Abstract Potable Water or Pure Drinking Water is essential to mankind and it is difficult to obtain fresh water at many places . The conventional methods available to purify Water are costly. Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very cheap option to purify Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills . The conventional Single Basin Passive Solar Still or Plain Basin Galvanized Iron (GI) Solar Still can be used to purify Water but the main problem is that the per square metre distillate output is less. Many methods have been used to increase the output of GI Basin Solar Still. Horizontal or Vertical Mesh made of GI can be used in the Basin of Solar Still to increase the distillate output. Outdoor Experiments were conducted at Nagpur, Maharashtra ,India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E) for GI Basin Plain (Without Mesh) Solar Still, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical Mesh in the months of May-June and September-October. It was found that both the Mesh increase the distillate output considerably, in which the Horizontal Mesh gives an appreciable increase in the Average Distillate Output (about 400ml per day) and an increase of about 6% in the Average Distillation Efficiency whereas the Vertical Mesh gives a significant increase in the Average Distillate Output (about 1000ml per day) with an increase of about 13% in the Average Distillation Efficiency. The Vertical Mesh is very cheap and the payback period for the Vertical Mesh is hardly 3 months. Thus , the GI Basin Solar Still with Vertical Mesh gives a higher output and can be helpful in obtaining pure drinking water for communities , both cheaply and effectively. Key Words : GI Basin Solar Still, Distillate Output, Average Efficiency, Horizontal Mesh, Vertical Mesh
Researchers and Reviews on Active Solar Distillation Systemijsrd.com
Solar distillation is one of the most promising technologies for supplying potable water. Simply due to its lower productivity, it has limited application. Only, when solar distillation is coupled with any mechanical source, then it increased productivity. Such, the device is called active solar still. The present review paper shows researches done on a solar distillation system for increment in distillate output.
Thermal modelling and performance study of modified double slope solar stilleSAT Journals
Abstract
Solar distillation is a process of producing purified drinking water from brackish water by using the heat of solar radiation as the
feed to evaporate the impure water which on condensation gives the pure water. It is independent of electricity, a major portion of
which is generated from fossil fuel causing environmental pollution and relies completely on renewable source of energy like
solar radiation, thus making it environment friendly.
In this paper a modified double slope solar still (modified DSSS) has been designed by using Transparent Acrylic and opaque
Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) as its body material with two toughened glass covers. The basin and north wall of modified DSSS
have been made by using FRP of thickness (0.005 m), whereas, its three sides (East, West and South walls) are made of
transparent Acrylic sheet of thickness (0.003 m) equivalent to that of FRP for the same heat loss, which results in increased input
solar radiation inside the solar still and improved performance but with low cost.
It is evident that, the inside space of solar still is filled with air and vapour molecules which can come in contact with inner
surfaces of walls and glass covers. The vapour molecules close to the walls strike it due to molecular collisions and stick to it to
release its heat for phase change from vapour to liquid during condensation process. Hence, five troughs (distillate collecting
channels) have been placed at inside surfaces of all its walls and glass covers. The yield has been collected from all the sides of
the solar still except north wall which acts heat absorber. The molecules which come in contact with north wall get additional
heat from it and get evaporated.
In this paper, a thermal model has been developed to predict theoretically the performance of MDSSS for the climatic condition of
MNNIT, Allahabad, India on 22nd May 2014. Expressions for water and glass temperatures and hourly yield for the modified
double slope solar distillation system have been derived analytically. It has been found that the total yield obtained from the
MDSSS in a period of 24 hour is 16 Kg of purified water from 25 Kg of brackish water which is about twice of that obtained from
conventional solar stills. Also the effect of solar radiation on the productivity of solar still has been analyzed.
Keywords: Equivalent Thickness, Molecular Collision, Double Slope Solar Still, Yield
An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with Extern...IOSR Journals
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater. In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions. The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane. The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm. Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still. Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m2.
Researchers and Reviews on Active Solar Distillation Systemijsrd.com
Solar distillation is one of the most promising technologies for supplying potable water. Simply due to its lower productivity, it has limited application. Only, when solar distillation is coupled with any mechanical source, then it increased productivity. Such, the device is called active solar still. The present review paper shows researches done on a solar distillation system for increment in distillate output.
Thermal modelling and performance study of modified double slope solar stilleSAT Journals
Abstract
Solar distillation is a process of producing purified drinking water from brackish water by using the heat of solar radiation as the
feed to evaporate the impure water which on condensation gives the pure water. It is independent of electricity, a major portion of
which is generated from fossil fuel causing environmental pollution and relies completely on renewable source of energy like
solar radiation, thus making it environment friendly.
In this paper a modified double slope solar still (modified DSSS) has been designed by using Transparent Acrylic and opaque
Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) as its body material with two toughened glass covers. The basin and north wall of modified DSSS
have been made by using FRP of thickness (0.005 m), whereas, its three sides (East, West and South walls) are made of
transparent Acrylic sheet of thickness (0.003 m) equivalent to that of FRP for the same heat loss, which results in increased input
solar radiation inside the solar still and improved performance but with low cost.
It is evident that, the inside space of solar still is filled with air and vapour molecules which can come in contact with inner
surfaces of walls and glass covers. The vapour molecules close to the walls strike it due to molecular collisions and stick to it to
release its heat for phase change from vapour to liquid during condensation process. Hence, five troughs (distillate collecting
channels) have been placed at inside surfaces of all its walls and glass covers. The yield has been collected from all the sides of
the solar still except north wall which acts heat absorber. The molecules which come in contact with north wall get additional
heat from it and get evaporated.
In this paper, a thermal model has been developed to predict theoretically the performance of MDSSS for the climatic condition of
MNNIT, Allahabad, India on 22nd May 2014. Expressions for water and glass temperatures and hourly yield for the modified
double slope solar distillation system have been derived analytically. It has been found that the total yield obtained from the
MDSSS in a period of 24 hour is 16 Kg of purified water from 25 Kg of brackish water which is about twice of that obtained from
conventional solar stills. Also the effect of solar radiation on the productivity of solar still has been analyzed.
Keywords: Equivalent Thickness, Molecular Collision, Double Slope Solar Still, Yield
An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with Extern...IOSR Journals
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater. In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions. The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane. The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm. Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still. Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m2.
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING NANOPARTICLES MIXED...antjjournal
The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles.Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides. These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nanoparticles
mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still. Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar
still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is
analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions
of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still
basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre
and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results
of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when
nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the
significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a
paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed
black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.
Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Ground water distillation by basin type solar still for different basin water...IJERA Editor
Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need. Without potable water or
drinking water (less than about 500 ppm of salt) human life is not possible. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a
fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the saline ground water into pure
and potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). Solar energy is an abundant, never
lasting, and available on site and pollution free energy.Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very
cheap option to convert saline ground Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills. The conventional
single basin and single slop Passive Solar Still can be used to purify water but the main problem is that the per
square meter distillate output is less. So it is need to modify the design of solar still for high output of solar
distillate
Solar still is easy to construct, can be done by local people from locally available materials, simple in
operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard maintenance requirements and almost no operation cost. Simplest
basin type models of solar still in earlier days, researchers have progressed a lot to increase its efficiency.
Suitable modification of solar still can produce high output using minimum areas of land and even in cloudy
days. Experimental study is done at Rewa M.P. on two different basin water depth solar stills. Low water depth
solar water still is produced more distillate than high water depth still by the experiment.
RO - Water Desalination Unit using parabolic trough collectorAhmad Khaled
Our graduation project from college of engineering at shoubra - benha university
water Desalination unit with the use of concentrating solar thermal system and reverse osmosis method.
Investigation of the Effect of Cover Thickness on the Yield of a Single Basin...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
The water and the energy are the two most essential things for the sustaining of life. Only less the 1% water is available for the society for direct use, out of which the maximum fraction has been polluted due to non-manageable industrial developments. A solar still is a device which can solve the problem of potable water without using the high grade energy .An overview has been given in this paper of introduction to solar still with a view to explain the principle and the mechanism of operation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF SINGLE SLOPE SOLAR STILL USING NANOPARTICLES MIXED...antjjournal
The present paper reports on an experiment to improve the productivity of solar still using nano-particles.Solar distillation is a relatively simple treatment of brackish or impure water. In this solar energy is used to evaporate water then this vapour is condensed as pure water. This process removes salts and other impurities. Latest trend to improve the efficiency of the solar still is use of nano-particles like metal oxides. These particles increase surface area of absorption to solar radiation. In this work the Al2O3 nanoparticles
mixed black paint is used to enhance the productivity of solar still. The solar radiations are transmitted through the glass cover and captured by a black painted inner bottom surface of the solar still. Water absorbs the heat and is converted into vapour within the chamber of the solar still.Single slop solar
still is used from past decades but in this study effect of nano-particles on productivity of solar still is
analyzed. Experimental work is performed for the single slope solar still (SS-SS) under climatic conditions
of Jaipur. The use of the nano-particles mixed with black paint increases the temperature of the solar still
basin. The productivity and efficiency of solar still at water depth 0.01 m with nano-particles are 3.48 litre
and 38.65% respectively which are maximum values compared to water depths 0.02 m and 0.03 m. Results
of the study gives 38.09% increment in productivity and 12.18% increment in thermal efficiency when
nano-particles of size 50 nm to 100 nm mixed black paint used at water depth .01 m. To check the
significance of difference in productivity of solar still with and without nano-particle mixed black paint, a
paired t-Test is performed which is conforms that the productivity enhancement due to nano-particle mixed
black paint is significant at 95% confidence interval.
There are many types of solar still, including large scale concentrated solar stills and condensation traps (better known as moisture traps amongst survivalists). In a solar still, impure water is contained outside the collector, where it is evaporated by sunlight shining through clear plastic or glass. The pure water vapor condenses on the cool inside surface and drips down, where it is collected and removed.
Distillation replicates the way nature makes rain. The sun's energy heats water to the point of evaporation. As the water evaporates, water vapor rises, condensing into water again as it cools and can then be collected. This process leaves behind impurities, such as salts and heavy metals, and eliminates microbiological organisms. The end result is pure distilled water.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Ground water distillation by basin type solar still for different basin water...IJERA Editor
Adequate quality and reliability of drinking water supply is a fundamental need. Without potable water or
drinking water (less than about 500 ppm of salt) human life is not possible. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a
fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason,
purification of water supplies is extremely important.
Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the saline ground water into pure
and potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). Solar energy is an abundant, never
lasting, and available on site and pollution free energy.Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very
cheap option to convert saline ground Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills. The conventional
single basin and single slop Passive Solar Still can be used to purify water but the main problem is that the per
square meter distillate output is less. So it is need to modify the design of solar still for high output of solar
distillate
Solar still is easy to construct, can be done by local people from locally available materials, simple in
operation by unskilled Personnel, no hard maintenance requirements and almost no operation cost. Simplest
basin type models of solar still in earlier days, researchers have progressed a lot to increase its efficiency.
Suitable modification of solar still can produce high output using minimum areas of land and even in cloudy
days. Experimental study is done at Rewa M.P. on two different basin water depth solar stills. Low water depth
solar water still is produced more distillate than high water depth still by the experiment.
RO - Water Desalination Unit using parabolic trough collectorAhmad Khaled
Our graduation project from college of engineering at shoubra - benha university
water Desalination unit with the use of concentrating solar thermal system and reverse osmosis method.
Investigation of the Effect of Cover Thickness on the Yield of a Single Basin...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
purification of water using solar stillMohamed Ahmed
Distillation is one of many processes that can be used for water purification. This requires an energy input as heat, electricity and solar radiation can be the source of energy. When Solar energy is used for this purpose, it is known as Solar water Distillation. Solar Distillation is an attractive process to produce portable water using free of cost solar energy. This energy is used directly for evaporating water inside a device usually termed a “Solar Still”. Solar stills are used in cases where rain, piped, or well water is impractical, such as in remote homes or during power outages. Different versions of a still are used to desalinate seawater, in desert survival kits and for home water Purification. For people concerned about the quality of their municipally-supplied drinking water and unhappy with other methods of additional purification available to them, solar distillation of tap water or brackish groundwater can be a pleasant, energy efficient option. Solar Distillation is an attractive alternative because of its simple technology, non-requirement of highly skilled labour for maintenance work and low energy consumption.
The use of solar thermal energy in seawater desalination applications has so far been restricted to small-scale systems in rural areas. The reason for this has mainly been explained by the relatively low productivity rate compared to the high capital cost. However, the coming shortage in fossil fuel supply and the growing need for fresh water in order to support increasing water and irrigation needs, have motivated further development of water desalination and purification by renewable energies.
The water and the energy are the two most essential things for the sustaining of life. Only less the 1% water is available for the society for direct use, out of which the maximum fraction has been polluted due to non-manageable industrial developments. A solar still is a device which can solve the problem of potable water without using the high grade energy .An overview has been given in this paper of introduction to solar still with a view to explain the principle and the mechanism of operation.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Economics of a high performance solar distilled water planteSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper, economic analysis of a high performance solar energy operated distilled water plant is presented. The monthly and the annual productivity of the high performance plant is compared with that of a conventional basin type solar still of equal size and material. The cost of the distilled water produced is determined by uniform cost analysis method. The analysis revealed that the production cost of the distilled water produced per litre by the high performance plant is Rs.5.07, whereas that for the conventional still is Rs.7.90 when the market cost is Rs.20.00. The high performance solar distilled water plant can be a very economical, cost effective, minimum maintenance and the zero energy cost option. Moreover, there is no pollution involved. Keywords: Distilled water, solar still, porous absorber, economic analysis and high performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SOLAR STILL COUPLED TO AN EVACUATED TUBE COLLECTO...IAEME Publication
Solar distillation is a promising method for the supply of freshwater to rural communities. Worldwide passive solar still is used for solar distillation plants due to its simplicity in construction and operation, low cost and however the yield is low. Various active methods have been developed to overcome this issue. These developments create additional costs for the system. The main objective of this project is to effectively utilize the solar water heater for solar still productivity enhancement, which works as a hybrid system.
In the present work an attempt has been made to improve the productivity of a single slope solar still by constructing many steps to the basin of the solar still. Experimental setup was fabricated and observations were taken in the premises of SHIATS Allahabad, U.P., INDIA. It is observed that productivity can be reached up to more than 6 liters per day for 1 metre square area of the basin when multi-wicks are added to the system. Overall increase in the production of stepped basin solar still using wick type arrangement in the basin is 20.5 % more than without using wick arrangement
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
An experimental investigation into the performance of a gi basin passive solar still using horizontal mesh and vertical mesh
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
____________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 278
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE PERFORMANCE
OF A GI BASIN PASSIVE SOLAR STILL USING HORIZONTAL MESH
AND VERTICAL MESH
Madhur Shukla1
, R D Askhedkar2
, J P Modak3
1
Professor , 2
Ex Principal, , 3
Dean R&D, in Mechanical Engineering & Dean T&P, KDK College of Engineering,
Nagpur, 3
Priyadarshini College of Engineering Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Potable Water or Pure Drinking Water is essential to mankind and it is difficult to obtain fresh water at many places . The
conventional methods available to purify Water are costly. Solar Energy is freely available and can be used as a very cheap
option to purify Water through Solar Distillation, by using Solar Stills . The conventional Single Basin Passive Solar Still or Plain
Basin Galvanized Iron (GI) Solar Still can be used to purify Water but the main problem is that the per square metre distillate
output is less. Many methods have been used to increase the output of GI Basin Solar Still. Horizontal or Vertical Mesh made of
GI can be used in the Basin of Solar Still to increase the distillate output. Outdoor Experiments were conducted at Nagpur,
Maharashtra ,India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E) for GI Basin Plain (Without Mesh) Solar Still, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical
Mesh in the months of May-June and September-October. It was found that both the Mesh increase the distillate output
considerably, in which the Horizontal Mesh gives an appreciable increase in the Average Distillate Output (about 400ml per day)
and an increase of about 6% in the Average Distillation Efficiency whereas the Vertical Mesh gives a significant increase in the
Average Distillate Output (about 1000ml per day) with an increase of about 13% in the Average Distillation Efficiency. The
Vertical Mesh is very cheap and the payback period for the Vertical Mesh is hardly 3 months. Thus , the GI Basin Solar Still with
Vertical Mesh gives a higher output and can be helpful in obtaining pure drinking water for communities , both cheaply and
effectively.
Key Words : GI Basin Solar Still, Distillate Output, Average Efficiency, Horizontal Mesh, Vertical Mesh
-------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The demand for fresh water is growing everyday in the
world. There are many methods of obtaining pure/fresh
water and Solar Distillation is one of them. Solar distillation
is an easy, small scale & cost effective technique for
providing safe water at homes or in small communities.
Various types of Solar Stills can be used for solar distillation
and the simplest and most economical still is the
conventional basin type solar still. In this communication
the performance of a conventional basin type Passive Solar
Still is evaluated when a Horizontal Mesh or Vertical Mesh
is inserted in the Basin of Passive Solar Still.
Solar Still essentially consists of a blackened basin of GI
metal sheet of 1m x 1m size . This basin is covered by glass
at an angle of 150
(say). Brackish or saline or used water is
filled in this basin and the Still is placed under the Sun. The
water in the blackened basin evaporates & gets condensed
on the inner side of glass cover . Finally the condensed
water rolls down on the inner side of glass cover , gets
collected in the basin channel and comes out through pipe as
pure/ distilled water. This type of operation of still is passive
and one still gives an output of about 2/3 liters per day
during Sunny days or typical Summer Season. These stills
can be coupled with similar 1m x 1m stills in order to
increase the output and thereby the drinking water needs of
families and even the community. The output of this Solar
Still can be increased by various modifications and in this
communication we have discussed the performance
enhancement of the Solar Still by use of Horizontal or
Vertical GI Mesh in the Basin.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A Single Basin Solar Still as shown in Fig 1 consists of a
Galvanised Iron (GI) basin (1m*1m size ) on which a plain
glass is fixed . The basin has a short front side and a slightly
bigger back side thereby giving an angle of say 15 degree to
the other two sides and to the glass fixed over it. The basin
is painted black from inside and the basin is made airtight
after fixing the glass over it. A small inlet pipe is fixed on
the back wall of Basin and a outlet pipe is fixed on the front
basin wall. Brackish or impure Water is poured inside the
Basin from the Inlet pipe in small quantity ,say 20 litres
thereby giving a shallow depth of say 2cms to the water
inside the basin. The Still is kept exposed to Sun and the
Solar Radiations falling on the Still cause the Water inside
the Basin to get heated at a temperature (Tw) and eventually
to get evaporated. This evaporated water or water vapour
gets condensed on the inside glass cover because of lower
glass cover temperature (Tg). The condensed water then
trickles down on the inside surface of glass because of slope
of glass and gets collected in the channel of front side. The
collected water in the channel finally gets out through the
outlet pipe as distillate output (mew).
The performance of a basin type Solar Still (ie distillate
output (mew) / yield per day) depends upon Tw (water
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
____________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 279
temperature) and Tg ( inner glass temperature). All the
attempts to improve the distillate output are essentially
focused on increasing evaporation of water and thereby Tw
and increasing condensation of water by reducing Tg .
Research has been done earlier by various researchers with
the following parameters and their effect on the Solar Still
performance was studied :
1. To increase absorption of radiation by basin water by
addition of absorbing materials like black dye,
charcoal pieces, etc.[1-5],
2. Determination of optimum water depth and glass cover
angle, thickness, etc. [6-8],
3. Effect of insulation and its optimum thickness[9],
4. Effect of wind velocity[10- 11],
5. Effect of climatic parameters like solar radiation,
ambient temperature, etc.[12],
6. Effect of orientation of Solar Still [13],
7. Effect of wicks in solar stills, use of multibasin,
multieffect solar stills, etc.[14-24],
8. Various materials for Solar Stills and novel designs
with different cover shapes , different types of basins,
effect of reflectors , etc [25-39],
9. Thermal analysis and modeling of Solar Stills [40-56].
It has been observed by us that the evaporation of basin
water and eventually the output can be increased by
introduction of GI strip meshes in the basin. This improved
the distillate output and gave a percentage increase in
efficiency by about 25% in the experiments conducted by
us. Such type of work has not been reported by any
researcher so far.
Fig.1:A typical conventional Solar Still
3. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental still has the following dimensions, as
shown in Fig 2.
1.Basin – base size , 1m x 1m base, front height 0.15m,
rear height 0.418m, basin material – GI .
2.Condensing cover – size 1m x 1m, thickness 0.005m,
material- glass.
3.Insulation – sawdust, thickness- 0.05m
4.Outer box – plywood
5.Inlet and outlet pipes – pvc
6.Stand for solar still – MS angle stand, height – 0.6m
The glass cover angle is kept at 150
and the water
depth 0.02m respt. Mesh is having 0.05m height of
strips in one direction and 0.04m height of the
perpendicular strips inserted in it , length – 1m,
thickness – 0.001m (22 gauge of GI) , and spacing
between mesh strips – 0.1m. Fig 3 shows the Plain
Basin & Basin with Horizontal / Vertical Mesh of
the Solar Still. A photograph of GI Basin with
Vertical Mesh is shown in Fig. 4.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
____________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 280
Fig .2:Design Specifications of Experimental still
Fig.3: Plain Basin and Basin with Horizontal / Vertical Mesh
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
____________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 281
Fig.4:GI Basin with Vertical Mesh
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
4.1 Instrumentation:
The following measurements were taken during the
course of experiment:
1.Temperatures of the basin water Tw, inside of glass cover
Tg, ambient, ,etc were measured by thermocouples and
digital temperature indicator. These thermocouples were
calibrated with Zeal thermometer.
2.Distillate output (ml) was measured by measuring
cylinder.
3.Solar insolation (I, in W/m2
) (radiations falling on the
Solar still) were measured with a Solarimeter .
4.Wind speed in m/sec was measured using Anemometer.
5.These readings were taken from sunrise to sunset with
hourly intervals.
4.2 Experimental Observations:
The readings were taken in the months of May, June and
September, October for several days from 7am to 7pm and
the nocturnal output was also noted. Experiments were
conducted in actual field conditions at Nagpur, Maharashtra
,India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E) & data of output(yield mew) and
temperatures(Tw, Tg, Tv, etc) were recorded apart from
climatic data of Ta, I & V. The Input quantity of Water was
kept at 20 litres or the depth of Water in the Basin was 0.02
m. A Sample Table of Readings for a typical day (15 Sept)
for Solar Still with plain basin is shown in Table 1. A
Graphical variation of Water and Inner Glass Temperature,
Wind Speed, Solar Insolation and Distillate Output with
respect to Time of the day is also shown below for the
typical day (15 Sept) in Fig 5 to Fig 8, below. The Summary
of Experimental Observations is shown in Table 2 and it’s
Graphical Description is shown in Chart 1 & Chart 2.
Fig. 5:Variation of Water and Inner Glass Temperature (o
C)
vs Time for GI Solar Still with Plain Basin (Without Mesh)
for a Typical Day (15 Sept)
Fig.6:Variation of Wind Speed vs Time for GI Solar Still
with Plain Basin (Without Mesh) for a Typical Day (15
Sept)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Water
Temp (Tw)
(Deg C)
Glass
(inside)
Temp (Tg)
(Deg C)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Wind Speed (V) (m/s)
Wind Speed
(V) (m/s)
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
____________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 282
Fig.7:Variation of Solar Insolation vs Time for GI Solar
Still with Plain Basin (Without Mesh) for a Typical Day (15
Sept)
Fig.8:Variation of Distillate Output vs Time for GI Solar
Still with Plain Basin (Without Mesh) for a Typical Day (15
Sept)
Table 1:Experimental Observations for a Plain GI Basin (Without Mesh) Solar Still for a Typical Day (15 Sept) at
Nagpur , Maharashtra, India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E).
Experimental Observations – 15 Sept :Total Distillate Output (7am to 7pm)(12hrs) = 1950ml;Total Nocturnal Distillate Output
(7pm to next morning 7am)= 222ml.Total Daily Solar Insolation (7am to 7pm)(12hrs) = 3969 W/m2
Sr.
No.
Time (in
hrs)
Distillate
Output
(ml)
(Hourly)
Ambient
Temp
(Ta)
o
C
Basin
Temp
(Tb)
o
C
Water
Temp
(Tw)
o
C
Vapour
Temp
(Tv)
o
C
Glass
(inside)
Temp
(Tg)
o
C
Wind
Speed
(V)
(m/s)
Solar
Insolation (I)
(W/m
2
)
1 7.00 hrs 0 25.3 28 27 28 27 0.2 40
2 8.00 hrs 0 27.6 30 29 31 30 0.1 197
3 9.00 hrs 10 29.4 34 33 39 38 0 381
4 10.00 hrs 29 32.4 44 44 55 47 0.2 458
5 11.00 hrs 69 33.7 52 51 59 50 0.1 452
6 12.00 hrs 144 33.9 59 57 67 55 0.2 450
7 13.00 hrs 308 34.2 65 64 73 63 0.1 472
8 14.00 hrs 355 34.4 69 69 74 65 0.4 432
9 15.00 hrs 324 34.2 69 69 79 65 0.1 452
10 16.00hrs 265 33.6 63 63 70 59 0 386
11 17.00 hrs 195 32.8 59 59 60 52 0.1 243
12 18.00 hrs 154 31 54 54 50 45 0.2 6
13 19.00 hrs 97 30.2 45 45 43 39 0.3 0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Solar Insolation (I) (W/m2 )
Solar
Insolation
(I) (W/m2 )
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
7.00hrs
9.00hrs
11.00hrs
13.00hrs
15.00hrs
17.00hrs
19.00hrs
Distillate Output (ml) (Hourly)
Distillate
Output (ml)
(Hourly)
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 283
Table 2:Summary of Experimental Observations for GI Basin Solar Still Without Mesh (Plain Basin), With Horizontal Mesh and
With Vertical Mesh taken at Nagpur , Maharashtra, India (21.15⁰N, 79.09⁰E).
Sr. No. Date Type of Experiment
Average
Daily
Distillate
Output (mew
in ml)
Average
Daily Total
Solar
Insolation
(I in W/m2
)
Calculated
Average Efficiency (η) (%)
1
20 June to 24
June G.I. Still Without Mesh 1249 4526 28.04306
2
6 June to 7
June
G.I. Still With
Horizontal Mesh 1597 4947 32.91016
3
5 May to 8
May G.I. Still With Vertical
Mesh 2860 6863 41.80972
4
9 Sept to 15
Sept G.I.Still Without Mesh 1192 2700 29.72685
23 Sept to 1
Oct
G.I.Still With
Horizontal Mesh 1627 3298 35.47661
6
17 Sept to 21
Sept & 7 Oct
to 15 Oct
G.I.Still With Vertical
Mesh 1695 3287 36.6635
Chart 1:Comparision of Average Efficiency of Solar Still Without Mesh, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical Mesh
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Average Efficiency June (%) Average Efficiency
September (%)
G.I. Still Without Mesh
G.I. Still With Horizontal Mesh
G.I. Still With Vertical Mesh
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 284
Chart 2: Comparision of Average Distillate Output of Solar Still Without Mesh, With Horizontal Mesh and With Vertical Mesh
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Summary of Results shown in Table No 2 clearly
indicates that the Solar Still with Horizontal and Vertical
Mesh both show an increase in the distillate output and
certainly an increase in the average efficiency over the Plain
Basin Solar Still.
5.1 Solar Still with Horizontal Mesh :
The Solar Still having Horizontal Mesh gives an increase in
the average efficiency by upto 6 % and gives an increase of
348 ml in the average distillate output in May/June and
thereby a percentage increase of 27.86 % whereas in the
month of September/October the average distillate output is
increased by 435 ml and a percentage increase of 36.49 %
over the Plain Basin ( Without Mesh ) Solar Still. Thus on
an average about 400 ml of distillate output is increased
daily by using Horizontal Mesh, which is an appericiable
increase.
5.2 Solar Still with Vertical Mesh :
The Solar Still having Vertical Mesh gives an increase in the
average efficiency by upto 13 % and gives an increase of
1611 ml in the average distillate output in May/June and
thereby a percentage increase of 128 % whereas in the
month of September/October the average distillate output is
increased by 503 ml and a percentage increase of 42.19 %
over the Plain Basin ( Without Mesh ) Solar Still. Thus on
an average about 1000 ml of distillate output is increased
daily by using Vertical Mesh which is a very significant
increase.
5.3 Performance of Vertical Mesh in comparison to
Horizontal Mesh:
Although both the Mesh give an increase in distillate output
and thereby distillation efficiency over the Plain Basin
(Without Mesh) Solar Still , it is the Vertical Mesh which
gives a very significant increase. The Mesh work on a
simple logic of extended surface for heat transfer .The GI
(Galvanized Iron) strip Mesh is painted black like the GI
basin and it fits in the GI basin. The black GI strips have
very good absorptivity and they are good conductors of heat.
So the Mesh absorb maximum radiations falling on them
and transfer heat to water surrounding them, thereby raising
the Water temperature (Tw) and finally the distillate output.
Now the most important point is the Mesh is absorbing the
Solar radiations which were otherwise falling on Water in
the Basin. In a way the Mesh is preventing the Water from
getting directly heated and hence it is becoming a cause in
reducing the Water temperature. So the Mesh is increasing
the heat transfer area but it also blocks some radiations from
directly falling on Water and hence the Horizontal Mesh
gives lesser output as compared to Vertical Mesh because
the Mesh area is same but the Mesh orientation is such that
the Horizontal Mesh blocks more radiations from falling
directly on Water as compared to Vertical mesh especially
when the water depth is low (0.02m) . The fabrication of
Mesh is done in such a way that one strip is Vertical with
0.05m height and another strip of 0.04m height is inserted in
a slot in the vertical strip at a height of 0.025m from basin.
So with 20 litres of water the depth of water is 0.02m and
the horizontal strip is at a height of 0.025m which is 0.005m
(0.5 cm) above the water surface. Therefore, the advantage
of increase in heat transfer area in the case of Horizontal
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Average Distillate Output
June
Average Distillate Output
September
G.I. Still Without Mesh
G.I. Still With Horizontal Mesh
G.I. Still With Vertical Mesh
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Issue: 01 | Jan-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 285
Mesh is subdued by the fact that it blocks more radiations
from falling directly on Water as compared to Vertical
Mesh. This explains the reason why Vertical Mesh gives
higher output as compared to Horizontal Mesh especially at
shallow depth of Input Basin Water.
6. MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
The overall distillation efficiency of the Solar Still is given
by the expression ,
η = ( mew*L) / (IT * As ) * 100 (%) ,
where η = Overall Thermal Efficiency,
mew = Total Distillate Output of the Day (in kg) = ∑mw ,
(mw = Hourly Distillate Output)
L= Latent Heat of Vaporization (J/kg),
IT = Total Daily Solar Radiation (W/m2
) ,
As = Basin Area (in m2
).
The Latent heat of vaporization (L) is temperature
dependent and is given by the expression ,
L = 3.1615 *10-6
* [1-(7.616*10-4
*Tv)] for Tv > 700
C, and
L = 2.4935 * 106
* [1-9.4779*10-4
*Tv + 1.3132*10-7
*Tv
2
–
4.7974*10-9
*Tv
3
] for Tv < 700
C,
where Tv is the Vapour Temperature.
Efficiency is calculated for each day by taking the values
from the daily observations as shown in Sample Table 1.
mew is the total distillate output of the day which is available
from the Observation Table. Similarly IT or the Total Daily
Solar Radiation ( in W/m2
) is also available from the Table.
As or the Basin Area is taken as 1 m2
. The Latent heat of
vaporization (L) is calculated on hourly basis using the
Vapour temperature Tv, and then the daily average value is
used for calculation of efficiency. Similarly efficiency is
calculated for each day and the average efficiency for many
days for a typical type of experiment is calculated and is
shown in the Summary Table 2.
7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
The GI Basin Solar Still costs about eight thousand rupees
including labour charges and the Mesh costs about one
thousand rupees, ie the Mesh cost is almost 12.5 % of the
Solar Still cost. The average increase in efficiency by
Vertical Mesh is about 13 % and the average increase in
distillate output by Vertical Mesh is about 1 litre per day.
The cost of Vertical Mesh will therefore be recovered in
maximum 3 months or the payback period for Vertical Mesh
is 3 months. Similarly the payback period for Horizontal
Mesh is about 8 months. So , it is much economical to use
Solar Still with Vertical Mesh.
8. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be drawn from the
Experimentation and Analysis :
The drinking water problem can be solved at many places
by using the cheap method of Solar Distillation , ie by using
Single Basin Passive Solar Stills.
The problem of lesser output or productivity of Single Basin
Passive Solar Still can be solved by using Horizontal or
Vertical GI Mesh strips in the Basin.
The Horizontal Mesh gives an increase in efficiency by
about 6 % and the average increase in the distillate output
was about 400ml per day thereby giving a percentage
increase in average distillate output by about 32% which is
an appreciable increase.
The Vertical Mesh gives an increase in efficiency by about
13 % and the average increase in the distillate output was
about 1000ml per day thereby giving a percentage increase
in average distillate output by about 85 % which is a very
significant increase.
The reason for Vertical Mesh performing better than
Horizontal Mesh is that the Vertical mesh inspite of having
same surface area as the Horizontal Mesh blocks lesser
radiation from falling directly on Basin Water. Therefore the
Vertical Mesh gives higher Water temperature (Tw) and
thereby higher distillate output (mew) and higher distillation
efficiency (η).
Economic Analysis shows that the payback period for
Horizontal Mesh is 8 months whereas the payback period
for Vertical Mesh is 3 months.
The Solar Still with Vertical Mesh can be used very
effectively to increase the distillate output and Distillation
efficiency especially for shallow depths of Input Basin
Water. Hence it can be recommended to use such type of GI
Basin Solar Still with Vertical Mesh to solve the drinking
water problem of communities where there is scarcity of
potable water.
NOMENCLATURE
mew = Distillate Output (ml)
η = Distillation Efficiency
I = Solar Insolation (W/m2
)
V = Wind Speed (m/s)
Tw = Water Temperature in the Basin (o
C)
Tg = Inner Glass Temperature (o
C)
Tv = Vapour Temperature (o
C)
Ta = Ambient Temperature (o
C)
L = Latent heat of Vaporization (J/kg)
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BIOGRAPHY
Prof. Madhur Shukla is Professor in
Mechanical Engineering and Dean of
Training & Placement at KDK College
of Engineering , Nagpur. He did his BE
in Mechanical Engineering from Govt
College of Engineering , Amravati,
Maharashtra in the year 1993 and ME in
Thermal Science from Faculty of Engg
and Technology , MSU , Vadodara,
Gujrat in the year 1995. He is having a
Teaching and Administrative experience of 18 years during
which he participated in various International and National
Conferences , Workshops, and STTP’s. He had also
attended the World Education Market at Lisbon, Portugal as
a part of the Team of Engineering Colleges of Maharashtra
in the year 2003. He is a member of various Professional
Organizations including The Institution of Engineers India
(IEI), Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE),
National Society of Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power
(NSFMFP) , Solar Energy Society of India (SESI) , The
Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE), etc.