An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Natural Science And Health Education In Three Primary Schools At The Zambezi Region in Namibia.
ABSTRACT: This study examines the functions of code-switching in primary schools by science teachers. In Namibia,English is the official language of instruction for science at primary school. At lower primary, Silozi is the language of instruction. Classroom interaction data was obtained from two science lessons. Analysis of the teachers' code-switching shows that code-switching in the two lessons was vastly different, with little codeswitching in the teacher-facilitated lesson.Evident in other lessons, in which science was taught as a content subjectbut with abstract names that had no corresponding local names in Silozi, there was frequent use of codeswitching for reiteration and message qualification. The direction of the language switch from Silozi to English as well as the proportion of teachersspeaking in English suggests that the official language for teaching is English at upper primary, grade 4 to 7. The science lesson and code-switching is a necessary tool for teachers to achieve teaching goals in content-based lessons involving students who lack proficiency in the instructional language. The study was conducted in five government primary schools in Katima Mulilo, the capital of the Zambezi region in Namibia.The national language is English language, with no exception inscience, mathematics, and language subjects.All Schools are located in a Katima Mulilo-urban. The students are from mixed classes, lower, middle and upper class families with their parents typically working as unemployed single mothers, domestic workers, clerks, nurses, teachers, and accountants. Some of the students could understand English because of their parents‟ educational background or in instances where English is spoken at home.
National Language Policy on Primary Education and the Challenges of Language ...inventionjournals
The challenges of language teaching and learning in our schools today constitute the foremost issues in language Education. The tremendous role that language, especially English language plays in the development of every individual and the nation educationally cannot be relegated to the background. Language Education is very important in the educational system of the Nigerian nation due to the multilingual nature of the society. English language is the medium of instruction across all educational levels and hence the bedrock of the teaching and learning process in our schools. The English language teacher therefore, is faced with the task of achieving this laudable educational objective. The paper set out to x-ray and take cursory look at the National language policy on primary education, the prevailing situation on implementation process of the policy. It examines the challenges and the way forward emanating from the National language policy on primary Education.
Facing Problems & Changing Strategies in Teaching of English at Elementary Sc...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present Research paper focuses on problems before the English Language teachers in India are enormous and apparent. They should be able to cater to the practical needs of learners, to make them competent enough to interact with one another and also to retrieve information all over the world. English has a base in several countries and is considered as the most suitable and convenient tool for International Communication. The ultimate aim of Education is to impart knowledge to the learners, to prepare them for their future life. Teaching school students through chalk and talk approach has been in practice for long India. Various strategies for achieving the present goal of school education were discussed and some are put into practice. The present paper endeavors to unravel the positive and negative points concerning teaching of English in schools. The prospectus, methodology, teachers and methods of teaching English is also conferred in inherent way.
Vocabulary learning is an integral part of foreign language learning. The meaning of new words is very often emphasised, both in books and in verbal communication. Vocabulary is considered a centre of language teaching and is very important for language learners. This study found a daily code-mixing strategy in learning English vocabulary in the second grade of secondary school. The method used is qualitative and quantitative. The research phase includes pre-test and post-test, questionnaire and interview. The findings show that there is an influence on the level of student skills in using the strategy. Furthermore, it also found that students with higher vocabulary levels tended to take lessons in class interactively, this became fun, and students could motivate themselves they usually succeeded in learning by asking, monitoring and evaluating their learning habits. The findings also show that students with low vocabulary levels tend to choose to ignore direction and lack of participation, which means that they do not care about the course of the teacher and still carry unfavourable habits in the classroom. The findings of this study contribute to the further development of existing code-mixing theory and about vocabulary students and strategies. This study refers to giving benefits to classroom practice in the Indonesian context, specifically in increasing EFL teacher awareness so as not to focus solely on existing strategies, but rather look at the phenomena that occur around to create new strategies in teaching English.
Pedagogy in Beninese Traditional Convents: Using African Training Modes to Su...Premier Publishers
In most Beninese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes, students generally exhibit a poor level of oral proficiency. Despite the use of the communicative approach to teaching, and the considerable efforts being made by curriculum designers and teachers to promote the teaching of the oral skill in school manuals and class sessions, its effective acquisition remains a challenge for the majority of students. To look for solutions to the problem, the present study has tried to gain insights into the pedagogy used in Hounkpamin (Beninese traditional convents),to teach unknown languages to adepts. In fact, the African continent had its own system of transmitting knowledge. Inquiring into these traditional modes of teaching might provide hints or paths to solutions for the current problem. Using an ethnographic research method, this study has inquired into the training modes used in some of these traditional convents to approach the teaching of languages in order to determine whether or not such modes are adaptable in the formal setting of EFL classes to support the teaching of speaking. The findings indicate five major strategies used in these convents to teach unknown languages. Suggestions are made in the study towards a philosophy of education that places emphasis on cultural values.
National Language Policy on Primary Education and the Challenges of Language ...inventionjournals
The challenges of language teaching and learning in our schools today constitute the foremost issues in language Education. The tremendous role that language, especially English language plays in the development of every individual and the nation educationally cannot be relegated to the background. Language Education is very important in the educational system of the Nigerian nation due to the multilingual nature of the society. English language is the medium of instruction across all educational levels and hence the bedrock of the teaching and learning process in our schools. The English language teacher therefore, is faced with the task of achieving this laudable educational objective. The paper set out to x-ray and take cursory look at the National language policy on primary education, the prevailing situation on implementation process of the policy. It examines the challenges and the way forward emanating from the National language policy on primary Education.
Facing Problems & Changing Strategies in Teaching of English at Elementary Sc...paperpublications3
Abstract: The present Research paper focuses on problems before the English Language teachers in India are enormous and apparent. They should be able to cater to the practical needs of learners, to make them competent enough to interact with one another and also to retrieve information all over the world. English has a base in several countries and is considered as the most suitable and convenient tool for International Communication. The ultimate aim of Education is to impart knowledge to the learners, to prepare them for their future life. Teaching school students through chalk and talk approach has been in practice for long India. Various strategies for achieving the present goal of school education were discussed and some are put into practice. The present paper endeavors to unravel the positive and negative points concerning teaching of English in schools. The prospectus, methodology, teachers and methods of teaching English is also conferred in inherent way.
Vocabulary learning is an integral part of foreign language learning. The meaning of new words is very often emphasised, both in books and in verbal communication. Vocabulary is considered a centre of language teaching and is very important for language learners. This study found a daily code-mixing strategy in learning English vocabulary in the second grade of secondary school. The method used is qualitative and quantitative. The research phase includes pre-test and post-test, questionnaire and interview. The findings show that there is an influence on the level of student skills in using the strategy. Furthermore, it also found that students with higher vocabulary levels tended to take lessons in class interactively, this became fun, and students could motivate themselves they usually succeeded in learning by asking, monitoring and evaluating their learning habits. The findings also show that students with low vocabulary levels tend to choose to ignore direction and lack of participation, which means that they do not care about the course of the teacher and still carry unfavourable habits in the classroom. The findings of this study contribute to the further development of existing code-mixing theory and about vocabulary students and strategies. This study refers to giving benefits to classroom practice in the Indonesian context, specifically in increasing EFL teacher awareness so as not to focus solely on existing strategies, but rather look at the phenomena that occur around to create new strategies in teaching English.
Pedagogy in Beninese Traditional Convents: Using African Training Modes to Su...Premier Publishers
In most Beninese English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classes, students generally exhibit a poor level of oral proficiency. Despite the use of the communicative approach to teaching, and the considerable efforts being made by curriculum designers and teachers to promote the teaching of the oral skill in school manuals and class sessions, its effective acquisition remains a challenge for the majority of students. To look for solutions to the problem, the present study has tried to gain insights into the pedagogy used in Hounkpamin (Beninese traditional convents),to teach unknown languages to adepts. In fact, the African continent had its own system of transmitting knowledge. Inquiring into these traditional modes of teaching might provide hints or paths to solutions for the current problem. Using an ethnographic research method, this study has inquired into the training modes used in some of these traditional convents to approach the teaching of languages in order to determine whether or not such modes are adaptable in the formal setting of EFL classes to support the teaching of speaking. The findings indicate five major strategies used in these convents to teach unknown languages. Suggestions are made in the study towards a philosophy of education that places emphasis on cultural values.
Enriching Vocabulary to the Students of English as Second Language Learners (...Naresh Arruri
This paper focuses on enriching vocabulary to the students of the English as Second
Language learner (ESL) through the approach Content–Integrated–Language–Learning
(CILL). Previously many approaches have been developed, such as language across
curriculum, task based instruction, activity based communicating (ABC model) instruction,
content based instruction and immersion programmes etc. In this paper I shall present a
model for learning Vocabulary of English as Second Language Learner through his/her
preferred content.
THE EVALUATION OF USER ACCEPTANCE OF AN IBAN DIGITAL STORY TELLING (IDST) APP...ijma
The subject of Iban language for Year One’s students is taught with elements of children's story. However,a preliminary investigation found that the current approach in teaching this subject using a textbook and audio narration is not efficacious. Thus, an Iban Digital Story Telling (IDST) application was developed to assist teachers in teaching Iban language. The aim of this study is to examine the acceptance of DST application in terms of ease of use and usefulness among teachers who teach Iban language in several primary schools. The study used a qualitative approach based on interviews involving 10 teachers, who were recruited from several primary schools in Sarawak, Malaysia. The analysis of qualitative data showed that all teachers rated the usefulness and ease of use of the IDST application to be high, which together helped them to teach the subject matter with more efficacy. Given these promising results, such a novel learning application can be used as an alternative teaching tool to further improve the current practice of teaching Iban language to primary school children.
English language as a Medium of Instruction Inside the Classroom: Perception ...Marvin Ramirez
This is a research paper for our English 34 which discusses the perception of selected first year college students about the English Language as a medium of classroom instruction.
Litt 516 - Translating Children's Literature as a Class Activity: Implicati...Bernard Paderes
This is a research primer/proposal for Litt516 (Children and Adolescent Literature). In the paper, I argue that translation could be a good activity for children that will increase their appreciation not only for literary pieces but also the languages that they are using or learning.
Effect of Teachers’ Competence in English Phonology on Reading Ability among ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Good performance in English opens doors to many lucrative careers locally and internationally. Teaching reading and success in reading ability is therefore important for young learners. However, the ability for teachers to teach reading is not well documented. Little research has been conducted on teachers’ competence and attitudes towards reading ability among learners at preschool level. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of teachers’ competence on reading ability among pre-school children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The theory of planned behaviour and education production function theory guided the study. The study employed the mixed methods approach. An explanatory research design was used. The target population was all the 1252 pre-school teachers in Elgeyo Marakwet County Kenya. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the participating schools and individual teachers. A sample size of 294 schools was used. The instruments utilised were questionnaires, and observation schedules. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed that there are more female pre-school teachers than male. It was also found that most of the pre-school teachers were inexperienced. Results indicated that the teachers’ competency in English phonology was below average. The study results indicated that the pre-school children reading ability was poor. Teacher competency in English phonology was found to have a positive significant effect on reading ability of pre-school children (β= .307, p<0.05). The study concluded that pre-school teaching is a gendered profession characterized by low competency in English phonology. It was also concluded that teacher competency in English phonology has a bearing on the reading ability of pre-school children. The study therefore recommended that pre-school teachers be trained to improve their competency in English phonology as to improve the reading ability of pre-school children.
Keywords: English Phonology, Teacher Competency, Reading Ability.
Title: Effect of Teachers’ Competence in English Phonology on Reading Ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Author: Muthoni Bilhah Kiptoo, Prof. Khaemba Ongeti, Prof. J.K. Too
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Enriching Vocabulary to the Students of English as Second Language Learners (...Naresh Arruri
This paper focuses on enriching vocabulary to the students of the English as Second
Language learner (ESL) through the approach Content–Integrated–Language–Learning
(CILL). Previously many approaches have been developed, such as language across
curriculum, task based instruction, activity based communicating (ABC model) instruction,
content based instruction and immersion programmes etc. In this paper I shall present a
model for learning Vocabulary of English as Second Language Learner through his/her
preferred content.
THE EVALUATION OF USER ACCEPTANCE OF AN IBAN DIGITAL STORY TELLING (IDST) APP...ijma
The subject of Iban language for Year One’s students is taught with elements of children's story. However,a preliminary investigation found that the current approach in teaching this subject using a textbook and audio narration is not efficacious. Thus, an Iban Digital Story Telling (IDST) application was developed to assist teachers in teaching Iban language. The aim of this study is to examine the acceptance of DST application in terms of ease of use and usefulness among teachers who teach Iban language in several primary schools. The study used a qualitative approach based on interviews involving 10 teachers, who were recruited from several primary schools in Sarawak, Malaysia. The analysis of qualitative data showed that all teachers rated the usefulness and ease of use of the IDST application to be high, which together helped them to teach the subject matter with more efficacy. Given these promising results, such a novel learning application can be used as an alternative teaching tool to further improve the current practice of teaching Iban language to primary school children.
English language as a Medium of Instruction Inside the Classroom: Perception ...Marvin Ramirez
This is a research paper for our English 34 which discusses the perception of selected first year college students about the English Language as a medium of classroom instruction.
Litt 516 - Translating Children's Literature as a Class Activity: Implicati...Bernard Paderes
This is a research primer/proposal for Litt516 (Children and Adolescent Literature). In the paper, I argue that translation could be a good activity for children that will increase their appreciation not only for literary pieces but also the languages that they are using or learning.
Similar to An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Natural Science And Health Education In Three Primary Schools At The Zambezi Region in Namibia.
Effect of Teachers’ Competence in English Phonology on Reading Ability among ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Good performance in English opens doors to many lucrative careers locally and internationally. Teaching reading and success in reading ability is therefore important for young learners. However, the ability for teachers to teach reading is not well documented. Little research has been conducted on teachers’ competence and attitudes towards reading ability among learners at preschool level. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of teachers’ competence on reading ability among pre-school children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The theory of planned behaviour and education production function theory guided the study. The study employed the mixed methods approach. An explanatory research design was used. The target population was all the 1252 pre-school teachers in Elgeyo Marakwet County Kenya. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the participating schools and individual teachers. A sample size of 294 schools was used. The instruments utilised were questionnaires, and observation schedules. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study findings revealed that there are more female pre-school teachers than male. It was also found that most of the pre-school teachers were inexperienced. Results indicated that the teachers’ competency in English phonology was below average. The study results indicated that the pre-school children reading ability was poor. Teacher competency in English phonology was found to have a positive significant effect on reading ability of pre-school children (β= .307, p<0.05). The study concluded that pre-school teaching is a gendered profession characterized by low competency in English phonology. It was also concluded that teacher competency in English phonology has a bearing on the reading ability of pre-school children. The study therefore recommended that pre-school teachers be trained to improve their competency in English phonology as to improve the reading ability of pre-school children.
Keywords: English Phonology, Teacher Competency, Reading Ability.
Title: Effect of Teachers’ Competence in English Phonology on Reading Ability among Pre-School Children in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya
Author: Muthoni Bilhah Kiptoo, Prof. Khaemba Ongeti, Prof. J.K. Too
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
HEY! LET’S LEARN NEW WORDS: USING ENGLISH SONGS TO ENHANCE VOCABULARY ACQUI...Anbukkarasi Kannan
The main objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of using English songs to improve vocabulary knowledge among 30 form three students of a government secondary school in Semenyih, Selangor. A vocabulary test (pre-test), an oral survey on attitudes towards learning vocabulary and observation were conducted before the intervention. the intervention – “Let’s learn new words” was carried out with English songs for three times over a three-week course. After the intervention, a post-test, an oral survey on attitudes towards learning vocabulary and observation were conducted. Results at the end of the study revealed that the experimental group experienced an increase in the vocabulary knowledge. Meanwhile, the qualitative results revealed that most of the students have positive attitude towards learning vocabulary after the intervention. All in all, the findings showed that song-based activities are useful tools to reinforce learning of vocabulary by providing an enjoyable classroom atmosphere. Hence, it is highly recommended that English Language teachers use English songs to teach vocabulary in schools.
Exploring The Implementation Of Quality Teaching And Learning Of Ordinary Lev...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSRJRME) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of research & method in education. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced research & method in education concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
This article aims at exposing a design of project based content language integrated learning (CLIL) at a higher education insitution in Indonesia. Th design is proposed based on a mixture of the principle of language integrated learning (CLIL) and the principle of project based learning. The design was implemented for the teaching of English as a compulsory subject at three departments of the university of Lampung. Quantitative data was obtained from the value of students’ English proficiency before and after CLIL model application. While the qualitative data was obtained from the output of language produced by students during the learning process took place. The results showed that project based CLIL English language course at the faculty of teaching and education, the University of Lampung could work effectively. This is evident from the implementation of the whole program activities, from the implementation of the formation of groups, students work in groups to finish the project, group presentation activities, personal presentations and students’ responses to all activities.
An Evaluation of Implementing Task Based Language Teaching TBLT to Teach Gram...ijtsrd
The combination of TBLT and traditional teaching methods encourages students to be more involved in communicative activities as well as guaranteed to master the target grammar by teacher’ being a model. They are required to listen carefully to teacher, and then students have themselves recognize what they need to do correctly. This minimizes students’ making mistakes while still enables fluency. More importantly, teacher no longer dominates classroom. In the light of TBLT, grammar is conveyed through completing communicative tasks which let students experience English grammar from meaning to form. In other words, the students were introduced meanings, functions of a certain grammar point through communicative tasks first, and then either the teacher or the students themselves explored the form and the teacher helped them build on what they know. This way of teaching and learning has never taken place before, so it is hoped that students experience it in a very positive way. Task based language teaching TBLT , if applied correctly to instruct grammar, will balance communicative competence and linguistic forms. Nguyen Hong Ngoc "An Evaluation of Implementing Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) to Teach Grammar to Adolescent Learners in Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38194.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38194/an-evaluation-of-implementing-taskbased-language-teaching-tblt-to-teach-grammar-to-adolescent-learners-in-vietnam/nguyen-hong-ngoc
The Effect of Using English Language only and Not Using the Mother Tongue in ...inventionjournals
The Effect of Using English Language only and Not Using the Mother Tongue In Teaching Units Fifteen and Sixteen for the Students of Sixth Primary Class on their Acquisition of English Language
Effects of Language of the Catchment Area in Learning Kiswahiliresearchinventy
Kiswahili one of the compulsory subjects that is nationally examined but there has been complaints about poor performance in schools. This paper is a report of a study carried out in 2012 in Kapseret Division of Uasin Gishu County. The study assessed the effects of the language of the catchment area in learning Kiswahili. The study was guided by sociocultural theory (SCT) and was descriptive in nature. Simple random sampling was used to select 15 out of 50 schools in Kapseret Division, it was also used to select 20 %(750) of standard six pupils from each of the selected schools. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 upper primary Kiswahili teachers; one class six Kiswahili teacher and a Kiswahili panel head from the selected schools. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists. It was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques such as percentages and frequencies. The investigation found out Nandi was the language of the catchment area but Kiswahili was used in communication because of different ethnic communities. Kiswahili be used in schools, parents be sensitized to have a positive attitude towards Kiswahili hence changing the learners attitude.
Effects of Language of the Catchment Area in Learning Kiswahiliinventy
Kiswahili one of the compulsory subjects that is nationally examined but there has been complaints about poor performance in schools. This paper is a report of a study carried out in 2012 in Kapseret Division of Uasin Gishu County. The study assessed the effects of the language of the catchment area in learning Kiswahili. The study was guided by sociocultural theory (SCT) and was descriptive in nature. Simple random sampling was used to select 15 out of 50 schools in Kapseret Division, it was also used to select 20 %(750) of standard six pupils from each of the selected schools. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 upper primary Kiswahili teachers; one class six Kiswahili teacher and a Kiswahili panel head from the selected schools. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists. It was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques such as percentages and frequencies. The investigation found out Nandi was the language of the catchment area but Kiswahili was used in communication because of different ethnic communities. Kiswahili be used in schools, parents be sensitized to have a positive attitude towards Kiswahili hence changing the learners attitude.
The effectiveness of using visual aids in introducing new vocabulary to Year ...Ivan Aziz
The effectiveness of using visual aids in introducing new vocabulary to Year 5
Similar to An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Natural Science And Health Education In Three Primary Schools At The Zambezi Region in Namibia. (20)
Injection Analysis of Hera And Betano New Power Plants At the Interconnection...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Electricity system in Timor Leste is supplied from small scale Diesel Power Plants (DPP) which are distributed at each district that not interconnected, as the consequences, electric continuity at some districts are disturbed so caused power outage. To overcome the matters, the steps taken by Timor Leste government by establishing 2 units of centered DPP with total capacity of 250 MW at Dili District of 120 MW and at BetanoDistrict of 130 MW. The new power plant will be injected at the electricity system of Timor Leste through transmission line of 150 kV. The new power plant injection will cause the power flow and system stability of Timor Leste entirely. Steady state analysis done including the power flow analysis before and after injection of DPP of Hera and Betano so can be seen the voltage profile change and the decrease of electric power losses. Beside the steady state analysis, also done the power system stability analysis to know whether the system can operate normally after short circuit disturbance of three phases before and after new DPP injection. The steady state analysis showed that the system voltage condition before injection of DPP of Hera and Betano experience decrease of -13% from the sending voltage, and the active power losses of 6.8%. After DPP of Hera and Betano injection the decrease only -6% and active power losses can be minimized become 5.3%. The results of power system stability showed the rotor angle stability, frequency and voltage stability during disturbance occurrence become more stable after injection with recovery time faster if compared with before injection of new power plant.
Harmonic AnalysisofDistribution System Due to Embedded Generation InjectionIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:The increased demand for electricity and the depletion of fossil energy sources are a challenge to exploit new and renewable energy sources. Relatively cheap renewable energy sources are Wind Power Plant (WPP) and Photovoltaic System (PV). Currently, many small scale generating plants are being evolved into conventional systems known as Embedded Generation (EG). EG as a source of electricity in the distribution system will affect the flow of system power, system reliability, voltage profile and others. Besides, with the placement of converter technology in WPP and PV system will give contribution of harmonic enhancement to the system. This paper presents the harmonic analysis of WPP and PV designs that are injected into conventional distribution system in one bus at Pujon feeder station Malang, Indonesia. The bus is chosen because in this area the need for electric power in the area is very high and the existing system has a harmonic value of 11%. Hybrid Active Filter (HAF) is designed to lower the voltage harmonics due to EG injection into existing systems without affecting harmonics in other buses. To analyze the harmonics in this study there are 4 scenarios offered: Scenario 1 starts with analysis on existing system, scenario 2 existing in WPP 2 MVA injection, scenario 3, injection1.3 MVA PV, scenario 4 injected EG (WPP and PV). The simulation result using PSCAD 4.5 shows in scenario 4 to generate harmonic voltage of 18.6% and after added with HAF, the harmonic value of the voltage becomes 2.434%
Decision Support System Implementation for Candidate Selection of the Head of...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of agency under the subdivision of The Indonesian National Army is Bintaldam V Brawijaya, acts as the mental founding agency. The head of affairs position replacement is often occurred in this agency, but the positions currently have a large number of incompetence person in charge. Subjection inthe election process leads to the inaccurate placement, resulting in poor leadership. The process of head of affairs assignment starts from candidates dispatching from each head of administrative section. Those candidates must then meet the three elements of assessment, i.e. the personality element, qualification element, and potential element. The candidates will be selected by head of agency as the top leader in the agency. The head of agency, however, poses difficulties to determine which candidate to put into position, frequently because of no proportional system exists to provide assistance in decision making process. A method is needed tomake more accurate placement for better leadership result.This research utilizegroup technology as the assessment elements hierarchical data structure and decision table as the rule evaluation engine to form a decision support system for making the replacement process of the heads of affairs easier and more accurate.
Yield Forecasting to Sustain the Agricultural Transportation UnderStochastic ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Agricultural transportation is a major part of the United States’ transportation systems. This system follows a complex multimodal network consisting of highway, railway, and waterways which are mostly based on the yield of the agricultural commodities and their market values. The yield of agricultural commodities is dependent on stochastic environment such as weather conditions, rainfall, soil type and natural disasters. Different techniques such as leaf growth index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and regression analysis are used to forecast the yield for the end of harvest season. The yield forecasting techniques are used to predict the agricultural transportation needs and improve the cost minimization. This study provides a model for yield forecasting using NDVI data, Geographical Information System (GIS), and statistical analysis. A case study is presented to demonstrate this model with a novel tool for collecting NDVI data.
Injection Analysis of 5 Mwp Photovoltaic Power Plant on 20 Kv Distribution Ne...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : A new 5 MWp PLTS or PV has been built in Oelpuah Village, Kupang Tengah. According to PT. PLN NTT,the amount of injected power to the distribution network cannot reach its maximum capability. At the moment, the average value of injected active power is 2 MWp. In this paper, a solution to achieve maximum injected power will be discussed. As a result of the study, the main problem is absence of energy storage. It cause the output power of the PV strongly affected by the weather. Hence a fluctuation of generated power cannot be avoided. The frequency in the distribution network system can be easily increased or decreased. Sudden drop in frequency due to 5 MWp lost, will cause the frequency to decrease beyond the standard value. The under frequency relay trips because it takes a long time to return to the originalvalue. A 5% of droop setting value is not suitable with those conditions. The droop characteristic setting should be reduced to 1% as a proposed solution. So that the response to frequency changes is more sensitive
Developing A Prediction Model for Tensile Elastic Modulus of Steel Fiber – Ce...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper attempts to develop a prediction model that can be used in line with prescribed laboratory experiments for indirect tensile test such that tensile elastic modulus can be predicted for cement stabilized lateritic soil reinforced with steel fiber using measured properties of the material. The results of the tensile elastic modulus obtained from the Derived Prediction Model almost nearly replicates that obtained from calculations from laboratory experimentation. Results obtained revealed that both the predicted values and calculated values have a linear correlation with an R2 of 96.4%. On this basis the Derived Prediction Model can be said to be valid within the limits of the study.
Effect of Liquid Viscosity on Sloshing in A Rectangular TankIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Liquid sloshing was investigated for a moving partially filled rectangular tank with/without vertical baffles. A set of experiments was conducted using two types of liquids: water and sunflower oil. For these liquids, the effects of varying the external excitation amplitude and the number of vertical baffles on sloshing are discussed. It was found that the mechanical dissipation due to the liquid viscosity has a remarkable influence on the sloshing characteristics
Design and Implementation Decision Support System using MADM Methode for Bank...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The function of banking process can be broadly defined as an institution functioning as a capital receiver and lender, as well as support for trading and payment transactions. In order to maintain the stability of the economy through lending, Bank Indonesia issued a form letter on March 15, 2012 on the application of risk management for the bank conducting credit. In an effort to minimize these problems, Bank Indonesia recommends the precautionary principle in arranging the loan terms and choose the prospective customer in the credit granting institutions, both banks and cooperatives to take into account the risk on lending. A method is needed to select bank for credit applications to the public, i.e. the customer. This research uses the comparison of MADM (Multiple Attribute Decision Making) between TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method and ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix TRaduisant la realitE) method for the loan provisions to the customers. With the hope of getting the quickest and the most accurate solutions, the hesitancy in determining customers for lending can then be minimized.
Investigations on The Effects of Different Heat Transfer Coefficients in The ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In the metal machining, the cutting fluid has become a tough problem in term of the health of works and environmental protection. The heat transfer coefficients of the water-based fluid, mineral oil and plant oil are distinct. An investigation focused on the effects of different heat transfer coefficients (h) on the cutting thickness compression ratio, chip formation, stress distribution and specific cutting energy is presented and discussed. In this study, three heat transfer coefficients have been simulated by Third WaveAdvantedge in machining AISI 1045 steel during different cutting speeds.It has been shown that the Mises stress and temperature are both affected by the heat transfer coefficient. When the h reaches higher, the Mises stress increases and the temperature shows the opposite trend. Also, the results can be found that the chip compression ratio decreases and shear angle increases when hrises. The relationship between specific cutting energy and heat transfer coefficients can be found in this paper.
Strategy of Adaptation of Traditional House Architecture Bali AgaIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : Adaptation is defined as a change to adapt to the environment or change the environment to fit the need to achieve balance. The Bali Aga community in Pengotan village has a tradition of building a house that refers to the concept of Tri Angga based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy which is an expression of harmony with God, with human beings, and with the natural surroundings. Each element and layout of the building represents the alignment. In line with the development of the era, the pattern of community life changed resulting in traditional buildings are very regular and uniforms individually undergo a process of change without leaving the concept of Tri Angga and the philosophy of Tri Hita Karana.This paper is the result of field research that examines building changes by taking the example of traditional homes that undergo many changes to be able to conclude how traditional value changes occur in the original house.The results indicate that the change occurred partly due to the personal tastes of its inhabitants without the loss of fundamental changes in their philosophical value.Changes are found in non-structural building components and are strongly influenced by the ease of implementation of construction aspects. The building facade is striking with the appearance of ornaments on traditional buildings previously unknown in Pengotan
Design of Universal Measuring Equipment for Bogie FrameIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The performance parameters of the bogie which directly affect the quality and safety of train operation should be detected during maintenance, especially the structure parameters of bogie frame after many operation years. Based on the related research of the bogie frame measuring requirement, a universal measuring equipment is designed for metro overhaul. The function, basic principle, structure and software design of the universal measuring equipment for bogie frame parameters are described, and the summary meanwhile prospect are given.
A Design Of Omni-Directional Mobile Robot Based On Mecanum WheelsIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:As one of the important branch of mobile robotics, wheel mobile robot has long been paid atten tion to by the research people at home and abroad for its high load ability, positioning accuracy, high efficiency, simple control, etc. Mobile robot has close relation to many technologies suc-h as control theory, computer tech nology, sensor technology, etc. Therefore, research on the mobile robot has important significance
The Filling Up of Yogyakarta Governor Position in Social Harmony PerspectiveIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to provide an overview in filling up the position of Governor of Yogyakarta, Distinctive Region, Indonesia, that considering social harmony perspective. Discussion conducts using social harmony perspectives, because the Sultan as the King was suspected to devise making her daughter the Queen who will be automatically the Governor succeeding him. This paper based on sociology legal research, this study approached the legal issues in accordance with the fact in social life, to provide an overview existing condition rules and public perseptions in filling position of Governor of Yogyakarta, especially about gender (female) position. Dataas are collected by interviewed and distributed questionnaires to various groups. Considering the result of research, that the Sultan’s way generated a sufficiently deep polemics in the Palace environment, government and society, so that this even kept away from the customary values of Javanese custom and Islam religion emphasizing on social harmony.
Quality Function Deployment And Proactive Quality Techniques Applied to Unive...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Lecturing and instruction to students at university has traditionally been based on qualifications, experience and position of academics within ones department or college. The higher the level and more advanced the subject then the most experienced lecturers are traditionally selected for that task. Visiting lecturers are never asked to teach basic mathematics or science, they are to share their experience and enlighten the students from a vast knowledge and history. This paper reviews and discusses Kano’s model with Quality Function Deployment related to customer satisfaction and compares if the traditional approach is in keeping with university practice. Furthermore, it argues that industry has concepts and ideas that can be more proactive if applied to an educational environment where students’ demands are ever increasing and their expectations are becoming higher. If universities are to improve student-learning experiences then novel and successful techniques are needed. One such approach is discussed in this research paper to find better ways to improve student satisfaction.
The Analysis And Perspective on Development of Chinese Automotive Heavy-Duty ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In recent years, under the influence of both China's domestic market demand and emissions standard improvement, Chinese manufacturers put great effort on the research and design of automotive heavy-duty diesel engine. This paper analyzes the technical parameters of heavy duty diesel engine in 11 / 13L displacement section and introduces its performance. At the same time, combined with the development of foreign heavy-duty diesel engine, the future development direction of Chinese heavy-duty diesel engine is forecasted.
Research on the Bottom Software of Electronic Control System in Automobile El...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: With the development of science and technology, car replacement faster and faster. The development of the automotive industry has a contradiction, on the one hand, the speed of upgrading the car technology can not keep up with the speed of the performance requirements of the car, on the other hand, the country's automobile exhaust emission standards become more stringent. In addition, the depletion of oil resources led to the rise in gasoline prices, the traditional car is facing a crisis. Considering the situation of gas fuel resource structure and supply situation in China, it is feasible to promote gas fuel engine[1].However, the pollution caused by the car has become one of the major pollution sources in the urban environment and the atmospheric environment, and this trend continues to deteriorate[2].Therefore, alternative energy vehicles and hybrid cars is the main direction of development, and any improvement in the car will be car electronics and software replacement for the premise. On the one hand, natural gas as an alternative to gasoline, with its low prices, excellent combustion emissions, the relative sustainable development and other characteristics of more and more car manufacturers favor;On the other hand, the mainstream of the automotive electronic control unit ECU software development to AUTOSAR structure, low power consumption, functional safety for the development direction. Based on the actual development of natural gas engine control unit, the structure and function of ECU software are studied with reference to AUTOSAR software design standard. This paper studies the structure of the application of the software layer of the electronic control system and the main control strategy under the various conditions of the structure, and puts forward the underlying software resources needed by the application layer software. This paper analyzes the internal and peripheral resources of Infineon XC2785x microcontroller and designs hardware abstraction layer software and ECU abstraction layer software. The current characteristics of the jet valve driven by the natural gas multi-point injection engine were investigated. Automotive electronics technology has been widely used in modern vehicles which, and gradually become the development of new models, improve the performance of the key technical factors[3] .
Risk Based Underwater Inspection (RBUI) For Existing Fixed Platforms In Indon...IJRESJOURNAL
Abstract For existing fixed platforms in Indonesian waters, a method to determine underwater inspection basedon the risk level is needed as an alternative for the conventional time-based underwater inspection. This paper discusses the development of Risk Based Underwater Inspection (RBUI) for Indonesian fixed offshore platforms by adopting the inspection scope from API RP 2A-WSD and API RP 2SIM. The risk will be determined based on the calculated Consequence of Failure (CoF) and Probability of Failure (PoF), and then it will be converted into a relevant inspection interval according to the references. In addition, it had also been discovered that the minimum fatigue of a platform that is shorter than the intended design life appeared to be the major problem of the Indonesian existing platforms. Therefore, this condition would be taken into consideration as a factor to override the preliminary inspection interval plan. Sample of 10 platform data located in Indonesian waters were used for RBUI analysis in this paper.
ABSTRACT: In order to achieve the precise control of the four rotorcraft, we must first obtain the accurate mathematical model of the four rotorcraft.This study analyzes the mechanical structure of the four rotorcraft and ignores the effects of the corresponding air resistance and the associated external secondary factors.The actual environment of the four rotorcraft is simplified, and the main factors of the four rotorcraft in motion are seized to establish a more accurate mathematical model.In the modeling process four-rotor aircraft, using the most current hot research field research methods.Mode using the angular velocity and the linear velocity of the separated solver and attitude by the coordinate transformation, and motion Newton Euler's formula to solve.Thereby establishing a nonlinear dynamic model four-rotor aircraft.Finally, a simplified mathematical model of four rotorcraft is obtained by comprehensive analysis of the relevant constraints of mathematical model of four rotorcraft.This makes the accuracy of the model aircraft system higher, more convenient control four rotorcraft.Which has certain reference value and guiding significance for the study of future stability of aircraft system.
A New Approach on Proportional Fuzzy Likelihood Ratio orderings of Triangular...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: In this chapter, we introduce a new approach on the concept of proportional fuzzy likelihood ratio orderings, increasing and decreasing proportional fuzzy likelihood ratio orderings of triangular fuzzy random variables are presented. Based on these orderings, some theorems are also established.
Implementation of Fan6982 Single Phase Apfc with Analog ControllerIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Active power factor orrection technique can improve the input power factor and reduce the harmonic component of the input current. In small power applications, the single-phase active power factor correction circuit of high frequency switching (APFC), reduction of the boost inductance decreases the boost inductor and filter capacitor volume, reducing the net side current ripple, improve efficiency. On the basis of describing the principle of single-phase single-stage boost APFC double closed loop control, a new duty cycle compensation method is proposed, which is based on the FAN6982 simulation and the single phase APFC of the rated output power 500W is achieved. The results show that the effect of current ripple rejection is obvious, and the input current is consistent with the input voltage phase.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Natural Science And Health Education In Three Primary Schools At The Zambezi Region in Namibia.
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 5 Issue 7 ǁ July. 2017 ǁ PP. 55-61
www.ijres.org 55 | Page
An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of
Natural Science And Health Education In Three Primary Schools At The
Zambezi Region in Namibia.
*
Denuga D,2
Abah James, 3
Enghono Michael
University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
*Corresponding author: *Denuga D
ABSTRACT: This study examines the functions of code-switching in primary schools by science teachers. In
Namibia,English is the official language of instruction for science at primary school. At lower primary, Silozi is the
language of instruction. Classroom interaction data was obtained from two science lessons. Analysis of the
teachers' code-switching shows that code-switching in the two lessons was vastly different, with little code-
switching in the teacher-facilitated lesson.Evident in other lessons, in which science was taught as a content
subjectbut with abstract names that had no corresponding local names in Silozi, there was frequent use of code-
switching for reiteration and message qualification. The direction of the language switch from Silozi to English as
well as the proportion of teachersspeaking in English suggests that the official language for teaching is English at
upper primary, grade 4 to 7. The science lesson and code-switching is a necessary tool for teachers to achieve
teaching goals in content-based lessons involving students who lack proficiency in the instructional language.
The study was conducted in five government primary schools in Katima Mulilo, the capital of the Zambezi region in
Namibia.The national language is English language, with no exception inscience, mathematics, and language
subjects.All Schools are located in a Katima Mulilo-urban. The students are from mixed classes, lower, middle and
upper class families with their parents typically working as unemployed single mothers, domestic workers, clerks,
nurses, teachers, and accountants. Some of the students could understand English because of their parents‟
educational background or in instances where English is spoken at home.
Keywords: code-switching, science, teacher-facilitated lesson, content-based lessons
I. INTRODUCTION
Before Independence in 1990, the curriculum‟s official language in Namibia wasmixed Afrikaans and
English, but Afrikaans dominated. Most subjects in most schools were taught in Afrikaans which was the official
medium of instruction and this resulted in rote-learning. Longtime observations have shown that teachers code-
switch to the language learners understand better in their classrooms. For the past few years of my teaching, I have
observed that teachers code-switch during their teaching and learning.After Independence, however, the new
government of the Republic of Namibia reformed its education system to provide equal education for all people in
the country. The Ministry of Basic Education then developed the language policy to ensure that English became the
medium of instruction from Grade 4 upwards (The language Policy for Schools in Namibia, 2003, p.1).
Even though the Namibian language policy states that learners should be taught through their mother
tongue in their early years of schooling in order to acquire the basic skills of reading, writing and concept formation,
it does not directly address code-switching despite the fact that the majority of the Namibians population are not first
language speakers of English (Kamati, 2011, p.2). Where teachers and learners share a common home language,
there is frequently a gap between language policy and practice, therefore, code-switching by teachers and learners is
a common strategy to achieve a range of social and pedagogical goals (Probyn, 2009). However, Probyn (2009)
refers to code-switching as „smuggling the language‟ into the classroom since this is not official.
In a research conducted by Shilamba (2012) in Namibia, she found that teachers used code-switching
frequently from English to the local languages in Mathematics classrooms. She further stated that: “the reasons why
teacher‟s code-switch is that, the majority of learners‟ language proficiency is not good in English” and that:
“teacher‟s code-switch to promote the performance and participation of their learners” (ibid, p. iii), to explain
concepts and to emphasis points.
In another study conducted by Jegede (2011) in Nigeria, he found that Nigerian Mathematics Primary
school teachers and learners used code-switching in the languages they understand better in order to enjoy the
2. University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
www.ijres.org 56 | Page
educational benefits in multilingual and bilingual classrooms where learners hadlow English proficiency and limited
material resources in their mother tongue. He further posit that although English is the official language of teaching
and learning in Nigeria, in some five schools he did his research on code-switching, the findings indicated that they
code-switched to their local language and language of learners for the following reasons: the lesson wouldbe more
effective and learners will be able to share their interests; to use local language to explain the subject, to let the
learners fully participate in the lesson, improve learners‟ academic performance, code-switch makes learners to
understand the contents thoroughly and code-switch makes learners to have interest in Mathematics.
According to Shilamba (2012), there is a need that issues of language in general and code switching in
particular is discussed and debated openly and widely. It was also submitted that teachers and school board members
should be consulted and brought into the discussion arena while the Ministry of Education and policy makers should
recognize the value of code switching and consider its inclusion in the learning policy at all levels.
Mastura, Azlan & Narasuman (2012) posit that although English is the dominant language used for
communication in Malaysia, code-switching supports learning in such a way that students understand the concepts
better. Teachers may code-switch because of lack of facility. Bilingual and multilingual speakers‟ code-switch if
they cannot find the appropriate terminology in the second language, as well as to emphasize points and to show
identity with the group.“Analysis of the teachers‟ discourse involving code-switching using Gumperz's semantic
model of conversational code-switching showed that the most prevalent function of code-switching was for
repetition ” (Chen-On & Su-Hie, 2011: 299). This showed that code-switching is mostly needed all over where
English is their second language in the science classroom especially for better understanding of the science
terminologies. From my own experience,if the teacher does not share the same language with learners, they will
seek help from their colleagues or point out a learner who knows the same language with other learners and can
understand English better to explain concepts in the language which others understand. Teachers who code-switch
diverted from their lesson plans in order to help learners understand the concepts. Therefore, even if there is conflict
between the language policy in terms of the use of English and home language in the classroom, code-switching
may enhance learning for understanding, emphasize points, explain concepts, clarify statements, maintain discipline
and improve learners‟ academic results.
According to the Namibian constitution article 3, „the official language shall be English(p.3).‟ Despite what
the constitution says about using English as the official language, the Namibian Ministry of Education, Youth,
Culture and Sports (NMECYS) began to review the language policy for schools in order to develop a national
language policy and it was agreed that the medium of instruction for the whole country in schools shall be English.
The use of mother tongue/first language is allowed from the early years of schooling that is (Grade 1-4). After Grade
4, teachers are required to use English as the medium of instruction. Although, English is the medium of instruction,
it is a second language to most teachers and learners in Namibia. This affects learners‟ understanding and
performance in all subjects including the science subjects. Chen-On and Su-Hie (2011:299), outlined some reasons
for code-switching as: “for interpersonal reasons such as addressee specification, objectification and personalisation,
for bridging comprehension gaps, for marking salient information and instructions, for teachers to incorporate
students input and text information into the lesson or with objectification to allude to authority beyond that of a
teacher”.
In Zebra (pseudonym) Primary School, Katima Mulilo (Zambezi Region), teachers practiced different
forms of code-switching in teaching Natural Science. The primary aim behind this practice may be to improve
learning. Thus, this study seeks to investigate the reasons why Natural Science teachers in Zebra Primary School
code-switch to their local languages during classroom activities and hence, determine whether code-switching
enables or constrains learning. Lastly, the study will investigate what linguistic challenges teachers face when
explaining certain concepts during science lessons.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This study is anchored by the constructivist and socio-cultural theories. I will first discuss the constructivist theory
and then discuss the socio-cultural theory.
2.1 Constructivism
This is a perspective based on the understanding that learners are not “account deposits” (Freire, 1993, p.
99). Learners in science can effectively construct science concepts if proper mechanism is put in place for them to
construct the concepts. In this study I will focus on social constructivism and the socio-cultural perspective.
Social constructivism
3. University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
www.ijres.org 57 | Page
Social constructivism is based on the idea that knowledge is constructed by the learner himself/herself
socially. It also emphasizes that learners construct their own understanding by reflecting on their individual
experiences and by relating the new knowledge with what they already know. The process requires the application
of knowledge, skills and values (Moll, 2002, p.9).Learners create meaning from different experience as they interact
socially.McRobbie and Tobin (1997) view social constructivism as having the social and personal aspects of
learning. According to them, the social plane has to do with meaning being constructed by individuals in a social
space as new information interacts with their existing knowledge. Furthermore, that learning is personal and
subjective and only exists in the minds of the knower (ibid). However, learners should be encouraged to put
language to ideas, testing their understandings with peers and listening to and making sense of the ideas of other
learners (McRobbie& Tobin, 1997).
According to Hodson and Hodson (1998), Vygotsky‟s work was rooted in his concern to understand the
social context of cognitive development and in particular the role of language in the development of higher cognitive
functions. He emphasized the scaffolding principles (Vygotsky, 1978) of guiding the learners. Therefore, the role of
the language in the classroom situation is very useful as the learners are socially interacting with one another. It is
through using a language where a lot of mistakes are encountered in science lessons. Intermixing of learners from
different groups and their cultural backgrounds also affects the learners to achieve the required language.
Language is not only crucial to learning but also the process of thinking because learners use language every day to
communicate, that is, the process of code-switching (Probyn 2009) comes in now if the teacher and the learner share
the same language. Most teachers will code –switch in the science classroom to provide learners with varieties of
examples in the topic to enhance understanding so that they could be able to construct meaning form what they have
learnt.
2.2 Socio-cultural perspective
In this study, the socio-cultural theory of learning will be used to explain why and how teachers code-
switch to the local languageSilozi in their science classrooms. Social cultural perspectives in science are
underpinned by the understanding that “human activities take place in cultural context and are mediated by language
and other simple systems, and can be best understood when investigated in their historical development” (John-
Steiner &Mahn, 1996, p. 2). For example, in a community, the members use certain cultural artifacts and these are
designed in line with how they understand the environment around them. Take a case in which they use clay to
mould earthen ware pots. After it has been molded, they use fire to enhance its mechanical properties. The earthen
ware pot is used by certain community members to preserve seeds since when they close the opening no light comes
in which will make the seeds degenerate. This principle is also used in western science but an aluminum foil is put
as a lining inside the packet where seeds are stored.
Since some of the terminology in their cultural practices is not available in English, teachers need to code-
switch as suggested above. The classroom is the social unit where all learners learn how to speak English. Teachers
should make sure the use of English in their science classroom is addressing these terms which are used by
community members as they discuss science processes. If learners do not grasp English language correctly, it will
result in them not constructing the concepts taught. The end result is poor performance in their examinations
because question papers are set in English.
3. Potential value of the study
This study is of potential value since it will be useful to those who are still willing to study in the field of
science and language, particularly on the use of code-switching.Apparently, there is no training for teachers to equip
them to deal with teaching through the medium of an additional language; therefore, this study will help provide
some insights as far as this is concerned where code-switching could be used as a meditational tool in science
classes.The study will be of potential value as it will be used by the curriculum developers in the Ministry of
Education in Namibia to transform their policy in science language regarding code-switching.
Research goal and research questions
The main goal of this study is to investigate the prevalence of code switching in the teaching of Natural
Science and health Education in primary schools in the Zambezi Region.
To achieve this goal, I attempted to answer the following main question and sub-questions:
Main question:
Why do Natural Science teachers mediate learning through code switching in the classroom?
4. University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
www.ijres.org 58 | Page
Sub-questions:
1) What are the Natural Science teachers‟ perceptions and experiences about code-switching from English into
vernacular?
2) How do Natural Science teachers help learners to make sense of scientific concepts in science classes by code-
switching?
3) In what ways does code-switching in the science class enable or constrain learning in Natural Science?
Research Design
This study was informed by an interpretive paradigm. According toCohen, Manion and Morrison (2011),
the interpretive paradigm is a paradigm where “the central endeavor in the context of the interpretive paradigm is to
understand the subjective world of human experience. To retain the integrity of the phenomena being investigated,
efforts were made to get inside the person and to understand from within”(p.17). “Researchers begin with
individuals and set out to understand their interpretations of the world around them” ibid (p.18).They seek to
understand how this glossing of reality goes on at one time and in one place and compare it with what goes on in
different times and places. In the context of this study, this paradigm assisted me to understand how Grade 7 Natural
Science teachers mediate learning through Silozi.Within this paradigm my study will adopt a qualitative case study.
I used a case study because it uses a range of methods for data gathering (e.g. document analysis, questionnaire, and
classroom observation). “Furthermore, it possesses the ability to collate and synthesize data from different sources,
to make inferences and interpretations based on evidence, to know how to test inferences and conclusions” (Cohen,
et al., 2011, p.296). For this reason, I found that a case study is appropriate for my study in order to gain some
insights into why teachers code-switch from English to Silozi particularly in the Caprivi Region where I teach.
Participants: The participants were fiveNatural science teachers from five primary schools. All teachers
and were proficient users of local language of different dialects, ranging from Silozi, Subia, Mbukushu andFwe
making Katima Mulilo a multi-national dialect town, but Silozi is spoken by all other dialects. All teachers had a
Bachelor's degree in teaching. The Science teacher was trained to teach science and mathematics but she teaches
English and Science during study.
Data Collection
For the purpose of the study of code-switching in Natural science lessons, three lessons were selected and
observed for each teacher. The first teacher‟s lesson at school A, wason digestion in animals, followed by HIV and
AIDS and lastly structure of the leaf. The second teacher‟s lesson at school B was on Source of energy, followed by
ecosystem and lastly electroscope.The third teacher‟s lesson at school C was on different systems of human body,
followed by Excretion and lastly structure of plants. The classroom data for the science teachers were collected as
part of a larger study.Prior to the data collection, verbal consent was sought from the teachers and the class was
audio-recorded a single 35-minute per lesson. Until the recordings were done, they were only told that the study was
on classroom interaction. On average, the amount of time allocated for science subjects was four lessons per week.
The classroom interactions were transcribed with pauses indicated by the use of English language. The transcripts
were analysed for code-switching.For the interaction at the classroom to be enhanced, ethical letters were shown and
signed by the stakeholders.
Ethical considerations
Before conducting this study, written permission was obtained from the Regional Director of the Ministry
of Education in Zambezi that outlines the purpose of my research at the chosen schools.
I asked permission from the gate keeper where I conducted my research study. I negotiated and sought permission
from the Grade 7 Natural Science teachers as well from the parents of those learners involved even though the focus
of my study is on teachers. I explained the purpose of the study to all participants. All participants were treated with
respect and dignity. The data obtained during the classroom interaction were analyzed and the results are discussed
below.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This section presents the results on code-switching in the Natural science lessons. In the excerpts included in this
section, use ofcode-switching (CS) were counted and recorded and presented in the tables.
5. University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
www.ijres.org 59 | Page
Table 1. Frequency of Teacher 1, Code-switching in the vernacular and Science Lessons
School A
Lesson Topic Code-switching instances
Science Digestion 23
HIV and AIDS 13
The structure of the leaf 12
Total 48
The results show that there were 48 instances of code-switching in the three lessons combined (Table 1),
involving mainly Silozi. Science teacher code-switched (n=23) frequently during the lesson on digestion,but
duringthe teaching of HIV and AIDS and structure of leaf very little code-switching. The frequency does not take
account of the word "ya" as an example of code-switching as it cannot be considered as an English word because it
is featuredin English as well as Silozi. In view of the frequent use of "ya" by the science teachers it over-represents
the incidence of code-switching.
Table 2. Frequency of Teacher 2, Code-switching in the vernacular and Science Lessons
School B
Lesson Topic Code-switching instances
Science Source of energy 20
Ecosystem 25
Electroscope 8
Total 53
The results show that there were 53 instances of code-switching in the three lessons combined (Table 2),
involving mainly Silozi. Science teacher code-switched (n=20) frequently during the lesson on source of energy.
During the teaching of Ecosystem (n=25) and Electroscope very little code-switching (n=8) was present.
Table 3. Frequency of Teacher 3, Code-switching in the vernacular and Science Lessons
School C
Lesson Topic Code-switching instances
Science Different system of human body 10
Excretion 13
Plants 10
Total 33
The results show that there were 33 instances of code-switching in the three lessons combined (Table 3), involving
mainly Silozi. Science teacher code-switched (n=33) during the lesson on different system of human being,
Excretion and plants. The frequency of code-switching with teacher 3 was very little.
4. Findings
4.1. The frequency of Code-switching Observed.
Based on all observations, it was found that code-switching was used for classroom interaction. However,
CS was the most frequent with concepts that have local language equivalent, as shown in the table with digestion,
source of energy and ecosystem, totaling 68 frequenciesof CS. But code-switching reduced during the teaching of
systems ofthe human body, electroscope and plants. The reasons that constrain and enact code-switching will be
discussed below.
4.2. Reasons that Contribute to the Use of Code-switching
The result of the descriptive analysis on Section B of the questionnaire revealed students‟ ranking of 10
reasons for code-switching. In Table 1, the reasons are ranked ascending from the highest mean score to the lowest
mean score. It was found that the reason “To Stress a Point” had the highest mean (m=7.35) which means that a
majority of the respondents code-switched to either stress a particular statement or to make a statement clearer for
others to understand. However, the reason “To Attract Attention”, (m=1.79), had the lowest mean score which
6. University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
www.ijres.org 60 | Page
shows that not many students code-switched to attract the attention of others to their speech. This highlights a lack
of assertiveness among the respondents.
Table 1. Students‟ ranking of reasons for code-switching
Ranking Reasons N Mean
1 To Stress a Point 28 7.35
2 Semantic Significance 28 7.21
3 Lack of Register 28 6.57
4 Learning and teaching support materials (LTSMs) 28 6.17
5 Habitual behaviour 28 5.86
6 To motivate other children 28 5.79
7 Realistic Reasons 28 5.21
8 For understanding 28 5.21
9 To Show Identity in class 28 3.68
10 To Attract Attention 28 1.79
N=number of students
It was found that the class mostly code-switched in order to “Stress a Point”, give semantic significance,
and lack of Learning and teaching support materials. This result includes interaction with the teacher as well which
means that because everyone in the classroom shared the same mother tongue and, the tendency to code-switch for
the reason of solidarity was predictable. However within code switching emerged some valuable implications.
Code-switching implication.
The results of the present study suggest some implications for allowing students to use CS in the classroom.
These implications can be applied as a generic framework in the classrooms as following:
1.The teachers should use authenticlearning and teaching supportmaterials (LTSMs) to set standards for CS in the
classroom.
2.Instructing students about the situations that might motivate CS can help achieving uniformity in the positive
perception of the concept been taught.
3.Results show general hesitant attitude for employing CS for difficult science concepts and students can be
instructed with emphasis on the recent trends in this connection.
4.The proper use of CS can serve as a resource to diminish the hostility, thus reducing identity crises among
students; also it can lessen the burden of cognitive processes for the concepts not present in scientific language.
6.4 Recommendations
The following recommendations emerged from the resultsbased on the findings of this study
The Ministry of Education should admit that that code-switching exists in all primary schools particularly in the
Zambezi Region and they should formulate a policy that will include code-switching.
The Ministry of Education should organize workshops to guide teachers on how to use code-switching in their
science classrooms.
Learners‟ home language should not be ignored in upper primary schools as well since the nation without
culture is an unconscious nation. Therefore, the Ministry of Education should see to it that it is used if not in
large quantities it should be in small quantities so that learners should not forget their culture.
When formulating the language policy, the Ministry of Education should consider some of the teachers to be
part of the planners because teachers are the ones attaining language challenges from learners.
The University of Namibian and its satellite campuses all over Namibia are responsible for training teachers
should as well include code-switching in their curriculum to achieve language barrier.
Further studies on code-switching should be carried out in Zambezi Region or other regions in Namibia in order
to strengthen the use of code-switching in the science classrooms.
REFERENCES
[1]. Chen-On, D., & Su-Hie, T. (2009).A preliminary study of teacher code-switching in secondary English and
science in Malaysia. electronic journal for English as a second language, 13(1)
[2]. Cohen, L., Manion, L.,& Morrison, K. (2011).Research methods in education(7th
ed.).London: Routledge.
[3]. Freire, P. (1968).Pedagogy of the oppressed (20th
ed.). Texas: Continuum.
[4]. Hodson, D. (1990). A critical look at practical work in school science. School Science Review,70(256), 33-
40.
7. University of Namibia Faculty of Education Katima Mulilo Campus
www.ijres.org 61 | Page
[5]. Hodson, D., &Hodson, J. (1998). From constructivism to social constructivism: Vygotskian perspectives on
teaching and learning science. School Science Review, 79(289), 33-41.
[6]. John-Steiner, V., &Mahn, H.(1996). Social cultural approaches to learning and development: A Vygotskian
framework. Retrieved August 18, 2015, from /Vygotsky/Johnsteiner.html
[7]. Kamati, A.M. (2011).A study of code-switching in Junior Secondary Physical Science classrooms in selected
schools in the Oshana Education Region. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Education Department, University of
Namibia: Windhoek.
[8]. Mastura, N., Azlan, N.K. &Narasuman, S. (2012). The role of code-switching as a communicative tool in an
ESL teacher education classroom.Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90(2013), 458 – 467.
[9]. McRobbie, C., & Tobin, K. (1979).A social constructivist perspective on learning environment.International
Journal of Science Education, 19(2),193-208.
[10]. Namibia. Ministry of Education (1993).Towards Education for All.A development Brief for Education
Culture and Training.
[11]. Namibia. Ministry of Education, (2003).The language Policy for Schools in Namibia. Windhoek:
NIEDNamibia. Ministry of Education, (2010).Natural science and health education syllabus grade 5-7
[12]. Probyn, M.(2004).Making sense of science through two languages: A South African case study. School
Science Review, 86(314), 49-59.
[13]. Probyn, M. (2009). Smuggling the vernacular into the classroom: Conflict and tension in the lassroomcode-
switching rural schools.South African Journal, 12(2), 23-136.
[14]. Shilamba, J.N. (2012). An investigation into the prevalence and use of code-switching practices in Grade 8
Mathematics classroom in the Ohangwena Region of Namibia: A case study. Unpublished Master‟s Thesis,
Education Department. Rhodes University: Grahamstown
*Denuga D "An Investigation Into The Prevalence of Code Switching in the Teaching of Natural Science
And Health Education In Three Primary Schools At The Zambezi Region." International Journal of
Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES) 5.7 (2017): 55-61.