The document discusses a study on the effect of social support on the utilization of antenatal care in Balikpapan, Indonesia. It finds that:
1) Social support, particularly from family, has a significant positive correlation with antenatal care utilization. Higher social support leads to higher utilization of antenatal care.
2) Most respondents received support from their families, but fewer received support from friends or social groups.
3) Social support accounts for 19.1% of antenatal care utilization, while other unmeasured factors account for the remaining 80.9%.
Background: With the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the epidemic of HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. HIV is extremely stigmatizing, resulting in highly emotionally charged responses to disclosure. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children should be informed of their HIV status at ages of 6 to 12 years and full disclosure at about 8 to 10 years. Disclosure process is much more difficult when the person being disclosed to is an adolescent. However, disclosure of HIV to a child should be an ongoing process that may last several years depending on the cognitive development of the child.
Methods: This study investigated the determinants of HIV status disclosure among HIV infected adolescents. A total of 209 HIV infected adolescents (10-19 years) who have been on treatment for at least six months, and are taking lifelong anti-retroviral therapy from Bondo County Hospital, Got Agulu and Uyawi Sub County Hospital in Bondo Sub County were enrolled. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the adolescents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while statistical tests including Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: Findings on the overall parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and disclosure of HIV status to adolescents show that 180 (86.12%) of the respondents had a negative attitude compared to 29 (13.88%) who held a positive attitude. 122 (58.37%) of the respondents believed that overall availability and quality of counselling was moderate. 10 (4.78%) of the respondents believed that the overall availability and quality of counselling was high. Quality services and perception of the parents have been found to be good predictors of disclosure of HIV status among the newly diagnosed adolescents in Bondo sub-County, p-value<0.05.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study identified quality of service and perception of the parents as the two factors determining the disclosure of HIV status. There is a correlation between the parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and the quality of counselling to parental disclosure of HIV status to adolescents. Therefore the study recommends deliberate efforts to ensure quality service delivery and age specific disclosure counselling to caregivers to equip them with adequate knowledge on disclosure.
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
Over the past decade, Kenya has made tremendous efforts to enhance maternal and child health. Secure maternity policies such as free maternity care are one of the initiatives that have enhanced maternal and child health in all public health facilities. Despite these attempts, public health facilities for maternal and child health are still underused. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive study design to identify determinants of free maternal health services by evaluating factors determining perceptions and health-seeking behavior of 384 pregnant mothers in Malava Sub-County, Kakamega County. The study used a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative approaches). Questionnaires were administered to pregnant mothers selected for the study. The study employed a purposive sampling of research participants. Quantitative data were collected using the questionnaire administered by the research assistants whereas qualitative data were collected by the researcher through interview schedules. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using SPSS 23. However, qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Quantitative data representation was done in terms of frequency and percentages. Analysis of chi-square testing was used to assess the association between the variables of socio-economic and health facilities and the provision of free maternity facilities (p<0.05). The study established that the uptake of free maternal service by pregnant mothers was influenced by their level of primitivism and religious beliefs. In addition, this study found out that 53.8% and 77.7% of the pregnant mothers could not attend antenatal and post-natal care because government facilities were located far away from their residences and they also had less access to some information about free maternal health care. The results of this research would be disseminated to the hospital management team, Sub-Country health management team, County health management team, and other stakeholders, thereby demonstrating reasons for low uptake of free maternity services and helping to strategize for better service delivery. Based on the finding, the study recommends that to improve access to free maternal health care, the county government ought to place health services as close as possible to the community where people live. Secondly, there is a need to embrace the usage of the existing media network to sensitize pregnant mothers to the danger signs and the need to have decision-making powers over their safety. Lastly, hospital management ought to increase the awareness of free maternal health care and to include it among the community priorities during dialog days, action days, and other group discussions.
Health System Factors Affecting Uptake of Antenatal Care by Women of Reproduc...Premier Publishers
This study sought to determine how health system factors affect antenatal care services uptake. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. The population under study was selected household members of the community, facility in charges as well as community own resource persons in Kisumu county. The study used purposive sampling method in selecting the Key Informants. A total sample size of 300 respondents were interviewed. The study used an interview and questionnaires to collect data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyse data with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Chi-square analysis showed that distance to facility (p=0.043), waiting time (p=0.012), means of transport used (p=0.016), perceived quality of services (p=0.000) and perceived attitude of service provider (p=0.000) were significant as pertains to number of ANC visits. The study concluded that health system factors affect uptake of ANC. Specifically, lack long distance to hospital, long waiting time, poor quality of services, commodity stock outs and poor attitude of staff. The combination of these factors reduced uptake of ANC. The study recommended integration of traditional birth attendants, community health workers and health care workers services, regular ANC Outreaches and better equipping of rural health facilities.
Background: With the widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the epidemic of HIV has evolved into a chronic disease. HIV is extremely stigmatizing, resulting in highly emotionally charged responses to disclosure. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that children should be informed of their HIV status at ages of 6 to 12 years and full disclosure at about 8 to 10 years. Disclosure process is much more difficult when the person being disclosed to is an adolescent. However, disclosure of HIV to a child should be an ongoing process that may last several years depending on the cognitive development of the child.
Methods: This study investigated the determinants of HIV status disclosure among HIV infected adolescents. A total of 209 HIV infected adolescents (10-19 years) who have been on treatment for at least six months, and are taking lifelong anti-retroviral therapy from Bondo County Hospital, Got Agulu and Uyawi Sub County Hospital in Bondo Sub County were enrolled. Simple random sampling was employed in selecting the adolescents. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Quantitative data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics while statistical tests including Pearson Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: Findings on the overall parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and disclosure of HIV status to adolescents show that 180 (86.12%) of the respondents had a negative attitude compared to 29 (13.88%) who held a positive attitude. 122 (58.37%) of the respondents believed that overall availability and quality of counselling was moderate. 10 (4.78%) of the respondents believed that the overall availability and quality of counselling was high. Quality services and perception of the parents have been found to be good predictors of disclosure of HIV status among the newly diagnosed adolescents in Bondo sub-County, p-value<0.05.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study identified quality of service and perception of the parents as the two factors determining the disclosure of HIV status. There is a correlation between the parental perceptions regarding risks and benefits of disclosure and the quality of counselling to parental disclosure of HIV status to adolescents. Therefore the study recommends deliberate efforts to ensure quality service delivery and age specific disclosure counselling to caregivers to equip them with adequate knowledge on disclosure.
Ijsrp p8825 Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (...Elizabeth kiilu
Caregiver factors influencing seeking of Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) of HIV services in selected hospitals in Nairobi County, Kenya:A qualitative Study
Over the past decade, Kenya has made tremendous efforts to enhance maternal and child health. Secure maternity policies such as free maternity care are one of the initiatives that have enhanced maternal and child health in all public health facilities. Despite these attempts, public health facilities for maternal and child health are still underused. This study employed a cross-sectional descriptive study design to identify determinants of free maternal health services by evaluating factors determining perceptions and health-seeking behavior of 384 pregnant mothers in Malava Sub-County, Kakamega County. The study used a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative approaches). Questionnaires were administered to pregnant mothers selected for the study. The study employed a purposive sampling of research participants. Quantitative data were collected using the questionnaire administered by the research assistants whereas qualitative data were collected by the researcher through interview schedules. Quantitative data analysis was carried out using SPSS 23. However, qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. Quantitative data representation was done in terms of frequency and percentages. Analysis of chi-square testing was used to assess the association between the variables of socio-economic and health facilities and the provision of free maternity facilities (p<0.05). The study established that the uptake of free maternal service by pregnant mothers was influenced by their level of primitivism and religious beliefs. In addition, this study found out that 53.8% and 77.7% of the pregnant mothers could not attend antenatal and post-natal care because government facilities were located far away from their residences and they also had less access to some information about free maternal health care. The results of this research would be disseminated to the hospital management team, Sub-Country health management team, County health management team, and other stakeholders, thereby demonstrating reasons for low uptake of free maternity services and helping to strategize for better service delivery. Based on the finding, the study recommends that to improve access to free maternal health care, the county government ought to place health services as close as possible to the community where people live. Secondly, there is a need to embrace the usage of the existing media network to sensitize pregnant mothers to the danger signs and the need to have decision-making powers over their safety. Lastly, hospital management ought to increase the awareness of free maternal health care and to include it among the community priorities during dialog days, action days, and other group discussions.
Health System Factors Affecting Uptake of Antenatal Care by Women of Reproduc...Premier Publishers
This study sought to determine how health system factors affect antenatal care services uptake. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. The population under study was selected household members of the community, facility in charges as well as community own resource persons in Kisumu county. The study used purposive sampling method in selecting the Key Informants. A total sample size of 300 respondents were interviewed. The study used an interview and questionnaires to collect data. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to analyse data with the help of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Chi-square analysis showed that distance to facility (p=0.043), waiting time (p=0.012), means of transport used (p=0.016), perceived quality of services (p=0.000) and perceived attitude of service provider (p=0.000) were significant as pertains to number of ANC visits. The study concluded that health system factors affect uptake of ANC. Specifically, lack long distance to hospital, long waiting time, poor quality of services, commodity stock outs and poor attitude of staff. The combination of these factors reduced uptake of ANC. The study recommended integration of traditional birth attendants, community health workers and health care workers services, regular ANC Outreaches and better equipping of rural health facilities.
Mark Strand, PhD, CPH, Professor, North Dakota State University discusses how the nonprofit Evergreen has worked in close partnership with the Shanxi Province Health Bureau in China since 1994, focusing on training and health system strengthening at the CCIH 2018 conference.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
Background: Behavior is one of the most important components in health. While the impacts of adolescent risky activities have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to health. This study examines the patterning of health behaviors among adolescents age of 10–19 years. Methods: Latent class analysis identified homogeneous, mutually exclusive “classes” (patterns) of eight, leading health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physicians’ visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and having a permanent tattoo. Results: Resulting classes include (1) healthy, (2) moderately healthy, and (3) unhealthy. The characteristic behaviors and tendencies of each class differed by gender. Conclsion: This study attempts to classify adolescents by their own health behavior without including parental attributes. While adolescents do not typically prescribe to predictable behaviors and actions, the emphasis on healthy behaviors by some suggests an individual awareness of behavioral impacts and importance of healthy lifestyle choices
Maternal Health Care Services and Its Utilization in Bihar, Indiainventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The utilization of maternal health care services is a complex phenomenon and influenced by several factors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the utilization of maternal health services and its determinant that affects at community and regional levels by using DLHS-III. Bi-variate and multiple logistic regressions have been used for analyzing all these things. Home Delivery was found more in rural (74.1) than urban (46%), but maximum delivery was found normal in both rural (94.5%) and urban (85.4%) setting, birth that had been conducted by unskilled persons was also high in rural (94%) and urban (87%) settings. The utilization of any ANC, Institutional delivery and PNC was 59 percent, 28 percent and 26 percent respectively. There was also a large significant variation in utilization of ANC services and services at the time of delivery used in between rural and urban settings. Households’ socio-economic status, mother's education, caste and birth order was the most-important determinants associated with the use of any ANC and institutional delivery. Therefore, at community-levels, increase the utilization of maternal health services and there is also stable to focus on vulnerable section of the community (Poor and SC/ST groups) and regional-level awareness interventions.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
Assessment of Maternal Health Seeking Behavior and Service Utilization among ...Scientific Review
Health seeking behavior and utilization of maternal healthcare services are proximate factors that influence maternal morbidity and mortality in any society. We therefore assessed the pattern of health seeking behavior and types of maternal healthcare services utilized by women of the reproductive age in parts of Southeastern Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive method involving the use of a well-structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from 521 randomly selected women between the ages of 15-49 years. Informed oral consent was obtained from these women prior to their recruitment for the study. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The mean age of the respondents was 32 ± 0.07620 years and most(50.5%) attained secondary education. There was a significant relationship between healthcare services and mother's age (p<0.000) with women between 29-35yrs (52.2%) utilizing healthcare services more than those in other age groups. Place of residence (r =0.568, p≤.001) and religion (r = 0.784, p≤0.001) were also significantly associated with health seeking behaviour. About 58% of the respondents understood that good maternal healthcare can reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Our findings showed good health seeking behaviour and service utilization in the study area despite the identified hindering factors. These underscore the need to empower women of reproductive age as well as to put mechanisms in place that will increase their access to quality maternal health care services.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of women's healthcare including gynecology, obstetrics, and breast cancer and policies.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is committed to improving the health and health care of all women throughout the lifetime and in diverse communities with focus on the prevention, diagnosis and administration of fertility.
Austin Journal of Women's Health accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Women's Health.
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND EMPOWERMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN KENYAPoulomy Chakraborty
Only 47% of the pregnant women make 4
recommended visits for antenatal care, 43% make
institutional delivery and 44% have a skilled attendant
during delivery (1).
Only 15 percent of women obtain antenatal care in
the 1st trimester of pregnancy, and 52% receive care
before the 6th month of pregnancy (4).
Kenya has one of world’s highest maternal mortality,
with 490 deaths per 100000 live births (1).
Health seeking behavior amongst pregnant women is
often determined by individual’s or household’s
financial ability or barriers to seek care (2).
Lack of pre-natal care is one of the major reasons for
maternal mortality (2).
Studies point towards the importance of health
messages and advocacy for improving maternal and
child health outcomes (3).
But not much research has been done on understanding
the construct of women’s empowerment towards their
ability to seek care.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
The Model Of The Effect Of Husband And Peer Support With Breastfeeding Educat...irjes
Innoncenti declaration in 1990 by the WHO aimed to support exclusive breastfeeding program.Peer
support will facilitate the sharing process where a process towards breastfeeding occurs, according to the theory
of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM). Mother has self efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of
husband and peer support with breastfeeding education class for pregnant women on knowledge, process of
change according to the theory of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM), self efficacy. The research is a quasiexperimental
research. The study design was Non - Equivalent Control Group. The sampling technique used in
this study was non-random with accidental sampling that met the inclusion criteria. Sample size was 20 cases
and 20 controls. Independent Variable: The intervention of husband and peer support with breastfeeding
education class for pregnant woman. Dependent Variable: Self efficacy. Bivariate analysis: Paired t test,
Independent t test, Regression. Multivariate Analysis: Multiple regresion. The results: knowledge on case -
control p = 0.001, process of change p = 0.002 and self-efficacy p = 0.007. Conclusion: there was an effect of
knowledge on the process of change and self efficacy. Suggestion: pregnant woman and husbandshare
experiences regarding breastfeeding in order to improve knowledge.
Mark Strand, PhD, CPH, Professor, North Dakota State University discusses how the nonprofit Evergreen has worked in close partnership with the Shanxi Province Health Bureau in China since 1994, focusing on training and health system strengthening at the CCIH 2018 conference.
Latent Class Analysis of Adolescent Health Behaviorsasclepiuspdfs
Background: Behavior is one of the most important components in health. While the impacts of adolescent risky activities have been studied extensively, less attention has been paid to health. This study examines the patterning of health behaviors among adolescents age of 10–19 years. Methods: Latent class analysis identified homogeneous, mutually exclusive “classes” (patterns) of eight, leading health behaviors - sleep, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, physicians’ visits, meal autonomy, wearing braces, general health assessment, and having a permanent tattoo. Results: Resulting classes include (1) healthy, (2) moderately healthy, and (3) unhealthy. The characteristic behaviors and tendencies of each class differed by gender. Conclsion: This study attempts to classify adolescents by their own health behavior without including parental attributes. While adolescents do not typically prescribe to predictable behaviors and actions, the emphasis on healthy behaviors by some suggests an individual awareness of behavioral impacts and importance of healthy lifestyle choices
Maternal Health Care Services and Its Utilization in Bihar, Indiainventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The utilization of maternal health care services is a complex phenomenon and influenced by several factors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the utilization of maternal health services and its determinant that affects at community and regional levels by using DLHS-III. Bi-variate and multiple logistic regressions have been used for analyzing all these things. Home Delivery was found more in rural (74.1) than urban (46%), but maximum delivery was found normal in both rural (94.5%) and urban (85.4%) setting, birth that had been conducted by unskilled persons was also high in rural (94%) and urban (87%) settings. The utilization of any ANC, Institutional delivery and PNC was 59 percent, 28 percent and 26 percent respectively. There was also a large significant variation in utilization of ANC services and services at the time of delivery used in between rural and urban settings. Households’ socio-economic status, mother's education, caste and birth order was the most-important determinants associated with the use of any ANC and institutional delivery. Therefore, at community-levels, increase the utilization of maternal health services and there is also stable to focus on vulnerable section of the community (Poor and SC/ST groups) and regional-level awareness interventions.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
Assessment of Maternal Health Seeking Behavior and Service Utilization among ...Scientific Review
Health seeking behavior and utilization of maternal healthcare services are proximate factors that influence maternal morbidity and mortality in any society. We therefore assessed the pattern of health seeking behavior and types of maternal healthcare services utilized by women of the reproductive age in parts of Southeastern Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive method involving the use of a well-structured pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from 521 randomly selected women between the ages of 15-49 years. Informed oral consent was obtained from these women prior to their recruitment for the study. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The mean age of the respondents was 32 ± 0.07620 years and most(50.5%) attained secondary education. There was a significant relationship between healthcare services and mother's age (p<0.000) with women between 29-35yrs (52.2%) utilizing healthcare services more than those in other age groups. Place of residence (r =0.568, p≤.001) and religion (r = 0.784, p≤0.001) were also significantly associated with health seeking behaviour. About 58% of the respondents understood that good maternal healthcare can reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. Our findings showed good health seeking behaviour and service utilization in the study area despite the identified hindering factors. These underscore the need to empower women of reproductive age as well as to put mechanisms in place that will increase their access to quality maternal health care services.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of women's healthcare including gynecology, obstetrics, and breast cancer and policies.
Austin Journal of Women's Health is committed to improving the health and health care of all women throughout the lifetime and in diverse communities with focus on the prevention, diagnosis and administration of fertility.
Austin Journal of Women's Health accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, commentaries, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Women's Health.
HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR AND EMPOWERMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN KENYAPoulomy Chakraborty
Only 47% of the pregnant women make 4
recommended visits for antenatal care, 43% make
institutional delivery and 44% have a skilled attendant
during delivery (1).
Only 15 percent of women obtain antenatal care in
the 1st trimester of pregnancy, and 52% receive care
before the 6th month of pregnancy (4).
Kenya has one of world’s highest maternal mortality,
with 490 deaths per 100000 live births (1).
Health seeking behavior amongst pregnant women is
often determined by individual’s or household’s
financial ability or barriers to seek care (2).
Lack of pre-natal care is one of the major reasons for
maternal mortality (2).
Studies point towards the importance of health
messages and advocacy for improving maternal and
child health outcomes (3).
But not much research has been done on understanding
the construct of women’s empowerment towards their
ability to seek care.
Impact of Health Education on Preventive Practices of A.R.I among Mothers Liv...iosrjce
Acute respiratory tract infections in young children take a heavy toll on life among urban slum
dwellers and where medical care is not available or sought. The effective way to reduce deaths from ARI is
early and prompts treatment as well as health education. The urban slum population is more vulnerable to
health risk as they face many risk factors like living condition, sanitation, health care facilities. In this pre
experimental study, the variables were assessed through pre and post test followed by educational intervention
for 476 mothers of under five children residing in urban slums of Bangalore District. The data regarding socio
demographic variables of mothers and knowledge of mothers on preventive practices of acute respiratory tract
infections was collected through structured interview schedule. The major study findings indicate that there is
significant difference between the knowledge of practice scores of mothers between pre and post test. The
results also indicates that there is significant relationship between knowledge scores of mothers with their socio
demographic variables and community based health education could enhance the knowledge of mothers
regarding preventive practices of acute respiratory tract infections in their young children.
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
The Model Of The Effect Of Husband And Peer Support With Breastfeeding Educat...irjes
Innoncenti declaration in 1990 by the WHO aimed to support exclusive breastfeeding program.Peer
support will facilitate the sharing process where a process towards breastfeeding occurs, according to the theory
of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM). Mother has self efficacy. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of
husband and peer support with breastfeeding education class for pregnant women on knowledge, process of
change according to the theory of Trans Theoretical Model (TTM), self efficacy. The research is a quasiexperimental
research. The study design was Non - Equivalent Control Group. The sampling technique used in
this study was non-random with accidental sampling that met the inclusion criteria. Sample size was 20 cases
and 20 controls. Independent Variable: The intervention of husband and peer support with breastfeeding
education class for pregnant woman. Dependent Variable: Self efficacy. Bivariate analysis: Paired t test,
Independent t test, Regression. Multivariate Analysis: Multiple regresion. The results: knowledge on case -
control p = 0.001, process of change p = 0.002 and self-efficacy p = 0.007. Conclusion: there was an effect of
knowledge on the process of change and self efficacy. Suggestion: pregnant woman and husbandshare
experiences regarding breastfeeding in order to improve knowledge.
Technical brief decision making for mch and malaria service uptake in sironko...Jane Alaii
A research brief to assess characteristics of adopters of available maternal and child health services and malaria preventive services for pregnant women and children under 5 in a rural community in Uganda.
A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF LACTATING MOTHERS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Childhood mortality is one of the important indicators of a country’s general medical and public health conditions, and consequently, the country’s level of socio-economic development. Its decline is therefore not only desirable but also indicative of an improvement in general living standards. In India, 2.1 million children die before their fifth birthday. Half of these children die even before they are 28 days old, accounting for one-fourth global infant deaths. Of the 9.7 million child deaths worldwide annually, one-third occur in India. The statistics are equally shocking among neonate’s children new born to a maximum age of 28 days old.
SAAD COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SC.docxrtodd599
SAAD COLLEGE OF NURSING AND ALLIED HEALTH SCINCE - UNIVERSITY OF ULESTER
ACDAMIC YEAR 2018-19
Semester one
Assignment Title: Nutrition Knowledge among Young Pregnant Women in Middle East.
Student name: Alreem Ali Alaliwat
ID number: SNC 146046 \ UU ID: B00697863
Cohort: 16 (Year 4 semester 2)
Course Title: B.Sc (Hons) in Nursing Studies
Module Title: Developing a research proposal
Module Code: NUS 585 CRN: 59064
Words Count: 6000
Date: 29/11/2018
Lecturer responsible for unit: Dr. Safia Belal
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement2
Abstract3
Chapter 15
Introduction5
1.Young Pregnant Women6
2.Nutrition Knowledge7
3.Education Need for Pregnant Words7
Significant Of the Study8
Aim of the Study9
Research Question9
Objective10
Research Question10
Chapter 211
Design11
Setting12
Sampling and Population13
Inclusion Criteria13
Exclusion Criteria13
Data Collection13
Ethical Considering14
Pilot Study15
Data Analysis16
Procedure of the Main Study17
Chapter 318
Time Scale18
Budget19
Expected Outcome20
References21
Appendix I Consent Form27
Appendix II Participant Leaflet27
Appendix III Questionnaire28
About Nutrition29
Acknowledgement:
First of all, I am thankful of Allah for helping me to complete this research .
Through this paper, I'm a proud of working with all the participant and I appreciate your efforts that were help and support me especially my lovely husband and my sister Dr.Ghada
Also I would like to give special thanks to Dr.Safiah Bilal , special thanx for here for the kindness, guidance, encouragement, and suggestions du ring writing this study.
Alreem.
Nutrition Knowledge among Young Pregnant Women In Saudi ArabiaAbstract:
Background: Nutrition plays a key role during pregnancy in the sense that the nourishment that a pregnant woman gets determines the nutrients that the developing fetus gets. Nutrition knowledge in this case refers to information and skills that an individual normally has pertaining food intake. In respect to the research topic, this refers to information and skills needed by pregnant women.
Aim: The aim of the study identify nutrition knowledge among young pregnant women.
Sample: the sample population of these study is the young pregnant women they take probability sample fore 100 participants.
Methodology: the researcher uses quantitative design for statics and data analysis, as well random sample, it will be at Almanaa Hospital.
Key words : Nutrition , knowledge , pregnancy
Nutrition Knowledge among Young Pregnant Women In Saudi ArabiaChapter 1Introduction
The purpose of the study is to investigate and establish whether pregnant young Saudi women have the needed nutritional knowledge. Nutrition plays a key role during pregnancy in the sense that the nourishment that a pregnant woman gets determines the nutrients that the deve.
Impediment to a Health Seeking Behaviour: an evaluation of Access to Reproduc...iosrjce
The study sort to evaluate the barriers to access to reproductive health services for women in
Matabeleland South. The study was premised on the Health Belief Model (HBM) formulated by Hochbaum,
Kegees, Leventhal and Rosenstockof 1974 cited in Chiremba and Maunganidze (2004). They propound that the
HBM has 3 main components, namely individual factors, modifying factors and likelihood of action. They infer
that, an individual’s attitude determines how she/he engages in certain behaviour. Conducted over 21 days, the
study employed both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The quantitative aspects included
questionnaires that were administered to women of child-bearing age and adolescent girls, whilst the
qualitative aspect involved secondary data review, facility assessment and focus group discussions. Purposive
and random sampling techniques were used to identify the ideal participants for the survey. The key findings
were that; Safe Motherhood was and is dependent on a lot of issues, some of which are, policies and systems,
resources (financial, material and human), community/departmental structures, infrastructure and mostly the
demography of the community including their attitudes, perceptions and beliefs. The study recommends removal
of barriers to access to health through: Resuscitation of the country’s strategy of having a health facility at
every 10 kilometre radius; Regular mobile clinics especially for reproductive health services and baby clinics to
resettlement areas that were pegged far from services; Resourcing of existing health facilities in terms of
human, material and financial resources and most of all; Change of policies, perceptions and practises that
hinder access to reproductive health services and attainment of basic health rights
[[IAA JSR 10(1)49-60, 2023.Awareness and Practice of Breast Feeding among Mot...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Breastfeeding is a key tool for nourishing a baby, preventing childhood illnesses like obesity, and hypertension later on in life. In addition, it reduces the cost to the family and the entire country. Uganda to some extent faces a great deal of challenges, particularly in the health sector. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding in mothers with infants between 1 day to 2 years of age attending the immunization and the pediatric inpatient in Kiryandongo Hospital and to identify factors that affect exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). A cross-section descriptive survey design was used. 187 respondents were selected randomly. The data were collected using a questionnaire and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages. The result of this study showed that 71.2 % knew the correct definition and duration of exclusive breastfeeding, 59.7% exclusively breastfeeds for the first six (6) months of life, 100% gave colostrum to their babies because they believed it provides nutrition and protection to their babies, 87% breastfed on demand. The result also showed that there is a positive attitude of mothers toward exclusive breastfeeding as 86.6% of them agreed that breast milk alone is sufficient to the baby during the first six (6) months of life as well as believed that EBF has benefits to both the infants and the mother. 51% of respondents weaned their babies between 15-18 months and 41% weaned between 19 months to 2 years. It was concluded that there was a high level of knowledge on breastfeeding among the respondents, more than half of the respondents practiced exclusive breastfeeding as recommended and relatively all the respondents had positive attitude toward exclusive breastfeeding.
Keywords: knowledge, attitude, practice, breastfeeding, mothers
A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re Productive Healthijtsrd
Reproductive health covers all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health for women begins in childhood and the teen years. Things such as nutrition, environment, education, income level, and cultural practices influence your reproductive health. Good reproductive health benefits the health and well being of our family. It can improve the social and economic situation of you and our family. And most importantly, it can help make sure that every infant is wanted, loved and has a chance to grow up healthy. The present study concludes that 1 4th 59 of the respondents attitude are neutral, 21percent of the respondent’s attitude are positive, and 19percent of the respondent attitude is negative towards sexual and reproductive health. Dr. Agnes Febiola. X | Saranya. S "A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re-Productive Health" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56237/a-study-on-the-attitude-of-tribal-woman-towards-reproductive-health/dr-agnes-febiola-x
Kissito Healthcare Presient and CEO, Tom Clarke, met with OB-GYN professionsals from Carillion Hospital on September 30th to discuss Kissito's international child and maternal healthcare operations in Uganda and Ethiopia.
A Longitudinal Study On Feeding Practices And Morbidity Patterns Of Infants I...iosrjce
Background: Feeding practices and illnesses during infancy are of critical importance for growth and
development of children .Though several programs have been implemented by WHO and UNICEF to improve
the health status of newborn and infant, child morbidity and mortality rates in rural area are still higher
compared to urban areas in India.
Objective: To assess the feeding practices and morbidity patterns of infants in a rural field practice area .
Methodology: A longitudinal study was undertaken in field practice area under community medicine
Department, Guntur from Jan 2013 to march 2014.A birth cohort of hundred children born during first 3
months of study period were assessed and followed up till they attained 1year age .Data collected on feeding
practices ,infant illnesses and socio-demographic factors.
Results: The incidence of episodes of morbidity was 2.78 per infant per year. Respiratory Tract Infections are
most common observed illness followed by diarrhea .Majority of the mothers (90%)
Were given colostrum ,50% were breast fed their babies with in 1 hour of delivery,60% were given
EBF(Exclusive Breast Feeding ). The illnesses are less common in first 6 months of infancy compared to
letter half of life .A Significant association between feeding practices and morbidities
Conclusion: Hence focusing education on faulty feeding practices and implementation of IMNCI(integrated
management of newborn and childhood illnesses ) at gross root level by health workers need to be emphasized
Utilization of Maternal and Child Health Care Services and Impact on Health o...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Cars are a very important part of this modern world because they give luxury and comfort. Even
though they are comfortable, some problems always keep arising on the safety side. After a lot of research they
rectified certain problems using air bags, auto parking, turbo charger, pedal shift…, etc.
And now we are going to discuss about one such problem that arises on the safety side. An unsuspected
accident occurs when people smash their fingers in between the car doors. Due to this kind of accident around
120,000 people are injured every year. But this was not taken as a very major safety concern for the customer.
To avoid this kind accident due to car doors, we are introducing “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”
with the help of “HYDRAULIC PISTON AND IR SENSORS”.
The major working process of the “SAFETY DOOR LOCK SYSTEM”is, when a person places his/her
hand or fingers in the gap between the door and the outer panel, at the time when the closing action of the door
takes place, the Sensors start to transmit the Infra Red Rays to the Receivers at the
other end, and so even if someone closes the door without anybody‟s knowledge the hydraulic piston will
automatically come out and stop the door from closing and prevent the person from the unsuspected accident
and minor injuries by the car door and ensure maximum safety to the customer.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
A Smart City could be depicted as a place, logical and physical, in which a crowd of heterogeneous
entities is related in time and space through different types of interactions. Any type of entity, whether it is a
device or a person, clustered in communities, becomes a source of context-based data.
Energy awareness is able to drive the process of bringing our society to limit energy waste and to optimize
usage of available resources, causing a strong environmental and social impact. Then, following social network
analysis methodologies related to the dynamics of complex systems, it is possible to find out, emergent and
sometimes hidden new habits of electricity usage. Through an initial Critical Mass, involving a multitude of
consumers, each related to more contexts, we evaluate the triggering and spreading of a collective attitude. To
this aim, in this paper, we propose a novel analytical model defining a new concept of critical mass, which
includes centrality measures both in a single layer and in a multilayer social network.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
design parameters and found the results are at par in less computational time by satisfying the constraints.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
An Assessment of The Relationship Between The Availability of Financial Resou...irjes
The availability of financial resources is an important element in impacting the success of a planning
process for an effective physical planning. The extent to which however, they are articulated in the process
remained elusive both in scholarly and public discourse. The objective of this study wastherefore, to examine
the extent to which financial resources affect physical planning. In doing so, the study examinedwhether
financial resources were adequate or not to facilitate planning processes in Paidha. According to the study
findings,budget prioritization and ceilings are still a challenge in Paidha Town Council. This is partly due
limited level of knowledge of physical planning among the officials of Paidha Town Council. As a result, there
were no dedicated budget line for routine inspection of physical development plan compliance and enforcement
tools in Paidha. In conclusion, in addressing uncoordinated patterns of physical development that characterize
Uganda‟s urban centres, a critical starting point ought to be the analysis of physical planning process. The
research of this kind is not only significant to other emerging urban centres facing poor a road network,
mushrooming informal settlements and poor social services including poor pattern of residential and commercial
developments but also to all institutions that are involved in planning these towns. Knowing the extent of need
for financial influences in planning may assist local authorities to take the processes of planning seriously which
will help enhance the sustainable development of emerging urban centres including Paidha.
The Choice of Antenatal Care and Delivery Place in Surabaya (Based on Prefere...irjes
- Person's desire to do a pregnancy examination is determined by the service place that suits the tastes
and facilities owned by it. Until now, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low (Mardiana,
2014). The purpose of the study is to analyze factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care and delivery place
in Surabaya city based on the preferences and choice theory.
Type of survey research is cross sectional approach, the population is mothers who have children aged 1-
12 months in Surabaya. The large sample of 250 mothers who have children aged 1-12 months in 2013 is taken
by simple random sampling technique. Variables of the research are the preference elements and steps, choice
elements and steps, utilization of antenatal care and delivery place. Data were collected through questionnaires
and secondary data were then analyzed with descriptive statistics in the form of a frequency distribution, shown
by the schematic diagram.
The result showed that the preference elements and steps showed almost half (42.9%) desire to give birth
in a health care because of information got from someone else, while the choice element and step shows the
bulk (57.1%) of the criteria of delivery place chosen is a safe, comfortable and cheap delivery place, the labor
place which is the main choice most (57.1%) is cheap, comfortable, close.
Conclusion of the research based on the preferences and choice theory can be found three (3) new
theories, they are preferences become choice, preferences do not become choice, choice is preceded by
preferences
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Fundamentals of Electric Drives and its applications.pptx
Social Support in the Utilization of Antenatal Care Based On Customer Driven
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 4, Issue 6 (June 2015), PP.18-22
www.irjes.com 18 | Page
Social Support in the Utilization of Antenatal Care Based On
Customer Driven
Meity Albertina1,*
, Grace C Sipasulta2
, Nurhayati3
1
Health polytechnic East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
2
Health polytechnic East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
3
Health polytechnic East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
ABSTRACT:- Background: Pregnant women come to health care (provider)not only to get service, but they
alsocome as they have needs and expectations, as well as to utilize antenatal care by health workers. Only 66%
of pregnant women utilize antenatal care and the number declines during childbirth. Affecting factors include:
poverty, socio-cultural and demographic, area of residence (urban and rural), age, parity, education, and
economics, distance to provider, a mother is not entitled to make a decision, inadequate antenatal care’s
facilities, transportation, lack of family support that allows a woman to leave the house for maternal checkup.
The objective of the study: to determine the effect of social support on the utilization of antenatal care based on
customer driven in Balikpapan. The method of the study: The study is a survey research with cross sectional
study. Sampling technique: Multistage random sampling. The samples were 210 women with babies aged 0-12
months. The analysis of the data used structural equation analysis namely Partial Least Square (PLS). Results:
social support (support from friends, husband and social groups) is significantly correlated to the utilization of
antenatal care (0.117). Conclusion: The need to build a good communication with family, friends and husband
as the support is essential in antenatal care.
Keywords:- Support, utilization of antenatal care, customer driven.
I. INTRODUCTION
Public Service in Health has been supported by Law No. 36 of 2009 on Health. This law has set a range
of issues related to health problems. Every person has an equal right to have optimal health (Article 4) and the
government is responsible for improving the health of society (Article 17). Implementations of health measures
undertaken among others include health care and reproductive health.
In providing services to the public or customers, government or service providerhas to be oriented to
customer (Customer Driven Services), where customer is the most important, in other words, customer’s
concerns is the priority, so that provider is more responsive to what customerwants in meeting customer’s needs
and desires.
Pregnant women as a customer come to health care (provider) be it Health Center, Hospital or Midwife
not only to get service, but they also come as they have needs and expectations. Seven servicesto be provided
for pregnant women as customerare: 1) information, 2) ease of access to services, 3) clarity of information, 4) a
secure service, 5) appreciation and comfort and the apportunity to express idea, and 7) sustainable health care
(EngenderHealth, 2001)
Only few pregnant women whose rights in health care are fulfilled. A mother often does not have the
right to make a decision regarding antenatal care. Only 3.7% of pregnant women whose right in obtaining
information is fulfilled, 25.9% of pregnant women feelssecure in antenatal care and only 1.80% of pregnant
women receives sustainable health care(Arifin, 2010)
Until today, the utilization of antenatal care by pregnant women is still low. In Indonesia, the utilization
of antenatal care provided by health workers is only 66% and this numberdeclines during childbirth since 46%
ofpregnant women who have their pregnancy examined by health workers do not givechildbirth in a health
facility(Central Bureau of Statistics and Macro International, 2008).
The low coverage of antenatal care is due to the presence of other health care facilities as competitor,
so that people have a lot of choices in the use of health service, such as private medical clinics. Other reasons of
moving to other health cares includecheaper services, finding other services, persuasion from competitors,
unsatisfying services provided by previous provider, indifference of previous provider, as well as the lack
ofpeople’s understanding regarding the value of health(Supriyanto & Wulandari, 2011)
However, many pregnant women do not have their pregnancy examined for various reasons. The
average number of visits of pregnant women is less than 4 times during pregnancy. The low maternal visit can
increase maternal mortality. (Abosse, Woldie, & Ololo, 2010) reports that mother's age, husband's attitude,
2. Social Support In The Utilization Of Antenatal Care Based On Customer Driven
www.irjes.com 19 | Page
number of family members, maternal education, and morbidity are major predictors in the utilization of
antenatal care.
Factors affecting the utilization of antenatal care include poverty, socio-cultural and demographic, area
of residence (urban and rural), age, parity, education, and economics (WHO & UNICEF, 2003), distance to
provider, distance to provider, a mother is not entitled to make a decision, inadequate antenatal care’s facilities,
transportation, lack of family support that allows a woman to leave the house for maternal checkup, the mother
does not have time to have her pregnancy examined because she is taking care of young children (Titaley,
Dibley, & Roberts, 2010)..
The results of interview with ten three-trimester pregnant women show thatsixpregnant women have
antenatal care for less than four times in whichfourpregnant women report that their family is willing to soothe
them when they feel discomfort, has prepared baby gear and accompanies them to have antenatal care, and the
other two report that their family is only willing to listen to their concerns and complaints during pregnancy.
The results also show that four pregnant women have antenatal carefor more than four times in which one of
them reports that her family has prepared baby gear, listens to her concerns and complaints during pregnancy
and accompanies her to have antenatal care, and the other three pregnant womenreport that they do not have the
support from their family such as motivating them, taking them to have antenatal care, and their family only
soothes them when they feel discomfort.
One strategy of Making Pregnancy Safer (MPS) is to encourage the empowerment of woman and the
family. The expected output of the strategy is to establish the involvement of the family in promoting maternal
health as well as increase the active role of the family during pregnancy and childbirth (Ministry of Health,
2007). Based on the above phenomenon, it is necessary to conduct a research on the correlation between social
support and the utilization of antenatal care based on customer driven in Balikpapan.
The aim of this study is to determine the affect of social support on the untilization of antenatal care based on
customer driven in Balikpapan.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
This study is a survey research with cross sectional study. Sampling technique performed in this study
was Multistage Random Sampling. Samples were taken gradually and randomly, resulting in as many as 210
people as the samples. The research was conducted in Balikpapan, East Kalimantan. The population of the study
were mothers with children aged 0-12 months (living or dead). Independent variable: support, dependent
variable: antenatal care. Measuring tool: questionnaire. The analysis technique used was the structural equation
Partial Least Square (PLS).
III. RESEARCH RESULTS
1. Characteristics of respondents
Table 1. Characteristics of the mother and the husband (Age of the mother, the education of the mother and the
husband, occupation of the mother and the husband) in Balikpapan in 2013.
Total of 82.4% of women are in the reproductive age group is between the ages of 20-35. 17.6%
entered the category of high risk of reproductive age, the age group 1-19 years and 36-45 years of age.
Education are predominantly public high school, both the mother and the husband, and the husband's education
most respondents were in the lower-middle group of 178 people (84.8%), and the husband of 86.6%. most
mothers do not work (77.10%) and the husband of respondents mostly work (95.7%).
No. Characteristics of Respondents frequency (f) %
1 Age High risk 37 17.6
Safe 173 82.4
2 Education High (Diploma 3,
College)
Mother Husband
f % f %
32 15.20 24 11.40
Medium (Senior High) 115 54.80 145 69.00
Low (Elementary,
Junior High)
63 30.00 41 19.50
3 Occupation Employed Mother Husband
f % f %
48 22.90 201 95.70
Unemployed 162 77.10 9 4.30
Total 210 100.00 210 100.00
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A total of 82.4% of the mothers were in the reproductive age group which is between 20-35 years old. 17.6%
were in the category of high risk of reproductive age, i.e. the group of 1-19 years old and 36-45 years old. Most
respondents passed senior high school, either the mother or the husband, most of the respondents’ education and
husband were in the lower middle group as many as 178 people (84.8%), and the husband was as much as
86.6%. Most mothers were housewives (77.10%) and most of husbands of the respondents were employed
(95.7%).
Table 2. Support (Support from Friends, Family, Social Group) Based on Customer
Driven in Balikpapan in 2013
No. Support Frequency %
1 Friends To Support 137 65.2
Does not support 73 34.8
2 Family To Support 210 100.0
3 Social To Support 83 39.5
Does not support 127 60.5
Total 210 100
Support is indicated by 3 indicators, namely the support from friends, family, and social groupfor the mother
during pregnancy. The study indicated that the support from the family is very high, reaching 100%. However,
only 137 (65.2%) pregnant women were supported by their friends while the other 73 (34.80%) were not
supported by their friends, as many as 127 (60.5%) pregnant women were not supported by their social group
and only 83 (39.5%) of them were supported by their social group.
AntenatalCare
Table 3. Utilization of Antenatal Care and Childbirth Placebased on Customer Driven in Balikappan in
2013.
No. Indicator f %
1 Utilization
of Antenetal
Care
Age of pregnancy
at the first
maternal check up
Tm I 154 73.3
Tm II 47 22.4
Tm III 9 4.3
Frequency of
maternal check up
<4 times 22 10.5
4 times 28 13.3
> 4 times 160 76.2
Place of maternal
check up
Private midwife 69 32.9
Health Centre 61 29.0
Hospital 47 22.4
Doctor 33 15.7
Antenatal care in this study includes age of pregnancy at the first maternal check up, number of
maternal check up and the place of maternal check up and the results are: most mothers (73.3%, )have their
pregnancy examined in the first trimester of pregnancy. However, as many as47 (22.4%) mothers have their
pregnancy examined in the second trimester and as many as 9 (4.3%) in third trimester. The majority of the
numbers of maternal check upis more than fourtimes, only 10.5% of the samples have their pregnancy examined
less than four times. All respondents choose health workers to have maternal check up.
IV. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS
The results of Inner Weight Test in the utilization of antenatal care show that social support (support
from friends, family and social group) has positive and significant effect on the utilization of antenatal care. The
results of the study show the path coefficient at 0.191 with t-statistic at 5.543 greater than the value of t-table at
1.96. Thus, social support (support from friends, family and social group) directly affectsthe utilization of
antenatal care as much as 0.191 which means that the increase in the frequency of social support (support from
friends, family and social group) leads to the increase in antenatal care as much as 19.1%. The remaining 80.9%
of antenatal care is due to other factors outside of the variables in this study.
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V. DISCUSSION
Characteristics of Respondents Age of respondents
Based on the results of data processing, most of the respondents are 20-35 years old. Pregnancy at this
age have a lower risk of morbidity and mortality during pregnancy and childbirth compared to that of the group
aged below 20 years or over 35 years(Benson, Ralph, & Benson, Ralph C, Pernoll, 2009). Women who are
pregnant at a younger and older age have a greater risk.
In this study, 18.1% of respondents were in a high risk, those are mothers aged 17-19 years and 36-45
years. Mothers aged below 20 years are bio - psychosocially not mature enough to perform reproductive
function that starts from pregnancy, childbirth, until the puerperium. Women below 20 years old have immature
way of thinking and are still selfish.
Optimal reproductive age for a woman is between 20-35 years, below and over that age will increase
the risk of pregnancy and childbirth. Pregnancy in women below 20 years old is a pregnancy that experiences
health risks concerning early pregnancy and many mothers have limited knowledge or are less confident to
access health care system resulted in limited antenatal care visits, which is crucial to the occurrence of
complications, so this age group needs motivation for regular prenatal care.
Level of education
The level of education of most respondents is senior high school and below, both the mothers and the
husbands, as many as 178 mothers (84.8%), and 86.6%.husbands. Many high school-educated respondents
might be influenced by the socio-economic factors of their parents. Their parents could only affordtheir
education up to high school. Respondents who passed senior high are included in the group of secondary
education. They are considered able to make decisions for antenatal visit and childbirth in Balikpapan.
(Slamet, 1999), states that the higher the level of education or knowledge of a person, the more he/she
needs health care center as a place of treatment for himself and his family. Being highly educated, one’s insight
and knowledge grow increasingly and his awareness that health is so important for life increases so that he is
motivated to make a visit to better health care centers.
Education affects types of occupation and income one receives. A person who has a higher education
tends to concern health than those who have low education due to lack of access to information received. The
higher one's education, the tendency to maintain health is also higher, (Schiffman, L., & Kanuk, 2007) in
(Marullyta & Pudjiraharjo, 2013).
Employment status
The results show that 77.1% of the respondents are housewives.This may be due to 2 factors: a woman
who is married and unemployment decides to be a housewife and a woman who has been employed before
married decides not to work anymore after married and take care of her children.
(Simamora, 2004) states that economy is an activity to earn money in community to meet the needs, so that most
of the respondents who are housewives with no income affect the selection of the antenatal and childbirth care.
This is consistent with that expressed by (Notoatmodjo, 2003)that socioeconomic affects the level of a person's
ability to meet his needs.
The effect of social support (support from friends, family and social group) on the Utilization of
Antenatal Care.
Pregnancy is a transition fromhaving not had child to having a child. Such moment causes
physiological changes in pregnant women which normally emerge since early pregnancy andculminate during
childbirth. Fragile condition due to the fear of death either of the mother or the baby will cause anxiety and this
is the proper time to give advice or support.
Statistical test results show that support (suppor from family, friends, and social groups) significantly
affect the utilization of antenatal care, meaning that social support greatly affects the mother to
havematernalcheck up. This is in line with the research conducted by (Jirijwong, D, & Goldsworthy, 1999)that
found that social support is an important determinant factor in utilizing antenatal care.
The high family support may because it is the first pregnancy for the respondents. The first
pregnancymay mobilize husband, mother,and mother-in-law to give support. This is consistent with the results
of interviews conducted by Munthe, et al with 40 women, expecting their first child, aged between 23-35 years
old. Most interviewees report that due to their first pregnancy, their relationship with husband, parents and in-
laws are better(Munthe, Pasaribu, & Widyastuti., 2000).
Support from family (husband, in-laws, siblings) may result a more complete antenatal care visit. Thus,
the mother will feel calm, comfortable, and safe and have a healthy pregnancy. This is in line with (Andriyani,
2009)who suggests that the level of support from family for pregnant womenis high, and there is no correlation
between social support from family and the frequency of antenatal visit.
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Regarding the utilization of health services during pregnancy, the mother with high support from friends will
utilize health care facilities such as privately midwivespracticing, health center, hospital or specialist doctor.
This is in line with the research conducted by Taylor who argues that support is directly related to health habit.
Individuals with high level of support are more likely to adhere to medical rules and they tend to use health
services (Taylor, Repetti, Seeman, & Al, 1997)
The more support obtained, the higher the utilization of antenatal care.Similarly, the lower the support
obtained, the lower the utilization of antenatal care. The level of support correlates to the level of the utilization
of antenatal care. The support given to pregnant women is a form of social support so that they can do a better
adjustment during pregnancy.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Social support (friends, family and social group) have a significant effect on the utilization of antenatal
care in Balikpapan. However, counseling for pregnant women concerning maternal care especially the
frequency of maternal check up according to the standardsrecommended by the government, establishing
communication with friends, family and social groupas well as socialization of "ALERT husband" and “ALERT
Parents” through posters and leaflets by midwives and cadres suggesting husbands and parents to be Ready, to
Accompany, to Take Care of, are still required.
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