practicing secular counseling, but I seem to rush off to formulaic conclusions. But people aren't mathematical equations, are they? No, they are uniquely minted by God, individual in His eyes. Sometimes I have difficulty remembering this, that not all answers are found in textbooks.
· According to Dr. Tim Clinton and Ron Hawkins (2009), “self-esteem refers to an inner sense of worthiness that gives a person resilience and resistance to attack or criticism” (p. 214).
· Low self-esteem has attempted to manifest itself in various ways over my lifespan, usually induced by an old spirit of rejection from past hurts and heartbreaks.My “I” type personality profile asserts that I tend to think people expect me to be perfect (Carbonell, 2008, p. 40) and this could be the puzzling part of my personality that keeps me awake at night. Dr. Ken Nichols in his book Masterpiece writes, “a negative self-image produces a wide variety of problems” (2017, p. 23). Yet another topic I struggle with in conventional/secular therapy, as the subjective indicator of too much self-esteem is typically categorized as grandiosity. But what if someone is simply confident in themselves?
“What’s Best Next?”
Although society constantly assesses our value (Clinton & Hawkins, p. 215) that does not mean I have to allow those values to determine my worth or fight to uphold those values, especially if they do not align with what God has already said in His word about me. .
PASTORAL COUNSELORS IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER10PASTORAL COUNSE.docxherbertwilson5999
PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER10
PASTORAL COUNSELOR’S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER
O. J. Squeeze
Liberty University/Baptist Theological Seminary
[DISCLAIMER: This is a student sample and should not be considered more authoritative than the assignment's instructions, rubric, or your professor’s clarifications. It is not an example, ONLY a sample of one student's approach to completing the assignment. Do NOT copy material from the student sample. Conduct original research, create your own forms, and write your own paper. Do not delete material from this sample and attempt to use it as a template; build a fresh template.]
Running head: PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER1
Abstract
This report is a culmination of resources designed to promote the development of a set of ethical guidelines and ministerial identity standards that should be upheld to ensure that appropriate counseling care is provided in this student’s soul-care context. The study provides a research based paradigm and important considerations are delineated for the practice of pastoral counseling. The paper includes resources and potential ministerial associations that may provide licensing, certification, and accreditation for this ministerial/ pastoral counselor. Sufficient information is provided for the student to formulate a rudimentary policy for the helping relationship.
PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER2
CONTENTS
Abstract2
Paradigm for Identity and Ethical Boundaries…………………………………………………….4
Potential for Professional Partnerships ...…………………………………………………………6
An Organization's Ethical Guidelines…………………………………………………………….7
Pre-Counseling Package…………………………………………………………………………. 8
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...……………. 10
References10
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………11
Rubric…………………………………………………………………………………………….22
PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER3
PASTORAL COUNSELOR’S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER
This paper introduces expectations delineated in the instructions for this experimental learning activity (i.e., the development of professional identity within a vocationally responsible ethical framework). The reader should not assume this paper to be exhaustive or authoritative in nature, but rather one with a future application to a soul-care context.
I. Paradigm for Identity and Ethical Boundaries
Paramount in any vocational ministry is the need to adhere to a biblical code of ethics; that is, a minimal standard that identifies oneself as a competent and trustworthy Christian vocational worker. While this is not a goal that may be achieved quickly, a pastor should work towards developing a set of standards to ensure competency and professional awareness in all his/her counseling endeavors. The creation of the standard does not make the pastor an expert in any area, yet ensures he will make every effort to do the right thing for all careseekers. Trull and Carter (1993/2004) present the following items a.
Look at different models of christian counseling, pastoral care, and coaching... with special attention to the perspectives regarding goal (repair versus growth) and relationship between theology and psychology.
Broad based training for church counsellors. Defines Christian Counselling and task of Counsellors. Effective training for Deacons, Christian educators and lay ministers.
THIS SLIDE IS DESIGNED TO HELP TEACH/RESEARCH ON THE SUBJECT" PASTORAL CARE" AND "COUNSELLING". DO YOU WANT TO LEARN THE SKILL ON COUNSELLING THIS SLIDE WILL GIVE YOU A HELPING HAND AS YOU DO MORE RESEARCH
Coaching & Counselling For managers, Counselling, Role Conflict, Process of C...Harsh Parekh
Unit 1 Introduction and Approaches to counselling
Unit 2 Process of Counselling
Unit 3 Counselling Skills and Role Conflict
Unit 4 Changing Behavior Through Counselling and Applications
Unit 5 Performance Management and Substance Abuse
Unit 6 Ethics in Counselling
Meeting People Where They Are: Taking Spiritual Assessment - Tessie Mandevill...wwuextendeded
Meeting People Where They Are: Taking Spiritual Assessment – Tessie Mandeville, Reverend & Bobbi Virta, Reverend
Presented at the 2015 Palliative Care Summer Institute conference at Bellingham Technical College
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
Your Name
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Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
NOTE: To include a Word generated TOC select the References tab from the Ribbon, then Table of Contents. Select the format you wish. Remember, to use the built-in TOC you must use the MS Word “Styles” format from the Ribbon, specifically “Heading 1” for each phase heading, “Heading 2” for the phase sub-headings and “Normal” for the body.
Remember to update the TOC after adding any data to the body of the paper. To update the TOC simply click anywhere in the TOC, select Update Table, then select Update entire table and OK.
Please erase this note before you submit.Phase 1: Educational and Employment HistoryEducational History and Goals (Include Certifications)
Type Your Data Here.
NOTE: For each Phase you must have at least 2 references. Please use the References feature of Microsoft Word to manage your references.
To add a reference to the database do the following:
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Fill in the required information, select OK
To insert a reference from the database do the following:
Place the cursor just before the period at the end of the sentence. Then select Insert Citation and select the correct reference from the list (Sewart, 2014).
Please erase this note before you submit.Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about).
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Da.
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LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
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So What” – Insights from the Course This course h.docxrosemariebrayshaw
“So What?” – Insights from the Course
This course has certainly challenged me on multiple levels. First, when reading the book Why Don’t We Listen Better, written by Dr. James Peterson (2015). I was so convicted on my arrogance of not being an intentional listener. Peterson’s book reinforces a paradigm on the importance of listening. It’s not about getting the last word in, or winning the argument that is paramount. The necessity of being a good listener will have far reaching impacts to those around us. Too many times, society is placing value and priority on the loudest voice, when influence over others can truly be achieved by just learning the skill of listening. I am now making a commitment to continue the process of becoming a better listener. As the leader of an organization, I have always felt that leadership required a voice of direction in order to be successful, but in reality, my influence and effectiveness as a husband, father, and pastor will reach incredible new heights with a commitment to actively engage in communication through listening.
Like Louise Smith, the first lady of racing, I too have had a few proverbial bones broken on the journey to get where I am today. God has most certainly broken me down so that He could build me up and transform me into the man of God that I need to be for myself and others.
· One area of concern that I continually have to keep submitted to God in prayer is self-esteem.
. Mine would be humility. Perhaps this is the result of practicing secular counseling, but I seem to rush off to formulaic conclusions. But people aren't mathematical equations, are they? No, they are uniquely minted by God, individual in His eyes. Sometimes I have difficulty remembering this, that not all answers are found in textbooks.
· According to Dr. Tim Clinton and Ron Hawkins (2009), “self-esteem refers to an inner sense of worthiness that gives a person resilience and resistance to attack or criticism” (p. 214).
· Low self-esteem has attempted to manifest itself in various ways over my lifespan, usually induced by an old spirit of rejection from past hurts and heartbreaks.My “I” type personality profile asserts that I tend to think people expect me to be perfect (Carbonell, 2008, p. 40) and this could be the puzzling part of my personality that keeps me awake at night. Dr. Ken Nichols in his book Masterpiece writes, “a negative self-image produces a wide variety of problems” (2017, p. 23). Yet another topic I struggle with in conventional/secular therapy, as the subjective indicator of too much self-esteem is typically categorized as grandiosity. But what if someone is simply confident in themselves?
“What’s Best Next?”
Although society constantly assesses our value (Clinton & Hawkins, p. 215) that does not mean I have to allow those values to determine my worth or fight to uphold those values, especially if they do not align with what God has already said in His word about me. .
So What” – Insights from the Course This course h.docxpbilly1
“So What?” – Insights from the Course
This course has certainly challenged me on multiple levels. First, when reading the book Why Don’t We Listen Better, written by Dr. James Peterson (2015). I was so convicted on my arrogance of not being an intentional listener. Peterson’s book reinforces a paradigm on the importance of listening. It’s not about getting the last word in, or winning the argument that is paramount. The necessity of being a good listener will have far reaching impacts to those around us. Too many times, society is placing value and priority on the loudest voice, when influence over others can truly be achieved by just learning the skill of listening. I am now making a commitment to continue the process of becoming a better listener. As the leader of an organization, I have always felt that leadership required a voice of direction in order to be successful, but in reality, my influence and effectiveness as a husband, father, and pastor will reach incredible new heights with a commitment to actively engage in communication through listening.
Like Louise Smith, the first lady of racing, I too have had a few proverbial bones broken on the journey to get where I am today. God has most certainly broken me down so that He could build me up and transform me into the man of God that I need to be for myself and others.
· One area of concern that I continually have to keep submitted to God in prayer is self-esteem.
. Mine would be humility. Perhaps this is the result of practicing secular counseling, but I seem to rush off to formulaic conclusions. But people aren't mathematical equations, are they? No, they are uniquely minted by God, individual in His eyes. Sometimes I have difficulty remembering this, that not all answers are found in textbooks.
· According to Dr. Tim Clinton and Ron Hawkins (2009), “self-esteem refers to an inner sense of worthiness that gives a person resilience and resistance to attack or criticism” (p. 214).
· Low self-esteem has attempted to manifest itself in various ways over my lifespan, usually induced by an old spirit of rejection from past hurts and heartbreaks.My “I” type personality profile asserts that I tend to think people expect me to be perfect (Carbonell, 2008, p. 40) and this could be the puzzling part of my personality that keeps me awake at night. Dr. Ken Nichols in his book Masterpiece writes, “a negative self-image produces a wide variety of problems” (2017, p. 23). Yet another topic I struggle with in conventional/secular therapy, as the subjective indicator of too much self-esteem is typically categorized as grandiosity. But what if someone is simply confident in themselves?
“What’s Best Next?”
Although society constantly assesses our value (Clinton & Hawkins, p. 215) that does not mean I have to allow those values to determine my worth or fight to uphold those values, especially if they do not align with what God has already said in His word about me. .
PASTORAL COUNSELORS IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER10PASTORAL COUNSE.docxherbertwilson5999
PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER10
PASTORAL COUNSELOR’S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER
O. J. Squeeze
Liberty University/Baptist Theological Seminary
[DISCLAIMER: This is a student sample and should not be considered more authoritative than the assignment's instructions, rubric, or your professor’s clarifications. It is not an example, ONLY a sample of one student's approach to completing the assignment. Do NOT copy material from the student sample. Conduct original research, create your own forms, and write your own paper. Do not delete material from this sample and attempt to use it as a template; build a fresh template.]
Running head: PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER1
Abstract
This report is a culmination of resources designed to promote the development of a set of ethical guidelines and ministerial identity standards that should be upheld to ensure that appropriate counseling care is provided in this student’s soul-care context. The study provides a research based paradigm and important considerations are delineated for the practice of pastoral counseling. The paper includes resources and potential ministerial associations that may provide licensing, certification, and accreditation for this ministerial/ pastoral counselor. Sufficient information is provided for the student to formulate a rudimentary policy for the helping relationship.
PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER2
CONTENTS
Abstract2
Paradigm for Identity and Ethical Boundaries…………………………………………………….4
Potential for Professional Partnerships ...…………………………………………………………6
An Organization's Ethical Guidelines…………………………………………………………….7
Pre-Counseling Package…………………………………………………………………………. 8
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...……………. 10
References10
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………11
Rubric…………………………………………………………………………………………….22
PASTORAL COUNSELOR'S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER3
PASTORAL COUNSELOR’S IDENTITY AND ETHICS PAPER
This paper introduces expectations delineated in the instructions for this experimental learning activity (i.e., the development of professional identity within a vocationally responsible ethical framework). The reader should not assume this paper to be exhaustive or authoritative in nature, but rather one with a future application to a soul-care context.
I. Paradigm for Identity and Ethical Boundaries
Paramount in any vocational ministry is the need to adhere to a biblical code of ethics; that is, a minimal standard that identifies oneself as a competent and trustworthy Christian vocational worker. While this is not a goal that may be achieved quickly, a pastor should work towards developing a set of standards to ensure competency and professional awareness in all his/her counseling endeavors. The creation of the standard does not make the pastor an expert in any area, yet ensures he will make every effort to do the right thing for all careseekers. Trull and Carter (1993/2004) present the following items a.
Look at different models of christian counseling, pastoral care, and coaching... with special attention to the perspectives regarding goal (repair versus growth) and relationship between theology and psychology.
Broad based training for church counsellors. Defines Christian Counselling and task of Counsellors. Effective training for Deacons, Christian educators and lay ministers.
THIS SLIDE IS DESIGNED TO HELP TEACH/RESEARCH ON THE SUBJECT" PASTORAL CARE" AND "COUNSELLING". DO YOU WANT TO LEARN THE SKILL ON COUNSELLING THIS SLIDE WILL GIVE YOU A HELPING HAND AS YOU DO MORE RESEARCH
Coaching & Counselling For managers, Counselling, Role Conflict, Process of C...Harsh Parekh
Unit 1 Introduction and Approaches to counselling
Unit 2 Process of Counselling
Unit 3 Counselling Skills and Role Conflict
Unit 4 Changing Behavior Through Counselling and Applications
Unit 5 Performance Management and Substance Abuse
Unit 6 Ethics in Counselling
Meeting People Where They Are: Taking Spiritual Assessment - Tessie Mandevill...wwuextendeded
Meeting People Where They Are: Taking Spiritual Assessment – Tessie Mandeville, Reverend & Bobbi Virta, Reverend
Presented at the 2015 Palliative Care Summer Institute conference at Bellingham Technical College
Your NamePractical ConnectionYour NameNOTE To insert a .docxnettletondevon
Your Name
Practical Connection
Your Name
NOTE: To insert a different Cover Page select the Insert tab from the Ribbon, then the cover page you want. Insert Your Name. Enter Your Industry and Phase below. You can use this template if you wish. Please erase this note before you submit.
Table of Contents
Phase 1: Educational and Employment History 2
Educational History and Goals (Include Certifications) 2
Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about). 2
Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry) 2
Hosts and Nodes 2
IPv4 versus IPv6 2
Firewall 2
Virtual Private Network (VPN) 3
Proxy Servers 3
Network Address Translation (NAT) 3
Routers, Switches, and Bridges 3
The Domain Name System (DNS) 3
Intrusion Detection Systems and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) 3
Network Access Control 3
Phase 3: As a Security Consultant and based on what you have learned in this course, how would you improve your company’s Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols? 3
Improvement 1 3
Improvement 2 3
Improvement 3 3
Bibliography 4
NOTE: To include a Word generated TOC select the References tab from the Ribbon, then Table of Contents. Select the format you wish. Remember, to use the built-in TOC you must use the MS Word “Styles” format from the Ribbon, specifically “Heading 1” for each phase heading, “Heading 2” for the phase sub-headings and “Normal” for the body.
Remember to update the TOC after adding any data to the body of the paper. To update the TOC simply click anywhere in the TOC, select Update Table, then select Update entire table and OK.
Please erase this note before you submit.Phase 1: Educational and Employment HistoryEducational History and Goals (Include Certifications)
Type Your Data Here.
NOTE: For each Phase you must have at least 2 references. Please use the References feature of Microsoft Word to manage your references.
To add a reference to the database do the following:
Select References from the Ribbon
Select Style, then APA
Select Insert Citation
Select Add New Source
Select Type of Source
Fill in the required information, select OK
To insert a reference from the database do the following:
Place the cursor just before the period at the end of the sentence. Then select Insert Citation and select the correct reference from the list (Sewart, 2014).
Please erase this note before you submit.Employment History and Goals (Do NOT mention the name of the company you are writing about).
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here.Phase 2: Telecommunications and Network Security Protocols implemented by your company (Fully describe 3 of the following components. Do NOT mention your company’s name, only the Industry)Hosts and Nodes
Type Your Data Here. Type Your Data Here. Type Your Da.
Your namePresenter’s name(s) DateTITILE Motivatio.docxnettletondevon
Your name:
Presenter’s name(s):
Date:
TITILE:
Motivation(s)/Statement of problem(s):
Objective(s):
Approach(s):
a. Materials:
b. Methods:
Findings:
Conclusions
LETTERS
nature materials | VOL 3 | APRIL 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials 249
T issue engineering aims to replace, repair or regeneratetissue/organ function, by delivering signalling molecules andcells on a three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials scaffold that
supports cell infiltration and tissue organization1,2. To control cell
behaviour and ultimately induce structural and functional tissue
formation on surfaces, planar substrates have been patterned with
adhesion signals that mimic the spatial cues to guide cell attachment
and function3–5. The objective of this study is to create biochemical
channels in 3D hydrogel matrices for guided axonal growth. An agarose
hydrogel modified with a cysteine compound containing a sulphydryl
protecting group provides a photolabile substrate that can be
patterned with biochemical cues. In this transparent hydrogel we
immobilized the adhesive fibronectin peptide fragment, glycine–
arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (GRGDS),in selected volumes of
the matrix using a focused laser.We verified in vitro the guidance effects
of GRGDS oligopeptide-modified channels on the 3D cell migration
and neurite outgrowth. This method for immobilizing biomolecules in
3D matrices can generally be applied to any optically clear hydrogel,
offering a solution to construct scaffolds with programmed spatial
features for tissue engineering applications.
Hydrogels have been widely studied as tissue scaffolds because they
are biocompatible and non-adhesive to cells, allowing cell adhesion
to be programmed in6–8. Current microfabrication methods for
3D hydrogel matrices with controlled intrinsic structure mainly
include photolithographic patterning9–11, microfluidic patterning12,
electrochemical deposition13 and 3D printing14. Notably, although these
layering techniques can conveniently shape the hydrogel on X–Y planes,
they have limited control over both the coherence of the layers along the
z direction and the local chemistry. Combining photolabile hydrogel
matrices with focused light provides the possibility of eliminating the
layering process and directly modifying the local physical or chemical
properties in 3D. This results in a promising (and perhaps facile) way to
fabricate novel tissue constructs15,16, as is described herein to control cell
behaviour by controlling the local chemical properties of gels.
Reconstituting adhesive biomolecules into biomaterials is of great
importance to understanding cell–substrate interactions that can be
translated to tissue-regeneration designs. Using 2D lithographic
techniques, adhesive biomolecules can be localized in arbitrary shapes
and sizes17,18. For example, patterning narrow strips of the extracellular
matrix (ECM) adhesion protein, laminin, on non-cell-adhesive 2D
substrates elicited.
Your nameProfessor NameCourseDatePaper Outline.docxnettletondevon
Your name
Professor Name
Course
Date
Paper Outline
Thesis: Thesis statement here
I. Rough draft of introduction to essay/paper
II. First Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
III. Second Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
IV. Third Major Point
A. Secondary point
B. Secondary point
C. Transition sentence into next paragraph
(If there are more points, add them as items V, VI, etc. appropriately)
1
V. Rough draft of conclusion of essay/paper
A. Summary of discussion
B. Final observations
Works Cited
Livingston, James C. Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2009.
Rodrigues, Hillary, and John S. Harding. Introduction to the Study of Religion. Routledge, 2009.
.
Your name _________________________________ Date of submission _.docxnettletondevon
Your name: _________________________________ Date of submission: ______________________
ENG201 Milestone 4: #MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#MyWordsChangeLives Project Outline
#wordschangelives
Instructions: Save this document on your own computer. Type into each box and expand it as needed for the length of your response. Answer thoroughly!
PART 1: PERSONAL REFLECTION
TOPIC: What is one problem, issue, or need in the world, or in your own community, that you care a lot about?
PERSONAL CONNECTION: Why is this particular issue important to you? Is there something in your life experience or academic studies that relates?
ROOT CAUSE HYPOTHESIS: What do you think are some of the root causes of this issue? Explain.
AUDIENCE HYPOTHESIS: Based on the causes you have identified, who would be a good audience for you to try to make a change on this issue? Why?
RESEARCH QUESTIONS: The next step is research, What are 3 questions related to your issue that you want to answer during your research? Think of information that might help you better understand the issue in order to address or solve it.
PART 2: RESEARCH SUMMARY
SOURCE #1: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #2: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
SOURCE #3: Include APA-formatted citation here, including link if applicable:
How can you tell that this is a reliable source?
In this column, make a list of the most important facts or statistics you learned from this source:
In this column, explain in your own words why the facts you included to the left are important:
What was the most important thing you learned from this source? Why?
PART 3: PROJECT PLANNING OUTLINE
CREATE YOUR OWN TEXT-BASED CAMPAIGN!
Start outlining the components of your final project here.
You will explain each choice in greater detail and polished prose for your final project.
Headline: What is the “headline” of your campaign? What phrase or hashtag will you use? Why those words?
Message: What is the subtext of the campaign? In other words, what messages are you communicating by the headline?
Audience: With whom is your campaign de.
Your NameECD 310 Exceptional Learning and InclusionInstruct.docxnettletondevon
Your Name
ECD 310: Exceptional Learning and Inclusion
Instructor
Date
Inclusive and Differentiated Learning and Assessments
Hint 1: This template is intended to guide you; however, you’re encouraged to add or delete from this format as long as your final product aligns with the assignment requirements found under Week 3>Assignment.
Hint 2: Delete these highlighted “hints” before final submission.
Hint 3: Delete the prompt text included on each slide and replace it with your own content.
Only use this template if you are enrolled in the Bachelor of Arts in Early Childhood Education
Introduction
On this slide, provide a brief introduction to the topic of standardized assessment.
Hint: For help creating and editing slides in PowerPoint, see this guide on Creating PowerPoint Presentations.
Including All Students
On this slide, describe how you will ensure that all students are included in assessments and how you will make decisions about how children participate in assessments.
Accessibility for All
Summarize how you will make sure that the assessments are designed for accessibility by all.
Ensuring Fairness and Validity
Explain how you will make sure the assessment results are fair and valid.
Reporting the Results
Describe the importance of reporting the results of the assessment for all students.
Evaluating the Process
Examine how you will continually evaluate the assessment process to improve it and ensure student success.
Hint: Use scholarly sources in your presentation to support your ideas. Remember to include in-text citations.
Rationale
Explain your rationale, based on the age of children you plan to work with, the reasons why you would use standardized assessments.
Some reasons might be programmatic planning, differentiating instruction, identifying individual needs, and ensuring alignment with standards.
Hint: Make sure to support your reasoning with at least one scholarly source.
Collaboration
Discuss how, as an early childhood educator, you will collaborate with your colleagues to differentiate the assessment tools you will use to support the children you work with.
Conclusion
Include a brief conclusion to bring closure to your presentation.
.
Your Name University of the Cumberlands ISOL634-25 P.docxnettletondevon
Your Name
University of the Cumberlands
ISOL634-25 Physical Security
Week 17 Discussion Board
Professor Richards
Date
What is defensible space?
According to Fennelly (2013), defensible space is a surrogate term for the range of
mechanisms real and symbolic barriers, strongly defined areas of influence, improved
opportunities for surveillance that combine to bring an environment under the control of its
residents. To provide maximum security and control over an area, it should first be divided into
smaller, clearly defined areas or zones, which describe the defensible space (Wayland, 2015).
What is Crime Prevention through Environmental Design?
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) is a multidisciplinary
approach to the reduction of crime and the associated enhancement of the perception of personal
safety by inhabitants of an environment (Tipton & Nozaki, 2007). White (2014) stated that
CPTED is a concept in the security industry, basically meaning that you may be able to reduce
criminal acts from occurring with the proper design and planning of an environment. In theory,
Commented [MR1]: (Ensure you indent)
Commented [MR2]: (This is how you cite in the body of
your sentence)
Commented [MR3]:
Commented [MR4]: (This is how you cite at the end of
your sentences.
Commented [MR5]: Please use sub-headers for each
question you are answering
Commented [MR6]: Last names and year only
Commented [MR7]: Please cite
Commented [MR8]: You need to have in-text citation to
support your work. Without in-text citation your work is not
credible
you can make changes to the physical environment that allow for better physical and operational
controls of the property; as a result, it can further your crime prevention strategies.
References
Fennelly, L. J. (2013). Effective physical security (Fourth edition. ed.). Amsterdam: Butterworth-
Heinemannis an imprint of Elsevier.
Tipton, H. F., & Nozaki, M. K. (2007). Information security management handbook (6th ed.).
Boca Raton: Auerbach Publications.
Wayland, B. A. (2015). Emergency preparedness for business professionals : How to mitigate
and respond to attacks against your organization (1st edition. ed.). Wlatham, MA:
Elsevier.
White, J. M. (2014). Security risk assessment : Managing physical and operational security.
Amsterdam ; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier.
Commented [MR9]: You must have in-text citations along
with a reference list and they must correspond with each
other
Commented [MR10]: Last names with abbreviated first
name and year
Your Name
University of the Cumberlands
ISOL634-25 Physical Security
Week 17 Discussion Board
Professor Richards
Date
What is defensible space?
According to Fennelly (2013), defensible space is a surrogate term for the range of
mechanisms real and symbolic barriers, strongly defined areas of influence, improved
opportu.
Your Name Professor Name Subject Name 06 Apr.docxnettletondevon
Your Name:
Professor Name:
Subject Name:
06 April 2019
Active exhibition
For most people, a hospital is a place that we don't want to go, but we may have to go if
we get ill. Pain and death brought by diseases terrify us, which make us avoid thinking
of a hospital, not to mention visiting a hospital if not necessary. As for me, a hospital is a
special place. My father is a doctor who helps thousands of patients get well. I spent my
childhood watching him cure patients and bring happiness back to their life. A hospital
represents hope and wellness to patients and their loved ones, and we cannot simply
correlate it with the negative image brought by diseases, form an idea for illness and
even hospital fear. I want to propose a series of exhibitions to awaken people's outdated
and even prejudiced views, just like “A Hacker Manifesto” taught us. We need to bring
this spirit to break the perception in the traditional sense. This exhibition, I hope to let
patients or visitors think more deeply about what disease or disability has brought us.
Inspired by ‘A Hacker Manifesto’, I want to subvert mundane ideas and provide a
completely new experience to hospital visitors through this exhibition. Many relate their
past bad experiences and sad stories with hospitals. Thus, they hold a negative and
prejudice attitude toward the hospital and refuse to change. In this exhibition, I will
present the ‘hope’ and ‘wellness’ side of the hospital. Instead of breaking us down, a
hospital is protecting us from losing health or even life. Also, I want to exhibit the
optimism and fortitude the patients have when they fight against diseases. The shining
qualities they maintain to win the battle of life are so inspiring. We can understand the
meaning of life better from the hospital exhibition.
To organize an impressive exhibition, I choose a comprehensive hospital with a large
amount of patients. In this way, more people will be attracted to the exhibition in the
hospital than in smaller hospitals. They can enjoy the exhibition works when they wait in
line. There are many kinds of patients in general hospitals. I hope to bring some new
concept or idea to the patient.
After comparing several local hospitals in San Francisco, I decided to choose the
hospital in Kaiser Permanente. Kaiser's hospitals are widely distributed, and almost all
of California's medical systems are involved. Exhibitions can have more widely flowed,
and the community around Kaiser is rich. There are companies as well as residential
areas and even schools. The success of the exhibition can benefit the surrounding
communities more broadly.
Kaiser Permanente Campus in San Francisco
For a specific location, I chose the Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center
and Medical Offices (2425 Geary Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94115). In the lobby of the
entrance, you can see a very wide area, on the righ.
Your muscular system examassignment is to describe location (su.docxnettletondevon
Your muscular system exam/assignment
is to describe location (superior & inferior attachments, action and innervations of the following muscles: please make sure to describe that mentioned above on each muscles.
Deltoid
Triceps brachii
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis
Sartorius
Iliotibial tract/band
Tensor Fascia Lata
Describe glenohumeral joint (anatomy, ligaments, and movements at this articulation).
.
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choos.docxnettletondevon
Your midterm will be a virtual, individual assignment. You can choose one of the following to complete:
-Website (sites.google.com or wordpress.com)
-Blog (blogger.com or tumblr)
-Vlog
You have to find a way to tie in
ALL
of the following topics in your multimedia midterm project:
-Cellular Reproduction
-Meiosis
-DNA structure/Function
-Bacteria and Archaea
-Protists
You'll either have to explain your information at an elementary, lay (someone not familiar with science), or the scientific level.
Your midterm project will be due on February 26, 2020 at 11:59 pm.
In your project you aren’t giving definitions, you’re explaining in a unique way how all the topics tie in together. If you choose elementary you need to be creative and engaging as they have a short attention span and have little to no knowledge of science. For the lay audience you’ll need to relate it to the real world or real world events. Think of this audience as explaining these subjects to your mother or grandmother. For the scientific audience, you must use scientific language and present your information in a matter of fact way. This requires an innovative mindset.
.
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to.docxnettletondevon
Your local art museum has asked you to design a gallery dedicated to works of art from one of the following movements:
Modernism
You may use Word or PowerPoint to design your gallery.
You will design your gallery as if you were guiding a visitor to each work of art.
In your gallery, include the following:
A brief introduction to your gallery, which includes a description of the movement and the time period to which your gallery is dedicated.
Six images of works of art that incorporate the characteristics significant to movement and time period. Along with each image of a work of art, include the citation for the work of art. A summary of how the media (materials), methods, and subject are significant to that time period and region, using appropriate art terminology.
A summary of how iconographic, historical, political, philosophical, religious, and social factors of the movement are reflected in the work of art.
Make use of at least three scholarly sources
Cite your sources
.
Your letter should include Introduction – Include your name, i.docxnettletondevon
Your letter should include:
Introduction – Include your name, if you are a full-time or part-time student, your program name and your semester of study.
Body of letter – Why do you think you qualify for an award? Include your volunteer work within the community.
Conclusion – Show your appreciation for being considered and include how receiving an award will assist with your education.
.
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 wordsDetermine.docxnettletondevon
Your legal analysis should be approximately 500 words
Determine whether Mr. Johnson discriminated against Ms. Djarra based on religion.
Discuss whether Mr. Johnson offered reasonable accommodations to Ms. Djarra.
Identify the amount and type of damages to be awarded, if any.
The Religious Discrimination – Reasonable Accommodations analysis
Tip for what I need for the analysis section: An analysis section draws meaning from the events that occurred. Go in depth about the implications of their viewpoints or actions.
.
Your Last Name 1Your Name Teacher Name English cl.docxnettletondevon
Your Last Name 1
Your Name
Teacher Name
English class number
Due Date
Title
Start typing here. Delete the notes below after you read through them.
Indent each paragraph and use double spacing and the following formatting:
1 inch margins
Times New Roman
12 point font type
DO NOT use any of the following:
NO border,
NO word art,
NO drawings,
NO ALL CAPS,
NO exclamation points!,
Your Last Name 2
NO underlining,
NO bold,
NO italics (except for references to literature)
NO different font types, sizes or colors.
.
Your job is to delegate job tasks to each healthcare practitioner (U.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to delegate job tasks to each healthcare practitioner (Use the Staffing Table).
Instructions:
Fill in the
Staffing Table
or describe what tasks each person will perform during the day shift.
Use a Staffing Model (primary, team, or modular nursing) to help make your decision.
Your paper should be:
Typed according to APA style for margins, formatting and spacing standards
Typed into a Microsoft Word document or complete the Staffing Table, save the file, and then upload the file
.
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of pa.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to look at the routing tables and DRAW (on a piece of paper) the topology based on the information in the routing tables. All of the LANS have the first address (.1). Your deliverable is to draw the topology, with the router names, with the interface names and addresses based on the information given. Please take a picture of your drawing and attach it to the dropbox.
I already did this assignment. i am attaching my work also, i am so confused about these ports. i am attaching, my professors note as well. PLEASE READ IT CAREFULLY. and fix it
you did not list the serial ports correctly. The serial ports are what connect the routers together. 2 connecting serial ports will have addresses on the SAME network. The serial port does not stick out of the router like the LANs, the serial ports connect the routers to each other.
.
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto.docxnettletondevon
Your job is to design a user interface that displays the lotto balls that are drawn when drawing up to balls from 5 total of 30 balls.
Use 5 image elements to display the ball images from this zipfile:
lottoballs.zip
(I WILL ATTACH THE FILE)
Use a button to perform the drawing.
Use a Lotto class object in the script lotto-class.js to simulate drawing the balls.
Use a CSS file to set the fonts, colors, and sizes of the elements on your page.
Include a link back to your index page. ** ONLY SHOW FIVE BALLS IN HTML
The Lotto class object draws the balls with replacement and sorts them in numeric order before outputting them.
Allow the user to choose how many balls from which to draw and how many balls to draw. This provides a variety of Lotto games to play.
.
Your Introduction of the StudyYour Purpose of the stud.docxnettletondevon
Your
Introduction
of the Study
Your
Purpose
of the study
Your
Methodology
Add your ethical considerations for the survey to your Methodology
Add your measurement strategy to your Methodology
Include a copy of the questionnaire or survey in the Methodology
Provide your
Data Analysis
with survey results
Data results should be provided in graphic form, making them user-friendly information
Provide your
Conclusion
regarding the study. Be sure to tell how well you answered your research question, the status of your hypothesis (true/false), and the value of your survey results for your topic moving forward
USE the attached paper to complete final.
.
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fell.docxnettletondevon
Your instructor will assign peer reviewers. You will review a fellow student's Week 1 materials and provide substantive and constructive feedback to them on the direction for their final paper (250 word minimum). Is something useful missing from the outline? Do you know additional sources (or places to find good sources) the person might want to include? Do you understand clearly his or her topic and thesis?
Fellow Student week I material:
Title of Paper: Long Term Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect.
Introduction:
The voice that is hardly heard. Child abuse and neglect have become predators within human history. As time has passed the outstanding cases that have come about over the many years have raised many eyebrows and society has become appreciative to the revilement of these evil acts within all communities. Child abuse and neglect can take place in a home as well as outside a home places many couldn’t even imagine such as within our school system as well as playgrounds. Even though many times these evil acts take place within a home it can be done by family, friends and acquaintances of the child. Child abuse and neglect can be performed in various ways such as neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse and emotional abuse.
Direct Statement and Research Question:
The voice that is hardly heard. Can child abuse and child neglect affect an individual?
Proposal:
The paper that I am presenting to you today will explore the aspects of child abuse, child neglect, effects of the abuse, signs of abuse, signs of neglect, symptoms, risk factors, treatment and prevention. Individuals have their own presumptions of their definition of child abuse as well as child neglect. Some of those presumptions that I have heard were the failure to provide enough love to a child, the failure to provide enough necessities to a child. Child neglect and abuse goes deeper than this the emotional neglect, physical neglect and medical neglect. Where a child sustained physical injuries due to the act of hitting, shaking, burning and kicking describes physical abuse. Sexual activity that the child cannot consent of or comprehend refers to sexual abuse. These acts involve anal and genital intercourse, oral contact, and fondling. Emotional as well as psychological abuse involves those words of putting children down, vulgar language, screaming and yelling can all involve emotional as well as psychological abuse towards a child.
Methodology and Data:
I plan on delivering my methodology through statistics such as research journals and individuals in society that also work with children who have been abused as well as neglected such as interviewing social workers, teachers, health professionals and individuals within society. Understanding that many abused children do not come forward because of that fear that has been placed in them. The fear of becoming the blame, the fear of being rejected or refused, the fear of the blame and the fear of being ashamed so.
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work youve c.docxnettletondevon
Your initial reading is a close examination of the work you've chosen before you read about it. In order to describe what you see, you might consider:
What do you notice first? Why? What do the colors convey? How? How is the space occupied? Is there a foreground and a background (2D) or is the piece sculptural (3D) with mass and volume? Is there an implied shape, such as a triangle, square, or circle, that brings balance to the composition? Are there diagonal lines that make it dynamic?
Next, read the materials provided about the work of art. You are welcome to do additional research on the internet as long as you use reputable websites, such as those from museums and art publications. Go back to your piece and take an even closer look. Think about what you've read and what you see. How does its meaning deepen from additional information the work of art?
Then, consider how the formal elements play into the artist's intention or audience's interpretation of the work. Making connections and observations about form and content are the key to writing a strong analysis. Remember to cite as appropriate.
Include several of areas from the first and second points to bring you to the third point.
1. Initial Reading (what do you see and understand when you first look at the work?)
Medium (materials)
Formal Elements
Subject
2. Contextual Research
Content
History
Emphasis
Effect
Symbolism
Relevance
Political Parallels
Social Implications
Audience?
Influences?
Captions/Title/Text
Ethical/Logical/Emotional Appeal?
3. Meaning
Bring it together. What does the work of art mean? Develop a persuasive, cohesive analysis that includes what you see through form and context.
.
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due .docxnettletondevon
Your initial posting must be no less than 200 words each and is due
no later than Wednesday 11:59 PM EST/EDT.
The day you post this will count as one of your required four unique postings.
Identify the standard that courts use to qualify someone as an expert witness. Then discuss the standards used to allow that individual's testimony in court. Here, you will want to refer to the Federal Rules of Evidence as well as the Daubert Standard and several other important landmark cases. Include in your response the Saint Leo core value of integrity.
Saint Leo Core Value of Integrity:
The commitment of Saint Leo University to excellence demands that its members live its mission and deliver on its promise. The faculty, staff, and students pledge to be honest, just, and consistent in word and deed.
.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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An overview of Lay counseling Equipping Christians fo.docx
1. An overview of
Lay counseling: Equipping Christians
for helping ministry
By Siang-Yang Tan
Contents
• The Need for Lay Counseling Ministries
• Biblical Basis for Lay Counseling
• A Biblical Model for Effective Lay Counseling
• Basic Principles of Effective Counseling
• Reasons to Refer
• The Literature of Lay Counseling
• Building a Ministry of Lay Counseling
• Selection of Lay Counselors
• Training of Lay Counselors
• Supervision of Lay Counselors
• Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Potential Pitfalls
• Conclusions
2. Introduction
• Is lay Christian counseling helpful or dangerous?
• Can we expect an average person without a master’s
or doctoral degree in counseling to be able to meet
the needs of someone plunged into depression or
wracked with indecision by some complex problems
in life?
• Lay counselors are “individuals who lack the training,
educational experience, or credentials to be
professional counselors, but who nevertheless are
involved in helping people cope with personal
problems” (Gary Collins, cited p. 14)
• Lay counseling is present in churches, para-church
organizations, mental health settings, Christian, and
secular
The Need for Lay Counseling
Ministries
• Psychological problems are
increasingly evident
• Christians are not trained to
handle difficult problems (i.e.
typical answer is “you’re a sinner,
just pray about it”)
3. • There are Scriptural texts that
support the use of lay counseling
Biblical Basis for Lay
Counseling
• Conservative circles are concerned about the
“seduction of Christianity by secular psychology”
• Every ministry must begin with Biblical and
theological basis, including lay counseling
• Two categories of Scriptural reference provide
biblical support for lay counseling ministries in
churches
– Calling of all Christians to be involved in ministry
(priesthood of all believers)
– All believers are called to be involved in ministry to one
another (i.e. people-helping by non-professionals and
para-professionals)
The Call to Ministry in General
(Priesthood of Believers, I Peter 2:5,9)
• Eph. 4:1-16 demonstrates God’s will for all
saints to be equipped for ministry or
service
– Unity of Calling: no clergy-laity distinction
4. – Unity of Ministry: each member of the body is
indispensable. We don’t have a ministry; we
are one.
– Unity in Common Life: (Eph. 2:5, 6, 19, 22, 3:6;
4:16); we are interdependent
– Unity in Purpose: ultimate goal is maturity in
Christ; ordained pastors should equip the
saints for ministry or service
The Call to Lay Counseling as a
Specific Ministry
• Mandate to show Christ-like love to one another (John
13:34-35) and carry each other’s burdens (Gal. 6:2)
• All believers are to admonish, encourage, or help one
another (Rom. 15:14; Col. 3:16; I Thess. 5:14)
• Some believers specially gifted with exhortation, or
paraklesis (Rom. 12:8)
• Jay Adams developed nouthetic (from nouthesia)
counseling, “change through confrontation out of
concern.”
• Dr. Frank Minirth notes 5 verbs in NT relevant to
ministry of counseling: parakaleo, noutheteo,
paramutheomai, antechomai, and makrothumeo, all
appearing in I Thess. 5:14:
5. And we urge you, brothers, warn those who are idle, encourage
the
timid, help the weak, be patient with everyone.
A Biblical Model for Effective
Lay Counseling
• Primarily based on three well-known
approaches to Christian counseling: Jay
Adams’ Nouthetic Counseling, Gary
Collins’ People-Helping, and Larry Crabb’s
Biblical Counseling
• Three major headings:
– Basic View of Humanity
– Basic View of Counseling
– Basic Principles of Effective Counseling
Basic View of Humanity
1. Humans need a sense of self-worth (not self-
worship), which comes from Christ alone
2. Humanity’s basic problem has to do with sin. The
6. model does not assert that all emotional suffering is
due to sin.
3. The ultimate goal of humanity is to know God and
enjoy him forever.
4. The model assumes a basic cognitive-behavioral
perspective; problem feelings are usually (not
always) due to problem behavior and more
fundamentally to problem thinking.
5. The model takes a holistic view of persons as
physical, mental-emotional, social, and spiritual
beings. Similar to Lazarus’ Multimodal Therapy
approach of BASIC I.D. (B=Behavior, A= Affect,
S=Sensation, I=Imagery, C=Cognition,
I.=Interpersonal relationships, D.=Drugs/Biological
Factors) but also includes spiritual.
Basic View of Counseling
1. One view amongst professionals is that
counseling and psychotherapy are
different, where counseling would not
attempt to change the personality. “There
is a continuum from the simplest form of
counseling through to the deepest levels
of psychotherapy” (p. 40).
2. A second view is that counseling and
psychotherapy are terms to be used
interchangeably, also the view of this
model.
7. 20 Most Frequent Reasons
People Seek Counseling
11. Other unpleasant feelings
12. Family and marital trouble
13. Help in resolution of
conflicts with others
14. Deteriorating interpersonal
relationships
15. Drug and alcohol
problems
16. Sexual difficulties
17. Perceptual distortions
18. Psychosomatic problems
19. Attempted suicide
20. Difficulties at work/school
1. Advice in making simple
decisions
2. Answers to troublesome
8. questions
3. Depression and guilt
4. Guidance in determining
careers
5. Breakdowns
6. Crises
7. Failures
8. Grief
9. Bizarre behaviors
10. Anxiety, worry, and fear
Basic Principles of
Effective Counseling
The Holy Spirit’s ministry as counselor or comforter is critical
in effective
Christian counseling (John 14:16-17). In every counseling
session there are at
least three people present, the counselor, the client, and the
Holy Spirit.
The Bible is the basic guide for dealing with problems in living
(2 Tim. 3:16-17).
We must learn to interpret and apply the Bible appropriately
9. and properly. This
model, however, does not imply that the Bible is an exhaustive
guide to
counseling.
Prayer is an integral part of biblical helping (James 5:16). Use
of prayer during
the session requires discernment, proper timing.
The ultimate goal of counseling is to make disciples or
disciplers of clients.
Counselors should fulfill the Great Commission.
The personal qualities of the lay Christian counselor are
important for effective
counseling (Rom. 15:14, Col. 3:16). A lay counselor must be
spiritually mature to
be effective. Other important characteristics include self-
understanding,
understanding of others, remain objective, able to get along,
experience, a
genuine believer, capable, God-fearing, honest, available,
willing to refer difficult
cases (Ex. 18:21-22).
The client’s attitudes, motivations, and desire for help are
crucial factors for
determining whether counseling will be helpful or not.
The relationship between the counselor and the client is another
significant
variable affecting the effectiveness of counseling.
Empathy, respect, concreteness, genuineness, confrontation,
immediacy, truth.
10. Talking alone does not lead to change – it requires confession,
reconciliation,
forgiveness.
Basic Principles of
Effective Counseling
Effective counseling is a process which unfolds cyclically
from exploration to understanding to action phases.
Stage 1: counselor helps client identify problem feelings
Stage 2: counselor helps client identify problem
behaviors
Stage 3: focus is on identifying client’s problem thinking
Stage 4: counselor teaches right, biblical thinking
Stage 5: secure a commitment from client to such
biblical thinking and obedience to the Lord and His Word
Stage 6: client is encouraged to plan and carry out
biblical or right behavior
Stage 7: client can identify and enjoy Spirit-controlled
feelings of security and significance.
Basic Principles of
Effective Counseling
11. Directive or nouthetic counseling is an important part of
Christian counseling, but style or approach in counseling should
be flexible.
The model remains flexible with regard to specific techniques
or
methods to be used in counseling. Scripture remains as ultimate
screening guide.
Effective counseling requires cultural sensitivity.
Outreach and prevention techniques are also important for
effective lay Christian counseling. 6 proposals for Lay
counselors’ training:
1. To assess role of environmental stressors in emotional
problems
2. In technique of community outreach and empowerment
3. In cultural awareness and sensitivity
4. To be aware and make use of existing support systems within
the
churches
5. In how to develop new support systems within the church
when
needed
6. To communicate more actively and regularly with others,
especially
leaders of other outreach ministries in the church
12. Reasons to Refer
As a general rule, make a referral when you lack the
time, emotional stamina, stability, skill, or experience to
continue counseling. When you are no longer able to
help someone, refer. More specifically refer
counselees:
With legal difficulties,
With severe financial needs,
Who require medical attention,
Who are severely depressed or suicidal,
Who will require more time than you can give,
Who want to shift to another counselor,
Who show extremely aggressive behavior,
Who make excessive use of drugs or alcohol,
Who arouse strong feelings of dislike, sexual
stimulation, or threat to the counselor,
Who appear to be severely disturbed.
The Literature of
Lay Counseling
Secular Literature
13. Reasons for Using Lay Counseling:
1. Shortage of mental health professionals to meet increasing
demand
2. National surveys (1957 and 1976) indicated people would go
to a family
physician or clergy more often than mental health professionals.
(The text
does not give evidence of more recent surveys.)
3. “Spontaneous remission” meaning many people get better
over a two year
period without any professional intervention.
4. Much research has evaluated the results of counseling by lay
counselors with
little or no training versus professionally trained therapists, and
although there
is still much controversy over the results, both appear to be
equally effective.
5. Indigenous lay counselors may be more effective with their
own culture than
those professionals from outside a specific culture.
6. Nonprofessional or lay counseling serves as a means for
recruiting lay
counselors into professional counseling careers.
Problems with Using Lay Counseling:
1. Boundary confusion; lay counselors may attempt more than
they can do.
2. Lay counselors may feel insecure due to lack of
training/experience.
14. 3. Professionals may be unwilling to support them due to
liability/risk/prestige.
4. Pragmatics of training - universities more focused on training
professionals
Utilization of lay counselors include: volunteers in hospitals,
mature
women as mental health counselors, college students as
companion-
therapists, and indigenous nonprofessionals for impoverished
areas.
Need formal assessment for selection and training in human-
relations.
The Literature of
Lay Counseling
Christian Literature
Jay Adams’ “nouthetic counseling”, Gary Collins’ “people-
helpers” and Larry Crabb’s “biblical counseling” are most
influential approaches to Christian counseling in the literature.
Models and literature are expanding, with many books and
journal articles being published.
Special issue of Journal of Psychology and Christianity was
devoted to lay Christian counseling (1987, vol. 6, no. 2).
There is little empirical research evaluating training of lay
Christian counselors, and research on effectiveness of lay
15. Christian counseling is scarce. A few are mentioned in the text,
along with suggestions for future research.
Building a Ministry of
Lay Counseling
Start by choosing an appropriate model for a lay Christian
counseling ministry for a particular type of church or agency.
Models are not one-size-fits-all.
The Informal, Spontaneous Model assumes lay Christian
counseling
should occur spontaneously and informally in interactions and
relationships
already present or possible through the existing structures of the
church.
Common in evangelical churches; use spiritual gifting and basic
training, but
do not receive ongoing supervision.
The Informal, Organized Model assumes lay Christian
counseling should
be an organized and well-supervised ministry which
nevertheless should still
occur in informal settings as far as possible. Counselors are
carefully
selected and given training with supervision, but the counseling
occurs
informally; e.g. Stephen Series system of lay caring ministry.
The Formal, Organized Model assumes that lay Christian
counseling
should not only be an organized and well-supervised ministry,
but should
16. occur in a formal way, such as through a counseling center. May
be stand-
alone facility or a part of the church. Staffed by professional
counselors and
therapists who oversee selection of lay counselors. Lay
counseling would
take place in offices with appointments scheduled. Regular staff
meetings
occur with a licensed, professional counselor or pastor of lay
counseling as
supervisor. Several variations of this model occur and are
available for
review through church groups.
Building a Ministry of
Lay Counseling
Five Steps for Building a Lay Counseling Ministry:
1. Become familiar with the 3 models for counseling
ministry (previous slide) and assess which one, or
combination of, would best fit your agency’s needs.
2. Get support for the idea of lay counseling from the
pastor, pastoral staff, and agency board. Without
their support it will be difficult to proceed.
3. Screen potential lay Christian counselors from the
congregation, using appropriate spiritual and
psychological criteria (more on that in future slides).
4. Provide a training program for lay counselors,
focused on basic helping relationships within a
biblical framework.
17. 5. Develop programs or ministries where the trained
lay counselors can be used. Program depends on
your model.
Building a Ministry of
Lay Counseling
Ten Guidelines for Establishing a Lay Counseling Center
1. Determine clear objectives for the counseling service.
2. Establish the “ethos” or distinctive character of the lay
counseling center by
giving it an appropriate name.
3. Carefully select, train, and supervise the counseling
personnel (director
should be licensed professional counselor or pastor with
training and
experience in counseling). Provide training journals.
4. Arrange for suitable facilities for the counseling center.
Include reception,
waiting area, and at least 2-3 counseling rooms.
5. Establish operating hours of the center. Days, evenings,
weekends, etc.,
Consider emergency procedures, length of sessions, etc.
6. Establish a structure within which the lay counseling center
will function.
Appoint a director to run the center, board or committee to
oversee,
secretary/receptionist, etc.
18. 7. Spread the word about your center - marketing can be
accomplished through
various media, but should be non-threatening to clients.
8. Clarify services the center will offer: (premarital, groups,
individual, etc.). Tan
suggests referring out for all testing, including vocational tests.
9. Carefully consider the financing for the center, including
books, supplies,
furniture. Consider liability issues if you accept donations for
services by lay
counselors.
10. Determine the church affiliation of the lay counseling
center. Several
churches could come together and start a center. Take into
consideration
doctrinal issues and follow-up for ongoing spiritual care and
guidance of
clients.
Selection of Lay
Counselors
• What criteria should be used to
select lay counselors?
• What are the best methods for
screening lay counselors?
“Everyone agrees that the careful selection of lay
19. counselors is a crucial step in the development of
an effective lay counseling ministry” (p. 97).
Selection of Lay Counselors:
Criteria
• Little research in defining selection criteria
• Psychological tests are often used, However, consensus is –
test for skill first, personality later
– Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT)
• Important characteristics for counselors to possess
– Spiritual maturity (Gal. 6:1, Spirit-filled, mature Christian,
good
knowledge of Scripture, wisdom in applying Scripture to life,
and a
regular prayer life);
– Psychological stability (not emotionally labile or volatile,
open and
vulnerable, not suffering from a serious psychological
disorder);
– Love for and interest in people (warm, caring, and genuine
person);
– Spiritual gifts (exhortation, wisdom, knowledge, discerning of
spirits,
mercy, and healing);
20. – Some life experience (not too young)
– Previous training or experience in helping people (experience
helpful
but not necessary)
– Age, sex, education, socioeconomic status, and ethnic/cultural
background (have diversity on your counseling team);
– Availability and teachability (time for training, supervision,
ministry,
and open to learning biblical approach to helping);
– Ability to maintain confidentiality (protect client privacy).
Selection of Lay Counselors:
Screening Methods
• Applicants submit brief written statement affirming the
following:
– adherence to your church’s statement of faith or doctrine
– a testimony of personal relationship with Jesus Christ
– Reasons for wanting to be involved in lay counseling ministry
and training program
• Require recommendation letters from 2-3 people who
know applicant well
• Director and another church leader will interview the
applicant to assess characteristics
21. • Psychological testing (e.g. 16PF or Taylor-Johnson
Temperament Analysis, MMPI, Myers-Briggs) by trained
psychologist
• Spiritual Assessments also helpful. Does not require
trained psychologist. Examples are described in text:
– The Shepherd Scale, The Spiritual Well-Being Scale, The
Character Assessment Scale, The Wagner-Revised Houts
Questionnaire, The Spiritual Life Check-Up Questionnaire,
The Spiritual Leadership Qualities Inventory.
Training of Lay Counselors
• Gary Collins suggests three phases:
– Pre-training Phase
• Select materials, publicize, select participants, initial
course on spiritual gifts (The Joy of Caring or Discover
Your Spiritual Gift and Use It)
– Training Phase
• Provide opportunities for counselors to learn skills,
practice with “experimental clients,” minimum of 40-50
hours over several months.
– Post-training Phase
22. • Continuing education, further learning opportunities,
discussion and supervision of cases, encouragement
Training of Lay Counselors
Models of Lay Christian Counselor Training (Which model you
choose will depend on the model of your program)
– Larry Crabb’s Model consists of three levels.
• Level I is Counseling by Encouragement (Encouragement: The
Key to
Caring, Crabb & Allender).
• Level II is Counseling by Exhortation. 35-40 hours classroom
training for
mature believers.
• Level III is Counseling by Enlightenment.
Only a select few enter a 6-12 month weekly training program.
– Gary Sweeten’s Model (College Hill Presbyterian Church,
Cincinnati, OH). Uses
discipleship counseling approach. Four courses. First 2 taught
sequentially over an 8-week period for 2½ hours per session,
with
homework.
• Session 1: “Apples of Gold I” competency-based,
interpersonal skills.
• Session 2: “Apples of Gold II” teaches skills of concreteness,
genuineness,
23. self-disclosure, confrontation, and speaking truth in love.
• Session 3: “Rational Christian Thinking” integrates REBT
with Scripture. It is
6 weeks, 2½ hours per session with homework.
• Session 4: “Breaking Free from the Past” is most intense.
Requires 50 hours
of prep, deals with past traumas, generational blessings and
curses,
personal sins and character defects.
Two facilitators lead group members, includes teaching.
Training of Lay Counselors
Models of Lay Christian Counselor Training (continued)
– Horace Lukens’ Model – Six sequential levels of training.
• Level I: “Body Life Skills” for all Christians. Focuses on
basic skills of living in
Christian community.
• Level II: “Theory and Theology” for Christian leaders and
teachers. Integration
of Christianity and psychology, developmental psych, abnormal
psych.
• Level III: “Personal Awareness” for Christian leaders and
teachers, examine
personal needs, temperaments, characteristics, and
psychological testing.
• Level IV: “Body Life Skills II” for lay counselor trainees
24. only. Development and
refinement of counseling skills.
• Level V: “Practicum” counseling supervision for lay
counselors trainees who
have demonstrated competence in all previous levels.
• Level VI: “Advanced Training” for trainees who are
competent in first 5 levels,
and show an interest specific training such as financial
counseling, marital
and family therapy, vocational evaluation and counseling, etc.
All levels are 8-10 weeks in duration.
– Stephen Series (founded by Dr. Kenneth Haugk, pastor,
clinical psychologist,
author, and educator). Applies more to lay caring ministry, not
to lay
counseling per se. Once selected through a 9-step process,
trainees
enter a 12-day Leader’s Training Course intensive and
comprehensive
in the following areas: administrative resources, training
topics/presentations, implementing and maintaining Stephen
Ministry in
the congregation. Training topics cover a variety and range
from what
to do during first contact to counseling relationship exercises,
community resources, and ministering to suicidal persons and
shut-ins.
Supervision of Lay Counselors
• Loganbill, Hardy, and Delworth (1982) define clinical
25. supervision as “an
intensive, interpersonally focuses, one-to-one relationship in
which one
person is designated to facilitate the development of therapeutic
competence in the other person.”
• Research indicates “mere counseling experience did not help
counselors
improve their ability or competence.”
• Supervision should be regular and effective. Weekly or
biweekly group or
individual sessions. Not “friendship” supervisor.
• Practice Models include minimum intervention, vertical
supervision,
professional training, and implicit trust models.
• Conceptualization of supervision: theoretical or developmental
– Theoretical is based on counseling theory or therapeutic
orientation of the
supervisor
– Developmental model cuts across theoretical orientations and
is based on
developmental stage/needs of the counselor
• “Ideal” supervisor:
– Brainstorming, role play, modeling behavior (by the
supervisor), and guided
reflection.
– Feedback should be systematic, timely, clearly understood,
and reciprocal.
26. – Avoid constrictive, amorphous (unclear guidance),
unsupportive and
therapeutic (focusing on supervisee as a counselee)
environments
– Christian supervisor is spiritually mature, use of Scripture
whenever
appropriate, ethical, depends on Holy Spirit.
– Who should supervise? Experienced pastor, elder, lay
counselor or professional counselor. Ideal is professional
counselor, but not always feasible or essential (Tan).
Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Evaluate Counseling Knowledge and Skills
– Self-report measures, written responses by lay
counselors to counseling situations (videotaped),
ratings by others of the counselors’ behaviors and skills
in session (videotaped), peer ratings provided by other
lay counselors
• Evaluate Personal and Spiritual Growth
– Possible tools: Personal Orientation Inventory (POI),
Spiritual Well-Being Scale, Character Assessment
Scale, Wagner-Revised Houts Questionnaire, Spiritual
Leadership Qualities, Age Universal Religious
Orientation Scale (I-E Scale)
• Minimal Requirements for Evaluation Research
– Counselor Training Program Questionnaire (CTPQ),
27. Helping Relationship Inventory (HRI), and the Spiritual
Well-Being Scale (or the I-E Scale).
Evaluation of Lay Counselors
• Measures for Outcome Evaluations from
a variety of viewpoints provides a more
comprehensive assessment of
therapeutic change
– Patient/client self-report
– Trained outside observer/expert observer
ratings
– Relevant other ratings
– Therapist/counselor ratings
– Institutional ratings
The Local Church and
Lay Counseling
• Difficult to estimate how many local
churches have lay counseling ministries.
28. The Stephen Series alone has been used
successfully in thousands of
congregations worldwide.
• Beyond the local church are many more
examples. For example, para-church
organizations like Youth For Christ and
Campus Crusade use lay counselors, as
do Prison Ministries, Christian mental
health centers, and context of missions
training and counseling.
Potential Pitfalls
• Legal and ethical issues more prominent since
clergy malpractice suit against Grace Community
Church in Sun Valley, CA was filed March 1980
by the parents of 24-yr-old Kenneth Nally, who
committed suicide on April 1, 1979. Suit claimed
clergy, pastors and church were negligent. Went
to California Supreme Court, which in Nov. 1988
ruled against the Nallys on a 5 to 2 vote, and
then on to US Supreme Court which in April
1989 refused to review the California Supreme
Court decision, thereby letting it stand.
29. Essentially, this meant that pastors and church
workers had no legal duty to refer troubled
parishioners or church members to licensed
psychiatrists. Regardless of the court decision,
the question of legalities and ethics are present.
• See AACC ethics guidelines for current data.
Potential Pitfalls
Christian Counseling by Gary Collins
suggests 8 major areas of potential
problems.
1. The Counselor’s Motivation
2. The Counselor’s Effectiveness
3. The Counselor’s Role
4. The Counselor’s Vulnerability
5. The Counselor’s Sexuality
6. The Counselor’s Ethics
7. The Counselor’s Burnout
8. The Counselor’s Counselors
Potential Pitfalls
30. • Legal and Ethical Issues Relevant
to Lay Counseling – See Clergy
Malpractice by Dr. Thomas Needham
for details on twenty potentially high-risk
situations
• Consider three issues when
addressing legal/ethical dilemmas:
– Malpractice insurance (prevention)
– Legal standards – stay current
– Supervision of lay counselors
Potential Pitfalls
Six major types of lawsuits filed
against psychologists and counselors
1) breach of contract
2) physical assault
3) sexual assault (the largest number
of lawsuits fall into this category)
4) abandonment
5) suicide – failure to protect
31. 6) negligent infliction of emotional
distress (harm to client)
Conclusions
• Tan recommends further research on role of
spiritual gifts in effective counseling, whether
lay or professional
• “It is still important for lay Christian counselors
as well as pastors to learn to care and counsel
in a systematic and skilled way, in order to be
effective and truly helpful” (p. 230). The choice
is not whether we should or should not
counsel, but the method we use to counsel
people (disciplined, skilled, or unskilled and
undisciplined)
References
Tan, S. Y. (1991). Lay counseling:
Equipping Christians for a
helping ministry. Grand Rapids,
MI: Zondervan.
32. Note: some slides refer to outside
resources, all found in Tan (1991).
CJ 210
Assignment 1
Your name
Date
My name
INTRODUCTION
This presentation will consist of 3 slides, not including
introduction and conclusion, that will include: (1) a definition
of criminal investigation, along with its elements; (2) a
definition and description of jurisdiction and its importance;
and (3) the presentation of at least 3 attributes of a successful
criminal investigator. Speaker notes will be used to further
discuss the literature.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION AND ITS ELEMENTS
Criminal investigation may be defined as “______________”
(cite) or may best be summarized by the words of Professor
Ralph Turner, to be "the reconstruction of a past event“ (cite).
The many elements of criminal investigation are as follows:
You Must List Them All for full credit!!
Determine whether a crime has been committed.
(Provide citation after end of list)
SEE SPEAKER NOTE BELOW
33. You may use your speaker notes here to discuss why these are
essential elements to criminal investigations. A single
paragraph will do.
3
DEFINE/DESCRIBE JURISDICTION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
A jurisdiction is defined as “______” (cite).
A jurisdiction can be described as “________” (cite).
Jurisdiction is important to the field of investigations and to
investigators because __________ (cite).
SEE SPEAKER NOTE BELOW
You may choose to use speaker notes to further explain or
discuss or provide examples of jurisdictional issues that may
occur. If so, remember to cite the literature.
4
THREE OR MORE ATTRIBUTES OF A SUCCESSFUL
INVESTIGATOR
There are many attributes important to a successful investigator.
Those discussed here are: select whatever attributes you prefer.
Those provided here are for illustration.
Intelligence and reasoning ability (cite).
Curiosity and imagination (cite).
Observation and memory (cite).
SEE BELOW
The attributes of intelligence and reasoning, curiosity and
imagination, and observation and memory are some of the
attributes important to a successful investigator (cite). More
specifically, intelligence and reasoning are important because
___________________ and are evidenced by _________(cite).
For example, _________. Curiosity and imagination are
34. important because ____________ and are evidenced by
______(cite). For example, ___________. Observation and
memory are important because_____________ and are
evidenced by _______(cite) For example, ______________.
5
CONCLUSION
This presentation consisted of 3 slides, not including
introduction and conclusion, that included: (1) a definition of
criminal investigation, along with its elements; (2) a definition
and description of jurisdiction and its importance; and (3) the
presentation of at least 3 attributes of a successful criminal
investigator. Speaker notes were used to further discuss the
literature.
REFERENCES