This document discusses rural infrastructure development policies and strategies in Nigeria. It provides an overview of the poor state of rural infrastructure, including roads, water, and electricity. It then describes several key government programs and policies aimed at improving rural infrastructure, including the Agricultural Development Projects (ADPs), which developed infrastructure like roads, dams, and farms while promoting agriculture; and the River Basin and Rural Development Authorities (RBRDAs), which undertook comprehensive development projects across river basins, including infrastructure, irrigation, afforestation, and rural development. However, it notes that while these programs aimed to boost rural development, the overall state of rural infrastructure in Nigeria remains very poor.
•The Mission addresses urban housing shortage among the EWS/LIG and MIG categories including the slum dwellers by ensuring a pucca house for all eligible urban households by the year 2022.
Panchayats have been the backbone of the Indian villages since the beginning of recorded history. Gandhiji, the father of the nation, in 1946 had aptly remarked that the Indian Independence must begin at the bottom and every village ought to be a Republic or Panchayat having powers. Gandhiji dream has been translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system to ensure people’s participation in rural reconstruction.
An integrated local area plan, based on specific needs of each area, was stressed upon from the beginning of plan development process in 1950s. However, despite several reports and studies, there were only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning.
The passage of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 marks a new era in the federal democratic set up of the country and provides constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). These PRIs are empowered to function as institutions of Self Government and to prepare plans for economic development and social justice and their empowerment. The PRIs constitute the bedrock for the implementation of most of Rural Development Programmes.
Panchayati Raj system of governance provides a 3-tier structure of local governance in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of administration. The three-tiers include the following: Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, and District Panchayat. Panchayats are responsible for the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice; implementation of national schemes; and to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.Govt. of India has elaborated a detailed picture of District Planning through their publication "Manual for Integrated District Planning". This manual will provide guidance in the task of preparing District Plans that are based on a long-term vision, reflect the needs of the people and provide a framework for convergence of programmes and resources so that implementation of the plan yields optimal outcomes and helps address regional imbalances, with a view of bringing all areas of the country into a twenty-first century vision of development.
“District Planning” is the process of preparing an integrated plan for the Local Government in a District taking into account the resources available and covering the sectoral activities and schemes assigned to the district level below and those implemented through local governments in the state.” It ensures better delivery of services and efficient use of resources
The document outlines topics related to rural planning including theories of rural development patterns in different countries, characteristics of rural land in Pakistan, approaches to rural development and criticisms, villages as focal points of planning, and elements of a conceptual framework for modern rural planning including basic needs, rural-urban linkages, and roads. It also defines key terms like rural areas, development, planning, and rural development and outlines aims of rural development plans like strengthening communities and diversifying rural economies while protecting landscapes.
This document discusses the development of regional planning, outlining some of the key issues that initiated its conception. It identifies societal problems like economic, social, political, administrative, physical, and cultural challenges. Early developments included the South Wales Regional Survey in 1920 and the Doncaster Regional Planning Scheme in 1922, seen as a forerunner in Britain. Over time, regional planning aimed to address problems like depressed areas and unemployment, unequal economic growth across regions, overcrowding in major cities, inefficient administration, and lack of autonomy and equality in some areas. Case studies of Britain and Wales are provided to illustrate how regional planning principles have been applied over decades to tackle diverse regional issues.
Role of non farm sector in the transformation of indias rural economyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about the role of the non-farm sector in transforming India's rural economy. It discusses how the non-farm sector has grown in importance with liberalization, providing employment as agriculture alone cannot support rural populations. Key points covered include how the non-farm sector helps smooth income flows and reduce vulnerability, growing non-farm employment in India, and the conclusion that the non-farm sector plays an important role in rural development as agriculture declines in importance.
The document discusses the 74th Amendment Act of the Constitution of India. The key points are:
- The 74th Amendment Act aimed to strengthen urban local bodies through decentralization of power. It set up mechanisms for decentralization, demarcated the roles and functions of urban local bodies, and ensured representation of deprived classes and women.
- The Act outlined a framework for local governments in urban areas to bridge the gap between governments and citizens. It provided for regular elections, reservation of seats for women and disadvantaged groups, and delineated the powers and responsibilities of urban local bodies.
- The Act sought to assign functions like urban planning, regulation of land use, provision of basic services, and poverty alleviation
types and contents for regional planning for block,district,state and nationgayathrysatheesan1
level planning framework. All planning activities at the district level will be with a single planning body at the district level. This body will be in line with Planning Boards at the state level and Planning Commission at the national level.
types and contents for regional planning for block,district,state and nation ppt
The Bangladesh National Environment Policy of 1992 aims to ensure ecological balance, protect against natural disasters, control pollution, and ensure sustainable development. It recognizes issues like global pollution, integrated policy, and natural resource use. The policy's objectives are to manage activities for environmental protection, sustainable resource use, and global cooperation. It provides guidance for 15 sectors including agriculture, industry, health, energy, and establishes mechanisms for implementation and challenges of ensuring the environment is a government priority.
•The Mission addresses urban housing shortage among the EWS/LIG and MIG categories including the slum dwellers by ensuring a pucca house for all eligible urban households by the year 2022.
Panchayats have been the backbone of the Indian villages since the beginning of recorded history. Gandhiji, the father of the nation, in 1946 had aptly remarked that the Indian Independence must begin at the bottom and every village ought to be a Republic or Panchayat having powers. Gandhiji dream has been translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tier Panchayati Raj system to ensure people’s participation in rural reconstruction.
An integrated local area plan, based on specific needs of each area, was stressed upon from the beginning of plan development process in 1950s. However, despite several reports and studies, there were only sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning.
The passage of the Constitution (73rd Amendment) Act, 1992 marks a new era in the federal democratic set up of the country and provides constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). These PRIs are empowered to function as institutions of Self Government and to prepare plans for economic development and social justice and their empowerment. The PRIs constitute the bedrock for the implementation of most of Rural Development Programmes.
Panchayati Raj system of governance provides a 3-tier structure of local governance in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of administration. The three-tiers include the following: Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat, and District Panchayat. Panchayats are responsible for the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice; implementation of national schemes; and to levy and collect appropriate taxes, duties, tolls and fees.Govt. of India has elaborated a detailed picture of District Planning through their publication "Manual for Integrated District Planning". This manual will provide guidance in the task of preparing District Plans that are based on a long-term vision, reflect the needs of the people and provide a framework for convergence of programmes and resources so that implementation of the plan yields optimal outcomes and helps address regional imbalances, with a view of bringing all areas of the country into a twenty-first century vision of development.
“District Planning” is the process of preparing an integrated plan for the Local Government in a District taking into account the resources available and covering the sectoral activities and schemes assigned to the district level below and those implemented through local governments in the state.” It ensures better delivery of services and efficient use of resources
The document outlines topics related to rural planning including theories of rural development patterns in different countries, characteristics of rural land in Pakistan, approaches to rural development and criticisms, villages as focal points of planning, and elements of a conceptual framework for modern rural planning including basic needs, rural-urban linkages, and roads. It also defines key terms like rural areas, development, planning, and rural development and outlines aims of rural development plans like strengthening communities and diversifying rural economies while protecting landscapes.
This document discusses the development of regional planning, outlining some of the key issues that initiated its conception. It identifies societal problems like economic, social, political, administrative, physical, and cultural challenges. Early developments included the South Wales Regional Survey in 1920 and the Doncaster Regional Planning Scheme in 1922, seen as a forerunner in Britain. Over time, regional planning aimed to address problems like depressed areas and unemployment, unequal economic growth across regions, overcrowding in major cities, inefficient administration, and lack of autonomy and equality in some areas. Case studies of Britain and Wales are provided to illustrate how regional planning principles have been applied over decades to tackle diverse regional issues.
Role of non farm sector in the transformation of indias rural economyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management about the role of the non-farm sector in transforming India's rural economy. It discusses how the non-farm sector has grown in importance with liberalization, providing employment as agriculture alone cannot support rural populations. Key points covered include how the non-farm sector helps smooth income flows and reduce vulnerability, growing non-farm employment in India, and the conclusion that the non-farm sector plays an important role in rural development as agriculture declines in importance.
The document discusses the 74th Amendment Act of the Constitution of India. The key points are:
- The 74th Amendment Act aimed to strengthen urban local bodies through decentralization of power. It set up mechanisms for decentralization, demarcated the roles and functions of urban local bodies, and ensured representation of deprived classes and women.
- The Act outlined a framework for local governments in urban areas to bridge the gap between governments and citizens. It provided for regular elections, reservation of seats for women and disadvantaged groups, and delineated the powers and responsibilities of urban local bodies.
- The Act sought to assign functions like urban planning, regulation of land use, provision of basic services, and poverty alleviation
types and contents for regional planning for block,district,state and nationgayathrysatheesan1
level planning framework. All planning activities at the district level will be with a single planning body at the district level. This body will be in line with Planning Boards at the state level and Planning Commission at the national level.
types and contents for regional planning for block,district,state and nation ppt
The Bangladesh National Environment Policy of 1992 aims to ensure ecological balance, protect against natural disasters, control pollution, and ensure sustainable development. It recognizes issues like global pollution, integrated policy, and natural resource use. The policy's objectives are to manage activities for environmental protection, sustainable resource use, and global cooperation. It provides guidance for 15 sectors including agriculture, industry, health, energy, and establishes mechanisms for implementation and challenges of ensuring the environment is a government priority.
The document outlines Bangladesh's Vision 2021 which aims to achieve various socioeconomic targets by the 50th anniversary of its independence in 2021. It discusses the Millennium Development Goals and Bangladesh's progress in achieving them. Vision 2021's broad targets include becoming a middle-income country, eradicating poverty and illiteracy, ensuring food and energy security, expanding infrastructure and digital connectivity. The vision seeks to establish Bangladesh as a digitally-empowered, environmentally-sustainable and socially-just nation by 2021.
National urban sanitation policy presentation 5th nov 2009 swetal kSwetal Kanwalu
The National Urban Sanitation Policy aims to transform Indian cities and towns into completely sanitized, healthy, and livable places. It seeks to ensure all citizens have access to sanitation facilities with a focus on the urban poor and women. Key issues addressed include the lack of awareness, institutional roles and responsibilities, social aspects of sanitation, limited technology choices, and lack of an integrated city-wide approach. The policy promotes behavior change, community managed toilets, safe disposal and reuse of treated waste water. It outlines implementation strategies at the national, state, and city levels including capacity building, awareness generation, monitoring, financing, and defining institutional roles. City sanitation plans are to be prepared involving stakeholders and setting targets and standards
This document discusses the theory of advocacy planning presented by Paul Davidoff in 1965. Advocacy planning argues for a pluralistic and democratic approach where planners act as advocates for minority groups, rather than the traditional unitary approach. It promotes including a wider scope of social issues in planning and having public agencies and organizations represent various viewpoints, rather than a single planning commission. However, advocacy planning also presents challenges around coordination, consistency, and managing differing stakeholder interests.
The Clean India Mission is a national campaign launched by the Indian government in 2014 to clean streets, roads, and infrastructure across 4041 towns in India. The campaign aims to accomplish the vision of a "Clean India" by 2019, the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, at an estimated cost of over 62000 crore (US$9.7 billion). The objectives are to ensure 100% collection and processing of municipal solid waste, generate awareness about sanitation and its links to public health, and eliminate open defecation. Prime Minister Narendra Modi nominated nine public figures to promote the campaign.
National Policies & Programs for Slum Upgrading in India: Bridging the Gap between Policy & Practices - Rajiv Ranjan Mishra - Third Expert Meeting of the Regional Slum Upgrading Working Group (RSUWG) - 29th. of November to the 1st. of December 2015 in Laleh International Hotel, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
The document discusses rural employment schemes in India, including the Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) and the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM). SGSY was launched in 1999 to provide self-employment opportunities to rural poor through skills training and marketing support. It was restructured and renamed as NRLM in 2010 to implement the scheme in a mission mode. NRLM aims to cover all rural poor families through self-help groups and federations, provide financial inclusion, livelihood skills, and wage employment opportunities. It is implemented through national, state, district, block and sub-block level units.
Rural development in India has changed focus over time from agricultural development to a more inclusive approach addressing quality of life factors like health, education, and gender equality. Key challenges include high rural poverty rates, undernutrition, and dependence on small-scale farming. Current programs aim to boost rural employment and infrastructure through initiatives like NREGA, Bharat Nirman, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, as well as provide social services and assistance through schemes like the National Social Assistance Programme and Indira Awas Yojana. Decentralized planning through strengthened panchayati raj institutions also aims to better address local needs.
This document outlines a lecture on town planning given by Engr. Ali Raza Khalid. It includes definitions of town planning, the history and objectives of town planning such as health, convenience and beauty. Principles of town planning like zoning, green belts, housing and transportation facilities are discussed. The necessity of town planning to avoid problems towns face without planning like lack of amenities and traffic congestion is also covered.
The document discusses the socio-cultural significance of the Guthi system among the Newar community in Kirtipur, Nepal. It provides background on Guthis as compulsory or optional associations formed around kinship, caste, or territory to maintain religious and cultural traditions. The research aims to understand the functions of Guthis, their role in preserving culture, and socio-cultural importance today. It finds that Guthis remain important in the community and conduct various rituals, festivals, and development activities while facing some challenges with younger generations' knowledge and participation.
The Regional Development Plan, 2011-2016 is the roadmap charted by the Regional Development Council and the stakeholders of SOCCSKSARGEN towards a vibrant and sustained growth of the economy; in which everyone is included and no one is excluded. Over the years, despite the region‟s rich development potentials, it continued to face the challenges of slow economic productivity and high poverty as it struggled with natural disasters and lack of peace in some areas.
The document discusses structure and infrastructure planning from a civil engineer's perspective. It provides an overview of civil engineering and outlines the engineer's responsibilities in structure and infrastructure planning. These include developing structure plans, infrastructure plans for roads, water, drainage, sewerage and more. The engineer must design networks that meet development needs, adhere to laws and guidelines, and suit phasing of construction. Proper planning of earthworks, roads, and other infrastructure is crucial for development success.
The document discusses the state of urban services in Indian cities. It notes that service delivery is poorer than desirable given India's economic growth. It outlines various committees that have established service standards over time for water, sewerage, drainage, roads and lighting. The current benchmarks by the Ministry of Urban Development are meant to shift the focus from infrastructure creation to actual service delivery. However, the state of services like water supply, sewerage, sanitation and solid waste management remains poor in most Indian cities, with deficiencies in coverage, quality and proper disposal.
This document discusses localizing the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda in Pakistan. It notes that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were not fully localized in Pakistan. Localizing the SDGs is important given Pakistan's decentralized governance structure and rising regional inequalities. Key milestones in Pakistan's SDG efforts include mainstreaming the goals in national plans, launching sub-national SDG initiatives, and establishing an SDG support unit. An initial data gaps analysis found availability of indicators is lowest at the district level. Next steps discussed are developing national/provincial SDG frameworks, aligning policies and budgets with the goals, strengthening financing, and further localizing and mainstreaming the SDGs
This document discusses rural and urban development. It notes that rural development aims to improve quality of life in isolated areas, but rural areas often face problems like low incomes, lack of infrastructure, and poverty. It then outlines various rural development programs and lessons from China's collectivization. The document also discusses that urban development guides land use and transportation. It notes Southeast Asian cities were formed by European colonizers and discusses Spanish influences on developing Philippine cities and their economic activities during that time.
The document outlines the guidelines for developing a comprehensive development plan (CDP) according to the Department of Interior and Local Government. It explains that the CDP is mandated by law and must address 5 sectors - social, economic, infrastructure, environment, and institutional. The guidelines provide a 4-part process for organizing the planning structure, preparing the plan, implementing the plan through various investment and agenda programs, and monitoring/evaluating the plan. Key steps include organizing a planning team, reviewing existing plans and the vision, and preparing profiles and priority projects across all sectors. The completed CDP must be approved by the local government's legislative body.
The 2017 Regional Development Report (RDR) of the SOCCSKSARGEN Region showcases the performance of the region during the year. It provides detailed assessment on the achievements made vis-a-vis the targets set in the Regional Development Plan (RDP) 2017-2022.
This document defines an urban center in Nigeria as an area with a population of at least 20,000 people or any local government headquarters. It notes that a local government exercises specific powers through a representative council established by law within a defined area. The executive and legislative functions of a local government council are described, including the chairman, supervisor, secretary, councilors and their roles. Key functions of urban governments are identified as planning, service delivery, lawmaking, policy development, representation, and advocacy for their constituents.
Development of a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with focus on equity and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to be essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of "Rurban villages".
Regional planning is important for several reasons including addressing cultural differences, urbanization challenges, and economic issues between regions. There are two main approaches to regional planning: intra-regional which focuses on land use and meeting needs within a region, and inter-regional which aims to balance economic growth, employment, and development between regions. Examples of regional planning in Kenya include the 1978 Human Settlement Strategy and the Kenya Vision 2030 development framework. In summary, regional planning plays a significant role in country development by taking approaches between and within regions at an intermediate level between national and local plans.
Is to create employment in rural Karnataka
Generate Business opportunity for agriculture sector in global market
To create demand and design a marketing strategy for agriculture products
Setting up of Agro Multiproduct SEZ for Sustainable development in Agriculture sector
This document discusses the need for rural industrialization and decentralized manufacturing as the future of sustainable technology. It argues that centralized, capital intensive technologies have led to skewed economic growth and increasing inequity. Decentralized manufacturing, especially of daily goods in small rural industries, could generate more equitable growth by providing local employment. The IITD-KVIC project aimed to strengthen rural industries through science and technology interventions. Some successes included adapting finishing technologies to improve khadi quality, developing quality control standards, and improving products like soap, leather and pottery through chemical engineering inputs. The project helped set up the Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization to continue developing appropriate rural technologies.
The document outlines Bangladesh's Vision 2021 which aims to achieve various socioeconomic targets by the 50th anniversary of its independence in 2021. It discusses the Millennium Development Goals and Bangladesh's progress in achieving them. Vision 2021's broad targets include becoming a middle-income country, eradicating poverty and illiteracy, ensuring food and energy security, expanding infrastructure and digital connectivity. The vision seeks to establish Bangladesh as a digitally-empowered, environmentally-sustainable and socially-just nation by 2021.
National urban sanitation policy presentation 5th nov 2009 swetal kSwetal Kanwalu
The National Urban Sanitation Policy aims to transform Indian cities and towns into completely sanitized, healthy, and livable places. It seeks to ensure all citizens have access to sanitation facilities with a focus on the urban poor and women. Key issues addressed include the lack of awareness, institutional roles and responsibilities, social aspects of sanitation, limited technology choices, and lack of an integrated city-wide approach. The policy promotes behavior change, community managed toilets, safe disposal and reuse of treated waste water. It outlines implementation strategies at the national, state, and city levels including capacity building, awareness generation, monitoring, financing, and defining institutional roles. City sanitation plans are to be prepared involving stakeholders and setting targets and standards
This document discusses the theory of advocacy planning presented by Paul Davidoff in 1965. Advocacy planning argues for a pluralistic and democratic approach where planners act as advocates for minority groups, rather than the traditional unitary approach. It promotes including a wider scope of social issues in planning and having public agencies and organizations represent various viewpoints, rather than a single planning commission. However, advocacy planning also presents challenges around coordination, consistency, and managing differing stakeholder interests.
The Clean India Mission is a national campaign launched by the Indian government in 2014 to clean streets, roads, and infrastructure across 4041 towns in India. The campaign aims to accomplish the vision of a "Clean India" by 2019, the 150th birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, at an estimated cost of over 62000 crore (US$9.7 billion). The objectives are to ensure 100% collection and processing of municipal solid waste, generate awareness about sanitation and its links to public health, and eliminate open defecation. Prime Minister Narendra Modi nominated nine public figures to promote the campaign.
National Policies & Programs for Slum Upgrading in India: Bridging the Gap between Policy & Practices - Rajiv Ranjan Mishra - Third Expert Meeting of the Regional Slum Upgrading Working Group (RSUWG) - 29th. of November to the 1st. of December 2015 in Laleh International Hotel, Tehran, I.R. of Iran
The document discusses rural employment schemes in India, including the Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) and the National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM). SGSY was launched in 1999 to provide self-employment opportunities to rural poor through skills training and marketing support. It was restructured and renamed as NRLM in 2010 to implement the scheme in a mission mode. NRLM aims to cover all rural poor families through self-help groups and federations, provide financial inclusion, livelihood skills, and wage employment opportunities. It is implemented through national, state, district, block and sub-block level units.
Rural development in India has changed focus over time from agricultural development to a more inclusive approach addressing quality of life factors like health, education, and gender equality. Key challenges include high rural poverty rates, undernutrition, and dependence on small-scale farming. Current programs aim to boost rural employment and infrastructure through initiatives like NREGA, Bharat Nirman, and Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, as well as provide social services and assistance through schemes like the National Social Assistance Programme and Indira Awas Yojana. Decentralized planning through strengthened panchayati raj institutions also aims to better address local needs.
This document outlines a lecture on town planning given by Engr. Ali Raza Khalid. It includes definitions of town planning, the history and objectives of town planning such as health, convenience and beauty. Principles of town planning like zoning, green belts, housing and transportation facilities are discussed. The necessity of town planning to avoid problems towns face without planning like lack of amenities and traffic congestion is also covered.
The document discusses the socio-cultural significance of the Guthi system among the Newar community in Kirtipur, Nepal. It provides background on Guthis as compulsory or optional associations formed around kinship, caste, or territory to maintain religious and cultural traditions. The research aims to understand the functions of Guthis, their role in preserving culture, and socio-cultural importance today. It finds that Guthis remain important in the community and conduct various rituals, festivals, and development activities while facing some challenges with younger generations' knowledge and participation.
The Regional Development Plan, 2011-2016 is the roadmap charted by the Regional Development Council and the stakeholders of SOCCSKSARGEN towards a vibrant and sustained growth of the economy; in which everyone is included and no one is excluded. Over the years, despite the region‟s rich development potentials, it continued to face the challenges of slow economic productivity and high poverty as it struggled with natural disasters and lack of peace in some areas.
The document discusses structure and infrastructure planning from a civil engineer's perspective. It provides an overview of civil engineering and outlines the engineer's responsibilities in structure and infrastructure planning. These include developing structure plans, infrastructure plans for roads, water, drainage, sewerage and more. The engineer must design networks that meet development needs, adhere to laws and guidelines, and suit phasing of construction. Proper planning of earthworks, roads, and other infrastructure is crucial for development success.
The document discusses the state of urban services in Indian cities. It notes that service delivery is poorer than desirable given India's economic growth. It outlines various committees that have established service standards over time for water, sewerage, drainage, roads and lighting. The current benchmarks by the Ministry of Urban Development are meant to shift the focus from infrastructure creation to actual service delivery. However, the state of services like water supply, sewerage, sanitation and solid waste management remains poor in most Indian cities, with deficiencies in coverage, quality and proper disposal.
This document discusses localizing the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda in Pakistan. It notes that the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were not fully localized in Pakistan. Localizing the SDGs is important given Pakistan's decentralized governance structure and rising regional inequalities. Key milestones in Pakistan's SDG efforts include mainstreaming the goals in national plans, launching sub-national SDG initiatives, and establishing an SDG support unit. An initial data gaps analysis found availability of indicators is lowest at the district level. Next steps discussed are developing national/provincial SDG frameworks, aligning policies and budgets with the goals, strengthening financing, and further localizing and mainstreaming the SDGs
This document discusses rural and urban development. It notes that rural development aims to improve quality of life in isolated areas, but rural areas often face problems like low incomes, lack of infrastructure, and poverty. It then outlines various rural development programs and lessons from China's collectivization. The document also discusses that urban development guides land use and transportation. It notes Southeast Asian cities were formed by European colonizers and discusses Spanish influences on developing Philippine cities and their economic activities during that time.
The document outlines the guidelines for developing a comprehensive development plan (CDP) according to the Department of Interior and Local Government. It explains that the CDP is mandated by law and must address 5 sectors - social, economic, infrastructure, environment, and institutional. The guidelines provide a 4-part process for organizing the planning structure, preparing the plan, implementing the plan through various investment and agenda programs, and monitoring/evaluating the plan. Key steps include organizing a planning team, reviewing existing plans and the vision, and preparing profiles and priority projects across all sectors. The completed CDP must be approved by the local government's legislative body.
The 2017 Regional Development Report (RDR) of the SOCCSKSARGEN Region showcases the performance of the region during the year. It provides detailed assessment on the achievements made vis-a-vis the targets set in the Regional Development Plan (RDP) 2017-2022.
This document defines an urban center in Nigeria as an area with a population of at least 20,000 people or any local government headquarters. It notes that a local government exercises specific powers through a representative council established by law within a defined area. The executive and legislative functions of a local government council are described, including the chairman, supervisor, secretary, councilors and their roles. Key functions of urban governments are identified as planning, service delivery, lawmaking, policy development, representation, and advocacy for their constituents.
Development of a cluster of villages that preserve and nurture the essence of rural community life with focus on equity and inclusiveness without compromising with the facilities perceived to be essentially urban in nature, thus creating a cluster of "Rurban villages".
Regional planning is important for several reasons including addressing cultural differences, urbanization challenges, and economic issues between regions. There are two main approaches to regional planning: intra-regional which focuses on land use and meeting needs within a region, and inter-regional which aims to balance economic growth, employment, and development between regions. Examples of regional planning in Kenya include the 1978 Human Settlement Strategy and the Kenya Vision 2030 development framework. In summary, regional planning plays a significant role in country development by taking approaches between and within regions at an intermediate level between national and local plans.
Is to create employment in rural Karnataka
Generate Business opportunity for agriculture sector in global market
To create demand and design a marketing strategy for agriculture products
Setting up of Agro Multiproduct SEZ for Sustainable development in Agriculture sector
This document discusses the need for rural industrialization and decentralized manufacturing as the future of sustainable technology. It argues that centralized, capital intensive technologies have led to skewed economic growth and increasing inequity. Decentralized manufacturing, especially of daily goods in small rural industries, could generate more equitable growth by providing local employment. The IITD-KVIC project aimed to strengthen rural industries through science and technology interventions. Some successes included adapting finishing technologies to improve khadi quality, developing quality control standards, and improving products like soap, leather and pottery through chemical engineering inputs. The project helped set up the Mahatma Gandhi Institute for Rural Industrialization to continue developing appropriate rural technologies.
Role of infrastructure in economic developmentKashif Hussain
This document discusses the role of infrastructure, including economic and social infrastructure, in economic development. It defines economic infrastructure as facilities like transportation, energy and communications that support industry, and social infrastructure as facilities like education, health and housing that support human development. The document explains that well-developed infrastructure boosts economic growth by expanding industry's productive capacity and stimulating aggregate demand. It also discusses how social infrastructure like education and health are important for labor productivity and economic growth, but may require government support and investment. The conclusion states that infrastructure development can be an effective way to reduce poverty by improving access to opportunities.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by defining experimental research as observation under controlled conditions where the independent variable is manipulated through interventions. True experimental designs require manipulation of the independent variable, a control group, and random assignment of subjects. Several true experimental designs are described, including post-test only, pretest-post-test, Solomon four-group, factorial, and randomized block designs. Key aspects of each design like pretesting, treatment, and post-testing are explained through examples.
This is a stylization of a slideshow originally created by Karl Fisch, examining globalization and America’s future in the 21st century. It is designed to stand alone, without having to be presented in person. Enjoy!
This is an educational presentation exploring humanity's water use and the emerging worldwide water shortage. It is designed to act as a stand-alone presentation. Enjoy!
This 3 line poem by Kahlil Gibran reminds the reader not to forget that nature enjoys small moments of intimacy, such as the earth feeling one's bare feet or the wind playing with one's hair.
This contains the entire 4-napkin health care series in one file. It makes more sense to read this one now than the others since it is the complete set all in one file.
This document provides tips for creating effective PowerPoint presentations. It notes that many presentations are "unbearable" due to a lack of significance, structure, simplicity, and rehearsal. It emphasizes the importance of having a clear purpose for your presentation, using a simple structure like problem-solution, keeping slides concise with minimal text and images over clipart, writing speaker notes instead of long slides for printing, and rehearsing your presentation aloud to work out any issues. The overall message is that presentations should be passionate, memorable and scalable through a focus on simplicity and clarity of message.
Water supply md gs-ethiopia country case study-finalFikru Tessema
Ethiopia has the lowest levels of access to clean water in sub-Saharan Africa, with only 30% of the population having access. Meeting the UN's Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of universal access by 2015 will require massive investment and a focus on rural and low-income areas. Currently, sources of funding are less than 25% from the public sector, and investment disproportionately benefits urban areas over rural areas where most people live in poverty. For Ethiopia to meet the MDG target, there needs to be a priority shift to supplying affordable technologies to rural communities, boosting implementation capacity, and increasing community involvement, especially of women.
Measurement of energy poverty in the Colombian Caribbean region: a comparativ...IJECEIAES
This research work is directed to analyze the level of energy poverty and its consequences on the quality of life of the population of the Colombian Caribbean region, by doing a comparison of the results obtained in that area with data regarding the population of Bogotá, capital of Colombia, and of the rest of the country. The method of meeting absolute energy needs was used to determine the energy poverty index at households (EPH). Results obtained indicate that EPH exceeds 60% in urban areas, and 96% in rural zones, where it was also evidenced a clear link between energy poverty and school dropout.
Ethiopian water sector development program vol 1.pdfAbrahamLALEMU
This document provides an executive summary of the Water Sector Development Program (WSDP) for Ethiopia. It summarizes the context and background of Ethiopia's water resources and needs. Ethiopia has significant water resources but also many development challenges related to poverty, population growth, and lack of infrastructure. The WSDP was created to help address these issues through targets in four sub-sectors: water supply and sanitation, irrigation, hydropower, and water resources management. Specific targets are outlined for increasing access to water and electricity over 15 years. The planning process involved extensive consultation and aimed to support national development goals while ensuring environmental sustainability.
1. Nigeria faces a huge infrastructure deficit estimated to cost $30 trillion over 30 years, including a shortage of 720,000 houses per year, 150,000km of unmotorable local roads, and poor quality healthcare facilities.
2. The power sector in particular is in poor condition, with insufficient and unreliable electricity hindering economic development, though renewable energy presents investment opportunities.
3. To finance infrastructure development, a government official's strategy would involve documenting investment opportunities in the power sector, exploring new financing sources, reallocating existing funds, avoiding future costs, and delivering resources more efficiently.
Issues and Challenges of Urban Renewal in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeriaiosrjce
Urban renewal brings improvement to the physical and housing conditions and makes a city a
suitable place for living. The commitment of the Plateau State government to giving a face lift to the aesthetic
beauty of the capital city of Jos, through urban renewal, has been reiterated on several occasions. The city
witnessed series of crises almost throughout the last decade with the high density residential areas mostly
affected. The implementation of the proposed urban renewal programmes in the capital city, therefore, call for
caution and concern. This study, having investigated through questionnaires, interview and field observation,
the various socio-economic characteristics of three high density residential areas, namely, Ungwan Rogo,
Gangare and Dadinkowa, respectively sampled from the Northern, Central and Southern strata of the
metropolis, established that the areas are slums. Results of investigations revealed that over 75% of the total
landuse is residential and about 64% of the buildings possess no legal documents. The study further revealed
that away from lack of knowledge of the benefits of urban renewal programmes, fear of loss of property and
lack of trust in government for fear of poor compensation, are factors of non-acceptability of renewal
programmes. 65.8 % of the citizens are of the opinion that poorly managed urban renewal progammes can
regenerate crisis in the metropolis and as such streamlining the process of acquiring C of O, adequate
compensation, incessant pubic enlightenment and public participation, are recommended as key to successful
implementation of urban renewal activities in Jos.
marginalised communities water sanitation equity reportMeab Mdimi
This document summarizes Tanzania's second annual report on equity in water and sanitation. It finds that while budgets for urban and rural water supply are equitable, access remains unequal. Rural residents are less satisfied with water services and schools lack adequate sanitation. Over half of new rural water projects target relatively well-served communities. Poorer households have less access to piped water and pay a greater portion of their income for water. The report recommends prioritizing underserved areas, increasing transparency, supporting equitable local government planning, and ensuring all voices are represented in water resource management.
Prospects and Challenges for Urban and Metropolitan AdministrationJo Balucanag - Bitonio
The document discusses the challenges and opportunities of urbanization in the Philippines. It notes that urban areas already account for most of the population and economic output, and these figures are projected to continue growing significantly. However, rapid urbanization also risks exacerbating issues like poverty, unemployment, lack of basic services, and environmental degradation if not properly managed. Key challenges include improving competitiveness and job creation, alleviating urban poverty, strengthening urban governance, expanding access to basic services, and managing environmental and population impacts. Strategic approaches recommended include stakeholder partnerships, city development strategies, inter-local cooperation, and treating cities as interconnected ecosystems.
Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan ConcentrationPrasad Thanthratey
A study report on Urban-Rural Ratio and Urban & Metropolitan Concentration- towards the partial fulfillment of credits for the course CA3- Planning Techniques at the School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi (November 2019)
This document summarizes a research paper on urban renewal strategies and economic growth in Ondo State, Nigeria. It finds that urban decay in many developing country cities, including in Ondo State, has negatively impacted the local economy. However, appropriate urban renewal strategies between 2009-2012 in Ondo State yielded corresponding economic growth. The paper recommends combining public participation with strategic urban renewal schemes to best promote economic results. It concludes that urban renewal is necessary to address declining economies in Nigeria and other developing nations caused by urban decay.
Rural development in Nigeria: problems and prospects for sustainable developmenttheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
This document discusses various slum rehabilitation schemes and policies in India. It provides an overview of different schemes implemented since the 1960s such as the Urban Community Development program, Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums program, and the Low Cost Sanitation Program. It examines the objectives, components, and challenges of these schemes. The document also reviews literature on the historical lack of systematic policies for slums and evaluates more recent approaches like Slum Networking Programs, land title distribution, and public-private partnership models that aim to upgrade slums and provide housing.
The document summarizes India's National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy from 2007. The policy aims to ensure sustainable urban development and access to basic amenities for all citizens. It emphasizes affordable housing for low-income groups and slum rehabilitation. The policy promotes regional planning, balanced rural-urban development, and new greenfield township projects. It also discusses housing needs, the role of housing in the economy, and existing programs before outlining the policy's focus areas, aims, and objectives around issues like urban planning, affordable housing, increasing funding, and using spatial incentives.
The document discusses urban housing issues in India, including housing demand and supply, the national housing policy, and the role of various agencies.
Some key points:
1) It outlines the basic economic principles of housing demand and supply and how equilibrium price is determined.
2) It describes India's National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy from 2007 which aims to promote affordable housing for all through public-private partnerships.
3) It discusses the role of government agencies, urban local bodies, and the private sector in housing development and addresses issues like the growing urban population, existing housing shortage, and need for increased investment in the sector.
Gauteng City Region Presentation Roland HendricksRoland2015
The document summarizes a presentation on ensuring safety in communities through prevention, intervention, and education regarding risks (PIER). It discusses the rapid growth of urban populations globally and in South Africa's Gauteng City Region (GCR). Key challenges for PIER in the GCR include maintaining political support for safety initiatives and ensuring disaster management receives adequate recognition. The strategic importance of PIER is to provide leadership and initiate policy around community safety in the province and GCR through collaboration with stakeholders.
This document provides an overview and baseline assessment of Ethiopia's progress toward achieving the Millennium Development Goal for water. It finds that Ethiopia has committed to expanding access to basic services like water through its Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Program. The country's Water Sector Development Program aims to increase sustainable water resources management, water access, and sanitation coverage over 15 years in order to support economic development and reduce poverty. Currently, rural populations have limited infrastructure access, with agriculture as the dominant economic sector. The document evaluates Ethiopia's policy and legislative framework for environmental protection and water resources against its commitments to international agreements.
Marketing water at the local household level involves significant trading in social
capital. A financially sustainable model of community water management that
builds on this neighbourhood social capital has been adopted in Angola. Water
selling is the largest sub-sector of Luanda’s extensive informal economy, involving
extractors, transporters and retailers. The majority of Angola’s peri-urban
population still rely on informal mechanisms for its water supply because the
State’s post-war reconstruction programmes to provide water to all remain
incomplete. Communities have used informal mechanisms to fill the gap. The
article is drawn from research using qualitative tools and tracking of the supplychain to analyze the scope of the informal water economy in Angola. The
community management model MoGeCA has been adopted by the government for
implementation across the country. The article is written from a practitioner point
of view based on more than a decade of experimentation in practice and support
from USAID in taking MoGeCA to the national scale.
Outreach frontiers of microfinance service development in rural ethiopia a ca...Alexander Decker
This document discusses microfinance services in rural Ethiopia, specifically in the Shinile district of the Somali region. It finds that microfinance development has been constrained by several factors. Pastoralist socioeconomic factors, failure of outreach policies by financial institutions, and reluctance of state functionaries have hindered microfinance growth in the region. For microfinance to develop sustainably, policies must consider these contextual factors specific to the Somali region.
Similar to Rural infrastructural development in nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Rural infrastructural development in nigeria
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
122
Rural Infrastructural Development in Nigeria: Policies And
Implementation Strategies
C. C. Ikeji
Institute of Public Policy & Administration
University of Calabar
Abstract
The search for the development of rural areas in Nigeria had led to the adoption of different strategies,
oftentimes, reflecting the ideological learning of policy makers over time. This study derives from a concern
with the arguably poor outcomes associated with most of these strategies. Using the descriptive-analysis
approach, the study identifies policy implementation pathologies leading to failures of most of these strategies,
and argues that there is an urgent need for ideological and philosophical re-direction in choosing strategies and
implementation machinery for rural development.
An overview
The majority of Nigerians are rural dwellers. Though inadequacies of statistics make knowledge of
actual rural - urban population distribution inexact, unadjusted projections still shows that Nigerians
predominantly live in rural areas. Rural areas in Nigeria are unquestionably characterized by debilitating material
poverty and alarming decadence of infrastructure, arising from a long period of sad neglect by policy makers.
The central place of infrastructure in development efforts need not be overemphasized. Indeed, rural
infrastructures constitute the substance of rural welfare and progress. Idachaba (1935) reminds us that efforts to
raise rural welfare must necessarily go beyond the traditional and limited approach of raising per capita income
through agricultural development projects, to the provision of rural basic needs: health and medical facilities,
rural transportation facilities, electricity, pipe-borne water and schools. Beyond their roles as producers and
sources of food and materials for urban dwellers, the rural dweller must be recognized, appreciated and entitled
to good things of life like his urban counterpart. Successive governments in Nigeria recognized this fact, even if
they did little beyond lip service in addressing this problem. To illustrate this fact, the Guidelines for Ute Fourth
National Development Plan averts that:
In the past, there was a tendency to measure economic performance in terms of such aggregates as the GDP...etc.
Though it is easy and convenient to do so, it is clear that such indices do not. Tell the whole story. The common
man is more interested in such things as the availability of drinking water, housing units, medical facilities,
educational facilities, good roads ... etc ... such information provides a good criterion for measuring development
(Guideline for Fourth National Development Plan, 1981 -85:23).
For all intents and purposes, rural infrastructures are very critical for rural development and other
equally important national programmes. For example, Idachaba (1985) discloses that the National Accelerated
Food Production Programme, the Operation Feed the Nation, the Green Revolution and other governmental
development projects have had limited success in many areas because of very poor infra-structural support. In
recognition thereof, the Federal and State Governments have variously made commitments in this direction. A
good example is found in the Third National Development Plan where the government declared that "... efforts
will be made to enhance the quality of life in the rural areas through the provision of basic social amenities such
as health centres, pipe-borne water, feeder roads and electricity (Vol. 1:292). The trend in government official
position remains the same, even if these come to mere rhetorics and soapbox stunts. By virtue of the provisions
of the 1379 and 1999 Constitutions of the Federal Republic of Nigeria most aspects of the rural infrastructures
are on the Concurrent Legislative Last." in which case, they are joint Federal, State and indeed, Local
Governments' responsibility. At this point, it will be useful to shed light on the place of specific infrastructures in
rural development.
- Roads: Rural roads form the basis for transportation and communication. Rural roads consist of federal,
state and local government roads (major, feeder, tracks, footpaths, bridges and culverts) found in the
rural areas. Rural roads, perhaps, constitute the most critical infrastructure in the rural, and by
extension, national development drive. Contributions of rural roads to rural development include:
accelerated delivery of farm inputs and evacuation of produce; reduced costs in transportation in terms
of human energy, costs of porterage and times loss in trekking long distances; and facilitating more
efficient distribution of goods and services between the rural and urban sectors.
- Water: Rural water supply across the country remains deplorable. Various governments - past and
present - recognize the rural water supply problem. According to Idachaba (1995), average supplies of
2. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
123
pipe-borne water per capita for these states where data is available fall Within the range of 0.01 litres
Enugu/Anambra (formerly Anambra) and 39.10 litres in Oyo State. Even if we exercise caution in
making generalizations on the basis of these figures, it is Uncontrovertible fact that potable water is in
short supply in our rural areas. The Second, Third, Fourth and subsequent National Development Plans
continued to make references to the inadequacy of rural water supplies. To be sure, according to the
Second National Development Plan:
In the rural areas, where inadequacy or absence of good water supply has been found to have a
direct bearing on the spread of certain water-borne diseases, the strategy also would be to improve the
quality and source of water supplies in these areas in order to reduce the incidence of such
diseases(1970-74: 170). Rural dwellers, in most part, obtain their water supplies from a variety of
sources, including wells, rain water, streams, rivers, lakes, etc. By and large, the quality of water from
these sources proves grossly poor and inadequate.
- Electricity: Generally, rural electricity supply across the nation is grossly inadequate (see, Guidelines on
Rural Electrification, NEPA). For reasons of low commercial/industrial activities and general life style
in the rural areas, demand for electricity in these areas is largely dominated by lighting loads. Even
then, these relatively low loads are hardly supplied. Rural electricity schemes in Nigeria show a
mixture of NEPA and state/community supported facilities. Rural electrification schemes by Federal
Government funded NEPA and state governments reflect a mixture of social, economic and political
objectives, in most part. Accordingly, the emphasis was “to bridge the social and economic gap
between in rural and urban areas…” Even though that “very limited progress has so far been made with
respect to the Federal rural electrification scheme…” (Third National Development Plan: 180). The
Guideline for the Fourth National Development Plan has this to say on rural electrification:
The National Policy on rural electrification reflects a mixture of economic and social objectives. On the
social level, electrification will be an important factor in the effort to combat the rural exodus towards the urban
centres by improving the conditions for rural dwellers. Electrification should also make it possible on the
economic front, to set up small processing and manufacturing industries, thereby raising rural productivity,
employment, income and standard of living. Federal and State governments have responsibility for rural
electrification, the Federal Government, through the extension of the grid, while State governments install diesel
plants. During the next Plan period, rural electrification programme schemes will be given increased emphasis as
an important component of integrated rural development (1980-83:55).
The above policy statement speaks volume of the critical importance of rural electrification to rural and
rational development. Beyond this policy pronouncements lies the problem of implementation. According to
NEPA - the main implementation agency of the Federal Government - the objectives of rural electrification
programme are to:
(a) increase agricultural productivity by means of adequate irrigation and easy mechanisation;
(b) Make the processing of agricultural products easy e.g, storage and preservation of primary crops
(c) promote rural industries which would generally assist in raising the standard of living of the rural community;
and
(d) reduce migration from rural to urban areas (Policy Guidelines on rural Electrification: 4).
These lofty goals appear far-fetched going by the state of rural electrification across the country. One major
reason for this may well be NEPA's strategy of employing financial viability criterion in its rural electrification
programme, to wit, "that the present value of the net revenue derivable from any rural electrification scheme
throughout its 20-year asset-life must, at least, be equal to the total cash outlays on the scheme over the same
period of time (Guidelines on Rural Electrification: 3). All in all, the state of rural electrification in Nigeria
leaves much to be desired, regardless of various half-hearted efforts on the part the Federal and State
governments, and their agencies.
The necessary outcome of the overall poor state of rural infrastructure in Nigeria as shown above is further rural
underdevelopment and decay. Figure 20.1 is a vicious circle Uniting poor rural infrastructures, to rural
underdevelopment. As a way of breaking this vicious circle and thereby freeing the rural areas from, the clutches
of underdevelopment, the Federal Government had embarked en a variety of programmes, the focus of which is
the provision of rural infrastructures. These government-led programmes include the Agricultural Development
Project (ADP). The River Basin and Rural Development Authorities (RBRDAs), and the Directorate for Food
Roads, and Rural infrastructure (DFRRI)-Amore detailed discussion of the activities of these projects in rural
infrastructure development will be in order.
3. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
124
The Agricultural Development Project (ADP)
Initiated and co-sponsored by the World Bank, the ADP programme employs an integrated approach to
the development of agriculture and rural infrastructures as a way of raising the productivity and standard of
living of the rural dwellers. The foundation for the programme was laid in 1969 when the Federal Ministry of
Agriculture invited '.he World Bank is am on agriculture to explore ways and means of promoting agricultural
production in Nigeria. The result of this mission was the identification of some projects considered feasible and
viable in which the World Bank could participate. These projects included the rehabilitation and resuscitation of
cocoa production in the Western part of Nigeria; groundnuts, cotton, millet, guinea corn and cowpeas in the
northern part of the country; and small-holder arid plantation oil palm schemes in the eastern part. The ADP
experiment was built around the assumption that blending of factors such as technology, appropriate physical
inputs, extension services, market and basic infrastructural facilities is essential for enhancing productivity and
standard of living for the rural dwellers.
Fig. 1: A vicious circle linking poor rural infrastructure to rural underdevelopment
Source: Ikeji, 2001
Thus, as an integrated programme, supply of appropriate agricultural inputs and development of vital
infrastructures did not escape the attention of the ADP. To be sure, the ADP package included the development
of rural roads, water projects, small dams, seed multiplication and farm service centres, farm-input distribution
and extension services. Three principal actors fund the operations of the ADPs, namely
i) the Federal Government by way of grants disbursed through the Federal Ministry of Agriculture,
Water Resources and Rural Development:
ii) the State Governments by way of grants to the projects and
iii) the World Bank by way of loans.
It should be noted that for the phased ADPs, the burden of funding among thes3 principal actors is distributed in
the ratio of 20 percent, 14 percent and 66 percent for the Federal Government, State Governments and the World
Bank respectively (The Guardian. 25/11/86: 10-12). As far back as 1985, the ADPs had constructed some 6,787
kilometres of feeder roads - a figure, according to Obiukwu (1991), doubled by 1992. Reports, as at 1986, show
that since inception the ADPs have between them provided rural infrastructures as fig. 2 shows. The information
on the efforts of the ADPs in providing rural infrastructures is significant to this study, as this was the position of
things just before the coming of the Direct Participation Scheme.
Neglected rural infrastructures:
- Poor rural road network
- Poor electricity supplies
- Poor water supplies
- Low rural output
- Exploitation by middlemen
- High post harvest loses
- High incidence of diseases
- Defective market stricture
- Low rural output
- Exploitation by middlemen
- High post harvest loses
- High incidence of diseases
- Defective market stricture
- Low nutritional levels
- High incidence of illiteracy/ignorance
unfulfilled rural basic needs
- Low tax /rate base
- Exclusion of rural majority from policy
process
- Induced rural urban migration
- Poor maintenance of existing rural
infrastructures
- Biased allocation of resources to urban
infrastructure
4. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
125
Fig. 2
Projects Units/numbers
Feeder roads 7.178 kilometers
(constructed and
rehabilitated)
7.178 kilometers
Boreholes 23,632 (Nos.)
Wells 686 (Nos.)
Washbores 973 (Nos.)
Tube wells 518(Nos.)
Farm service centres 601 (Nos.)
Development Training
Centre
71 (Nos.)
Earth dams 101 (Nos.)
Source: A decade of progress in integrate rural development: focus on ADPs in Nigeria, The Guardian (25 Nov.
1986) Lagos, Nigeria.
The River Basin and Rural Development Authorities (RERDA)
Nigeria's policy on RBRDAs had its nucleus from the initiatives of some states in instituting River
Basin projects as far back as 1953 when the United Nations' Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) was
commissioned to investigate the possibilities of establishing a pilot irrigation scheme on the Sokoto-Rima River
Basin. By 196S, other agencies, particularly the UNESCO, were invited to carry out similar feasibility studies of
ether river basins by some other states of the federation. These initial studies materialised into the Sokoto-Rima,
Chad Basin and Kadeja-Jamaare River Basin Development Authorities. As a development strategy, the RBRDAs
were created to embark on a systematic exploitation of land and water resources that abound in the country. Be-
sides being closely identified with local/rural problems at the grassroots, the authorities facilitated the smooth
preparation and execution of projects, especially infrastructures that cut across state boundaries. In this regard,
the RBRDAs were conceived not only as agents that spread the traits of development but also ones capable of
fostering rapid development of the rural areas of the country.
It was in the light of the above considerations that on June 25, 1375, by Decree No. 25, the Federal
Government set up eleven River Basin Authorities whose activities covered all the states of the federation. This
decree was, however, replaced by Decree No. 87 of September 28, 1979, which in turn was amended by River
Basins Development Authorities (Amendments) Act of 1st October 1931 (Cross River Basin News, No. 1, April-
June, 1984:2) with the following duties and objectives:
a) To undertake comprehensive development of both surface and underground water resources for multi-
purpose use;
b) To undertake schemes for the control of floods and erosion and for watershed management including
afforestation;
c) To pro-ride water from reservoirs and lakes under the control of the Authority for irrigation purposes to
farmers and recognized associations as well as for urban water supply schemes for a fee to be
determined by the Authority concerned, with the approval of the Minister;
d) The control of pollution in rivers, lakes, lagoons, creeks in the Authority's area in accordance with
nationally laid down standards;
e) To resettle persons affected by the works and schemes specified in this section or under special
resettlement scheme;
f) To develop fisheries and improved navigation of the rivers, lakes, reservoirs, lagoons and creeks in the
Authority's area;
g) To undertake the mechanized clearing and cultivation of land for the production of crops and livestock
and for forestry in areas both inside and outside irrigation projects for a fee to be determined by the
Authority concerned with the approval of the Ministers;
h) To undertake the large scale multiplication of improved seeds, livestock and tree seedlings for
distribution to farmers and afforestation scheme:
i) To process crops, livestock products and fish produced by farmers in the Authority’s areas in
partnership with state agencies and any other person;
j) To assist the state and local governments in the implementation of the following rural development
work in the authority’s area:-
• The construction of small dams, wells and boreholes for rural water supply schemes and feeder roads
5. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
126
for the evacuation of farm products;
• The provision of power for rural electrification schemes from suitable irrigation dams and other types of
power stations under the control of the Authority concerned;
• The establishment of agro service centres;
• The establishment of grazing reserves and
• The training of staff for the running and maintenance of rural development schemes and for general
extension work at the village level (Cross River Basin News, No. 1, April-June, 1984:2).
The implication of the statutory functions listed above for rural infrastructure development is very obvious.
Slight changes however, occurred in the structure and Organisation not functions, of River Basin Development
Authorities. On May 8, 1984, the then Head of State, Major General Mohammed Buhari announced that the
RSDAs were to be decentralised so that each Authority, would cover only one state of the federation except
Lagos and Ogun States that were to share one Authority. Besides, the RBDAs were given extra responsibilities
for rural development and were thus, re-designated as River Basin and Rural Development Authorities
(RBRDAs).
Even though the RBRDAs were formally established by the Murtala/ Obasanjo regime, the project was
vigorously supported and pursued by the Shargari and Buhari administrations which considered the scheme the
nerve centre of agricultural and, more importantly, rural development. Apparently, the poor outing of the River
Basin Scheme, with regard to development of infrastructures in the rural areas, paved way for the coming of the
later day programme of infrastructural development embarked upon by the regime of General Babangida Code-
named Directorate for Foods, Roads, and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI).
The Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure
In his 1986 budget speech, the Head of State, President Ibrahim Badamosi Babangida, announced the
setting up of the near omnipresent Directorate for food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure, (DFRRI). To any
informed observer, the establishment by the Federal Military Government of the Directorate was a con-etc
manifestation of the government's concern over the vexing issue of rural underdevelopment. According to
General Babangida, the Directorate was an evidence of his administration’s determination to evolve pragmatic
measures to enhance the development of a national network of rural and feeder roads in or-n to strengthen the
massive effort for food and agricultural self-sufficiency the shortest possible period (see, The Guardian, January
2, 1986:13). The DFRRI was established in all the states and local government areas of the Federation. The
global approach marked a watershed and a significant departure from the strategies hitherto employed in dealing
with the problem of rural infra-structural underdevelopment. According to the Chairman of the Directorate then,
Air Commodore Larry Koinyan, three criteria were adopted in the operations of the Directorate, namely:
i. equality of states
ii. number of local governments; and
iii. land mass and special ecological problems (See African Guardian, February 19, 1987).
Part of the mission of the Directorate we were informed, was to ensure that projects of roads (new and old
ones which have been unwisely and illogically neglected), water supplies, and electrification of the rural
communities must be vigorously and zealously prosecuted. In terms of Organisation, the Directorate was located
in the office of the President and the office of the Governor in each of the states of the federation. The state
governments had the responsibility of ensuring that various local governments and communities in their
respective states benefit from the programmes of the Directorate. By virtue of the provisions of the Decree
establishing the Directorate, its operations and activities are guided and supervised by a Board appointed by the
President, consisting of a Chairman and not more than six other members. The equivalence of this Board was
also established in the office of the Governor in each of the states to perform similar functions. Though he can
appoint a Director or Co-ordinator to oversee the day-to-day operation; and administration of the programmes of
the Directorate, the Governor was the Chairman and the effective head of the Board at the state level, which
consists of not more than six other members. The equivalence of this Board was also established in the office of
the Governor in each of states to perform similar functions. Though he can appoint a Director or Coordinator to
oversee the day-to-day operations and administration of the programmes of the Directorate, the Governor was
the chairman and the effective head of the Board at the state level, which consists of not more than fifteen
persons appointed by the Governor, and representing public and private sector interests (see, DFRRI Decree No.
4 of 1987: A25-26). In more specific terms, the Directorate was charged with a variety of functions among
which are:
i. to identify, involve and support viable local community organisations in the effective mobilisation
of the rural population for sustained rural developmental activities, bearing in mind the need for
6. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
127
promoting greater community participation and economic self-reliance of the rural community;
ii. to encourage contribution of labour, time and materials by local communities to be complemented
by a system of matching grants from the Directorate, local and state governments;
iii. to support the development of an information gathering, maintenance and evaluation culture in
rural development programming, with emphasis on utilization of existing agencies with
demonstrated competence in the area of management information systems m agricultural extension,
including the continuous generation of basic data in rural infrastructure in each of the Local
Government Areas in Nigeria;
iv. to commission and support studies and research projects that will facilitate the execution of the
functions of the Directorate;
v. to liase with Federal Government Ministries and Agencies in the design and implementation of
programmes and projects in the field of food production and processing, rural water supply, road
construction and maintenance and the provision of rural infrastructures, and any other rural
development activities;
vi. to supervise and monitor, on a continuous or regular basis, the entire range of rural development
activities carried out or supported by the Directorate;
vii. to develop a system of statistical and non-statistical reporting relative to local communities in order
to measure the achievements of the Directorate in the area of food production, rural water supply,
road construction and repair, rural infra-structural development and other rural development activi-
ties; and to do all such other things as will enable the Directorate more effectively perform its
functions (see DFHRI Decree No. 4 of 1987: A26-27).
In keeping with the Directorate's goal of "developing the entire rural areas of Nigeria in order to improve the
quality of life of the rural dwellers" (see DFRRI Decree No. 4 of 1987:A27) all local government councils were
organized into committees to facilitate the activities of the Directorate. To be sure, in order to achieve the goal of
rapid development, the Directorate was required to:
i. encourage and organize increased agricultural and any other activities towards an increased earning
power of the rural dwellers;
ii. encourage increased agricultural and any other activities in the rural areas to provide agricultural
and industrial raw materials;
iii. undertake the construction and repair of roads to facilitate communication and distribution of
agricultural productivity;
iv. liase with the appropriate Federal, State and Local Government agencies for the provision of water,
health facilities, electricity, means of communication and such other things as the Directorate may
determine within the rural areas; and
v. enlighten the rural communities in order to give them a sense of belonging to the country (see
DFRRI Decree No. 4 of 1987: A28).
As we shall see later, the Directorate, in addition, was enjoined to encourage communities to form unions which
were envisaged to provide the platform for community participation in the implementation of rural development
programmes initiated by the Directorate, the state and local governments (see DEFFI Decree No. 4 of 19S7:
A2S). How far these lofty goals enumerated above were achieved across the country remain a concern to
analysts.
Concluding Comments
Much had been said and written by way of appraisals, commentaries and criticisms with regard to the
performance o: the policies and strategies presented in the preceding sections of this work. The most immediate
and observation arising from the issues concerning these policies and strategies they represent bold and
ambitious efforts from 'above' in the history of Ni rural development drive. A safe conclusion to draw is that
these 'government led' or 'Top-Bottom' policies and strategies have, from empirical standpoint limited impact :n
the onerous task of rural development in Nigeria, if the infrastructures in the rural areas is used as our
parameter.
Evidence of unchanging rural stagnation and underdevelopment c infrastructure abound, regardless of
these policies and strategies, the net being a steady slide on the living standards of the average rural dwellers. In
terms of nominal and real income, urban-rural differential continue to grow for reasons not unconnected with the
general state of underdevelopment o infrastructure. To be sure, social services that depends on functional
infrastructural facilities remain a dream to many geographical areas; while many remain virtually inaccessible.
The mainstay of most rural areas across the try - agriculture - remain, by modern standards, largely primitive;
7. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
Vol.3, No.6, 2013
128
and expectedly, has lost out to the urban areas in terms of the ever-increasing rural-migration trend. Analysis
shows that a constellation of factors account for abysmally results recorded by these policies and strategies. It is
a difficult task to discuss these factors comprehensively. We may, however, serve the purpose of this essay by
presenting them briefly as follows:
1. Problems associated with corruption and bad politics in terms of p location, resource allocation,
membership of policy boards, awards of contracts, etc.
2. Organizational inadequacies in terms of administrative capacity (staffing, planning, monitoring,
evaluation, etc.).
3. Improper mobilization of the people (host communities) leading to a high level of non-compliant
behaviour recorded in these areas.
4. Problems associated with setting over-ambitious and unrealistic target usually, not matched with
sufficient resources.
5. Wasteful duplication of scarce energies and resources. Evidence of found in the pluralism of
development agencies that have very s. goals and targets.
6. Lack of complementarity or organic backward-forward linkages bet the programmes at one level; and,
at another level, between the programmes and the 'rural man' (with a propensity for traditional
production methods) and the local governments who, though, are the poorest tier of government, had
the largest responsibility for rural infrastructures.
It is pertinent to stress that nothing said in this essay denies whatever m success achieved by these policies and
strategies. The position of this essay is that, all in all, the policies and strategies produced results which, at best
remain a far cry from the expectations of its promoters and the people at large. A look at the underlying failure
inducing factors outlined above offers us a cursory look at the policy implications of uncritical adoption of
policies and strategies such as we examined in this discourse.
REFERENCES
Idachaba, F. S.(ISSS). Rural Infrastructure in Nigeria. Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press.
Obiukwu, J. and Oiisa (eds.), (1991). Rural Development in Nigeria; Dynamics and Strategies.. Awka:
MeklinkPublishers.
CRBRDA, (1934) Cross River Basin News, No. 1, April-June.
Federal Republic of Nigeria, DFRRI Decree, No. 4 of 1987, Lagos: Government Printers.
Ikeji, C. C. (2002). Issues in Development Administration, in C. C. Ikeji and M. E. Ekot (eds), Essays in Policy
and Administration, Lagos: Comsons & Texman inc.
Ikeji, C. C. (1999). ‘Bureaucracy and Development in the Third World’ in O. O. Okereke (ed), Development
Administration in Nigeria: Issues and Strategies, Owerri: Concave Publishers.
Ikeji, C. C. (2003a). ‘The unfulfilled promise of Nigeria’s Rural development through the River Basin and Rural
Development Authorities (RBRDA)’, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration, Vol.
Ikeji, C. C. and Attaide, H. (2006). ‘ A Re-consideration of some theoretical and empirical issues in social
policy administration: focus on the role of community-based organizations (CBOs) in poverty alleviation
in the LGA, AK State, Nigeria, JPAS, Vol. 2(1), December, pp.
The River Basin Development Authority Decree No. 25 of 1976, Lagos: Government Printers.
………….., The River Basin Development Authority (Amendment) Act of 1981, Lagos: Government Printers.
…………..,Second National Development Plan, 1970-74, Lagos: Federal Ministry of information.
……………, Third National Development Plan, 1975-80, Lagos: Federal Ministry of Economic Development.
………………., Fourth National Development Plan, 1981-85, Lagos: Federal Ministry of National Planning
(The National Planning Office). African Guardian, February 19, 1987.
The Guardian, Jan. 2, 1986.
The Guardian, Nov. 11, 1986.
8. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar