The document discusses a solar-powered water desalination unit designed to address fresh water scarcity using reverse osmosis technology. It highlights the advantages of renewable energy, particularly solar energy, as a clean and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, detailing experimental setups, results, and productivity outcomes. The system aims to provide a significant amount of fresh water while reducing pollution and production costs.

1. “RO” water desalination unit
using Solar energy as source
of Pressure energy
Supervisors
Prof Dr/ Ramdan Sakr
Prof Dr/ Ahmed Attia
Dr/ Mohamed Abdelrahman
Dr/ Mohamed Emam
Mechanical Engineering Dept.
2019

2. Presented by
Mahmoud Hesham Lotfy
Ahmed Mohamed Hanora
Yousry Tarek Mostafa
Ahmed Khaled Soliman
Kareem Mohamed Nassar
2

3. Table of content
I- Introduction
II- System description
III- Operation method
Iv- Results
3

4. Energy Problem
4
Main Problem
Water Problem
Water scarcity is the
lack of fresh water
resources to meet water
demand. It affects every
continent and was
listed in 2019 by the
World Economic Forum
as one of the largest
global risks in terms of
potential impact over
the next decade .
Most scientists now believe
that carbon dioxide
concentrations in the
atmosphere are rapidly
increasing, and that
emissions from the burning
of fossil fuels is a principal
cause. Thus, it is probable
that this will affect the
climate and lead to global
warming. Also Fossil fuels is
finite source of energy.

5. 5
Brainstorming

6. Objective
s• Desalinating water to overcome fresh
water crisis.
• Using sustainable and
renewable energy instead of
fossil fuel.
6
• Reduce the production cost.
• Using clean energy to reduce
pollution.

7. Renewable
Energy
Energy obtained from natural
energy occurring in the
immediate
Environment.
Infinite source of energy, clean
and cheap.
Has a lot of types such as:
Solar, Wind, Hydropower,
Geothermal and Tidal energy.
C
B
A
6

8. Why Solar Energy? 8
Location of Egypt.1
2
3
4
A solar energy system has no moving
parts, which means less risk to damage
and less maintenance.
Solar energy systems provide more
predictable energy outputs.
Relatively silent in operation, fast
installation
Egypt received about 2400-2800 kWh/m2 per year
as direct normal irradiance.

9. Understanding
Osmosis.
Osmosis is the tendency of water to flow
from a hypotonic solution (low
substances) to hypertonic solution (higher
of dissolved substances) across a
membrane.
9

10. What is Reverse
Osmosis, “RO”?
Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is
used
to remove a large majority of
pushing the water under pressure through
semipermeable membrane.
10
Reverse Osmosis removes: More than 99%
of dissolved salts(ions), Dust Particles,
Colloids Organics, Bacteria, Pyrogens. And
many more.

11. Concentrating solar thermal (CST) systems
• CST technologies use different mirror configurations to
concentrate the sun’s light energy onto a receiver and convert it
steam with high pressure.
• In a CST system, the solar-generated heat replaces the burning of
11

12. Linear Fresnel
concentrators
Parabolic trough
concentrators
Dish-Engine
concentrators
Power Tower
concentrators
line-focus systems point-focus systems
Concentrating Solar Technologies
12

13. Description of the experimental
setup
13
System layout

14. Design & Installation Steps. 14
1 Base design

15. Design & Installation Steps.
15
Max stress is 1.2*10^6 N/m^2 The maximum Displacement is 0.31
mm
Factor of safety = 8
2 Stress analysis

16. Design & Installation Steps.
16
3 Parabola curve & installation

17. Design & Installation Steps.
17
Parabola curve & installation3

18. Design & Installation Steps.
18
Mirror
Design
Diameter 100 cm
Length 170 cm
Depth 15 cm
Thickness 8 mm
Aperture area 1.9 m2
Weight 35 kg
Reflectivity 95%
4

19. Design & Installation Steps. 19
Evacuated tube5

20. Design & Installation
Steps.
20
Copper tube Material Copper
Length 170cm
Inner diameter 3.3cm
Outer diameter 3.5cm
Thickness 2mm
Volume 1.9 Liter
Thermal conductivity 400 at 25c
Density 8960 kg/m^3
6

21. Design & Installation Steps.
21
Model LHE004
Volume 15 L
Maximum work pressure 8 bars
Maximum work
temperature
99-degree Celsius
7 Pressure tank Recievoir

22. Operation
22

23. Operation
23

24. Operation
24

25. Experiments and failures
1 Mirror strips
25
comparison mirror strips curved mirror
Light reflection 75% 95%
cost low High
Optical efficiency 55% 76%
Total curved area 1.7 m2 1.9 m2

26. Experiments and failures
2 Acrylic cylinder with moveable piston
26

27. Experiments and failures
27
Are
You
Ready!
?

28. Experiments and failures
3 Plastic pressure tank
28
Model LHE004
Volume 15 L
Maximum work pressure 8 bars
Maximum work
temperature
99-degree Celsius

29. Instruments
29
Solar Power Meter TDS Temp Read out

30. Results
30
Day
Feed water
PPM
Duration
(min)
no
cycles
Avg
Radiation(w/m2)
Avg Tamb
(c )
Fresh water
PPM
Brine water
PPM
Vfresh
(L)
Vbrine
(L)
1 1000 75 2 543 45.70 84 920 1.50 3.00
2 2000 115 3 705 38.20 167 1930 1.83 4.50
3 3000 60 2 550 37.10 250 3060 1.39 3.90
4 4000 77 3 780 35.00 300 3600 1.20 4.56
5 5000 88 2 557 40.00 416 4070 1.12 6.00

31. Data Reduction
31
(Relation between Rad/day over the year)

32. Data Reduction
32
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
NOOFCYCLES
RADIATION
season Avg. radiation in
season)w.hr/m^2/
day)
Total no .of
cycles/day
winter 2900 9
Spring 5800 17
Summer 7900 24
autumn 5500 16
(Relation between no. of cycles and Radiation)

33. Data Reduction
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
PRODUCTIVITYL/DAY
PPM
ppm production L/d
1000 18
2000 16.68
3000 14.64
4000 13.44
5000 9.6
(Relation between PPM and Productivity)
33

34. Project Outcomes
34
Season
Productivity
(liter/day) for
1.8m2
winter 11
spring 20
summer 27
autumn 18
Total prod/year 6840
0
10
20
30
winter spring summer autumn
Productivity (liter/day) for 1.8m2
• As the mean consumption of fresh water
per person 3 liter per day, The system can
provide fresh water for 6 persons.

35. Project Outcomes
35
• As the mean consumption of fresh water
per person 3 liter per day, The system can
provide fresh water for 2300 persons.
Season
Productivity (liter/day) for
field of 1000m2
winter 4066
spring 7400
summer 10000
autumn 6650
Total
prod/year 2520000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
winter spring summer autumn
Productivity (liter/day) for field of 1000m2

36. Comparison between electrical and thermal
systems
Feed (ppm)
Solar system
(liter/ day)
Electric Pump
(liter/day)
1000 18 58.32
2000 16.68 55.08
3000 14.64 50.7
4000 13.44 44.7
5000 9.6 36.72
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
PRODUCTIVITYL/DAY
PPM
solar system electric system
(Relation between productivity of elec. Pump and solar
system per day)
36

37. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
FRESHWATERPPM
FEED WATER PPM
By solar system By electric Pump
Comparison between electrical and thermal
systems
By solar
system
By electric
Pump
Feed
(ppm) Fresh (ppm)
Fresh (ppm)
1000 84 79
2000 167 158
3000 251 237
4000 307 298
5000 416 395
(Relation between ppm of fresh water for elec. pump
and solar system)
37

38. Future Recommendations 38
Make sure that there are no any air gaps
between aluminum sheet because when
temperature increase the air got hotter and
cause increase in pressure which cause failure
of tube glass.
Using aluminum sheet inside
evacuated tube enhance radiation
absorption because it increases
collecting area..
It is preferred to use curved mirror
instead of mirror strips as it have
noticed increase in efficiency.
Consider in design that you have
movable mechanism to fix the
receiver tube in the focal because
you might find mismatch in focal
between theoretical and actual
design.
It is better to follow
meteorological authority to be
sure of sunny hours and rainy
days..
Be careful while dealing with hot
surfaces and use safety tools to
avoid injury.

39. Thank
you
39