Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are subject to various kinds of attacks such as replaying of
messages, battery exhausting, and nodes compromising. While most of these attacks can be
dealt with through cryptographic security protocols provided by key management schemes,
there are always a few that manage to really cause problems. One such attack that is most
common and significant in WSNs is cloning attack. In clone attack, the intruder tries to capture
and compromise some nodes and inject them into several locations throughout the network in
order to conduct other types of attacks. Moreover, if this attack is not detected early, then these
replicated injected nodes will consume a large amount of the network resources. In this paper,
we analyze several key management schemes that can be used for checking integrity and
preventing cloning attacks. After analyzing the problems associated with these schemes, we
propose a model that allows us to distinguish between legitimate nodes and cloned nodes in
such sensor networks.
A SURVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS SECURITY WITH THE INTEGRATION OF CLUSTER...cscpconf
The document discusses key establishment techniques and cluster-based group key agreement protocols for wireless sensor networks. It reviews pairwise keying, clustering, and how integrating the two can provide security. Several cluster-based group key agreement protocols are described, including HKAP, GKA-CH, PB-GKA-HGM, and AP-1 and AP-2. These protocols establish cluster and group keys using different hierarchical structures and key agreement methods. The document concludes by comparing the protocols based on their topology and structure.
A survey on wireless sensor networks security with the integration of cluster...csandit
Keying technique in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) is one of the most emerging fields of
WSN security. In order to provide security on WSN, the role of Key distribution technique is
considered to be very significant and thus the key management plays a crucial and fundamental
roles in the security service of WSNs. This paper reviews pairwise key establishment technique
along with the architecture and the environment of WSN. The cluster based group key
agreement protocols for infrastructure base WSN are discussed in this paper. This paper also
reviews how the security can be provided to WSNs with the integration of clustering and keying
techniques. The survey also provides a more detailed discussion on the comparison between
different cluster based group key agreement protocols.
A key management approach for wireless sensor networksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
2.espk external agent authentication and session key establishment using publ...EditorJST
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted a lot of interest in the research community due their wide range of applications. Due to distributed and deployed in a un attend environment, these are vulnerable to numerous security threats. In this paper, describe the design and implementation of public-key-(PK)-based protocols that allow authentication and session key establishment between a sensor network and a third party. WSN have limitations on computational capacity, battery etc which provides scope for challenging problems. We fundamentally focused on the security issue of WSNs The proposed protocol is efficient and secure in compared to other public key based protocols in WSNs.
Security Key Management Model for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area NetworksCSCJournals
IEEE 802.15.4-based devices networks known by the name of LR-WPAN (Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network) are characterized by low computation, memory and storage space, and they do not possess an infrastructure. This makes them dynamic and easy to deploy, but in the other hand, this makes them very vulnerable to security issues, as they are low energy so they cant implement current security solutions, and they are deployed in non-secure environments that makes them susceptible to eavesdropping attacks. Most proposed solutions draw out the security of the bootstrapping and commissioning phases as the percentage of existing of an intruder in this time is very low. In this paper, we propose a security model for LR-WPANs based on symmetric cryptography, which takes into account securing the bootstrapping phase, with an analysis of the effectiveness of this proposal and the measures of its implementation.
Data Transfer Security solution for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
WSN is a wide growth area for specific resource limited application. Factor associated with technology like, the encryption
security, operating speed and power consumption for network. Here, we introduce a mechanism for secure transferring of data is WSN
and various security related issues. This energy-efficient encryption is a secure communication framework in which an algorithm is
used to encode the sensed data using like, RC5, AES and CAST Algorithm. The proposed scheme is most suitable for wireless sensor
networks that incorporate data centric routing protocols. An algorithm in sensor network is help to designers predict security
performance under a set of constraints for WSNs. This symmetric key function is used to guarantee secure communications between
in-network nodes and reliable operation cost. RC5 is good on the code point of view, but the key schedule consumes more resource
time for efficient security aspects.
IRJET- - Implementation of a Secured Approach using Dynamic Key Managemen...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a secure authentication approach for wireless sensor networks using dynamic key management and zero knowledge protocols. It begins with background on wireless sensor networks and security issues. It then describes related work on key predistribution and dynamic key management schemes. A proposed algorithm is described that uses a rekeying mechanism, zero knowledge authentication without directly transmitting secret keys, and dynamic keys that change for each authentication. Simulation results on networks of up to 25 nodes show the approach is efficient and can authenticate nodes while preventing attacks like cloning.
Investigation of detection & prevention sinkhole attack in manetijctet
This document discusses sinkhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides background on sinkhole attacks, where a compromised node advertises a high quality route to attract network traffic. This can disrupt data transmission to the base station. The document reviews several existing detection techniques for sinkhole attacks, including algorithms using hop counting and mobile agents. It then proposes a new lightweight algorithm to detect sinkhole attacks in MANETs using network flow information collected by the base station and analysis of routing patterns to identify the intruder. The algorithm aims to provide secure and efficient sinkhole detection with low overhead.
A SURVEY ON WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS SECURITY WITH THE INTEGRATION OF CLUSTER...cscpconf
The document discusses key establishment techniques and cluster-based group key agreement protocols for wireless sensor networks. It reviews pairwise keying, clustering, and how integrating the two can provide security. Several cluster-based group key agreement protocols are described, including HKAP, GKA-CH, PB-GKA-HGM, and AP-1 and AP-2. These protocols establish cluster and group keys using different hierarchical structures and key agreement methods. The document concludes by comparing the protocols based on their topology and structure.
A survey on wireless sensor networks security with the integration of cluster...csandit
Keying technique in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) is one of the most emerging fields of
WSN security. In order to provide security on WSN, the role of Key distribution technique is
considered to be very significant and thus the key management plays a crucial and fundamental
roles in the security service of WSNs. This paper reviews pairwise key establishment technique
along with the architecture and the environment of WSN. The cluster based group key
agreement protocols for infrastructure base WSN are discussed in this paper. This paper also
reviews how the security can be provided to WSNs with the integration of clustering and keying
techniques. The survey also provides a more detailed discussion on the comparison between
different cluster based group key agreement protocols.
A key management approach for wireless sensor networksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
2.espk external agent authentication and session key establishment using publ...EditorJST
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have recently attracted a lot of interest in the research community due their wide range of applications. Due to distributed and deployed in a un attend environment, these are vulnerable to numerous security threats. In this paper, describe the design and implementation of public-key-(PK)-based protocols that allow authentication and session key establishment between a sensor network and a third party. WSN have limitations on computational capacity, battery etc which provides scope for challenging problems. We fundamentally focused on the security issue of WSNs The proposed protocol is efficient and secure in compared to other public key based protocols in WSNs.
Security Key Management Model for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area NetworksCSCJournals
IEEE 802.15.4-based devices networks known by the name of LR-WPAN (Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network) are characterized by low computation, memory and storage space, and they do not possess an infrastructure. This makes them dynamic and easy to deploy, but in the other hand, this makes them very vulnerable to security issues, as they are low energy so they cant implement current security solutions, and they are deployed in non-secure environments that makes them susceptible to eavesdropping attacks. Most proposed solutions draw out the security of the bootstrapping and commissioning phases as the percentage of existing of an intruder in this time is very low. In this paper, we propose a security model for LR-WPANs based on symmetric cryptography, which takes into account securing the bootstrapping phase, with an analysis of the effectiveness of this proposal and the measures of its implementation.
Data Transfer Security solution for Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
WSN is a wide growth area for specific resource limited application. Factor associated with technology like, the encryption
security, operating speed and power consumption for network. Here, we introduce a mechanism for secure transferring of data is WSN
and various security related issues. This energy-efficient encryption is a secure communication framework in which an algorithm is
used to encode the sensed data using like, RC5, AES and CAST Algorithm. The proposed scheme is most suitable for wireless sensor
networks that incorporate data centric routing protocols. An algorithm in sensor network is help to designers predict security
performance under a set of constraints for WSNs. This symmetric key function is used to guarantee secure communications between
in-network nodes and reliable operation cost. RC5 is good on the code point of view, but the key schedule consumes more resource
time for efficient security aspects.
IRJET- - Implementation of a Secured Approach using Dynamic Key Managemen...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a secure authentication approach for wireless sensor networks using dynamic key management and zero knowledge protocols. It begins with background on wireless sensor networks and security issues. It then describes related work on key predistribution and dynamic key management schemes. A proposed algorithm is described that uses a rekeying mechanism, zero knowledge authentication without directly transmitting secret keys, and dynamic keys that change for each authentication. Simulation results on networks of up to 25 nodes show the approach is efficient and can authenticate nodes while preventing attacks like cloning.
Investigation of detection & prevention sinkhole attack in manetijctet
This document discusses sinkhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It provides background on sinkhole attacks, where a compromised node advertises a high quality route to attract network traffic. This can disrupt data transmission to the base station. The document reviews several existing detection techniques for sinkhole attacks, including algorithms using hop counting and mobile agents. It then proposes a new lightweight algorithm to detect sinkhole attacks in MANETs using network flow information collected by the base station and analysis of routing patterns to identify the intruder. The algorithm aims to provide secure and efficient sinkhole detection with low overhead.
This document discusses security challenges in wireless sensor networks. It covers several topics: why security is needed in WSNs given their mission-critical applications; why security is more complicated in WSNs due to resource constraints of sensor nodes; common security requirements like confidentiality, integrity, and availability; guiding principles for securing WSNs like decentralized management and adaptive security; common attacks against WSNs at different layers of the protocol stack; and open research issues regarding cryptography, key management, secure data aggregation, and other high-level security mechanisms for WSNs.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are networks of distributed autonomous sensors that monitor environmental or physical conditions. A WSN consists of sensor nodes that collect data and transmit it wirelessly to gateways or base stations. Key components of sensor nodes include processors, transceivers, memory, power sources, and sensors. The design of WSNs aims to minimize node size, power consumption, and maximize diversity, robustness, security, connectivity, and scalability. Common routing protocols for WSNs include flat, hierarchical, location-based, and QoS-based protocols. Security challenges in WSNs include physical tampering, jamming, spoofing, and Sybil attacks. Defenses utilize techniques like encryption, authentication,
This document discusses security threats and challenges in wireless sensor networks. It outlines various threats including passive information gathering, node subversion, false nodes, node malfunctions, message corruption and denial of service attacks. It also describes different key distribution techniques for sensor networks such as single network keys, asymmetric cryptography, pairwise keys, and base station based key distribution. Random key predistribution schemes are explained where sensors are loaded with random keys before deployment. The document also discusses watermarking techniques that can be used to authenticate data collected by sensor networks through modulating sensor parameters or embedding signatures during data processing.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
Enhancing the Security in WSN using Three Tier Security ArchitectureAM Publications,India
Security is the main issue while setting up the WSN network for node communication. This report describes the efficient mechanism for achieving the security between node communications by creating three tier security architecture. This system implements three tier architecture with the use of two polynomial pools having sensor nodes, mobile sinks and some access points that are also sensor nodes, to get better security. Two pools are common mobile polynomial pool and common static polynomial pool. Mobile sinks and access point carries keys from common mobile polynomial pool were as, access points and sensor nodes carries keys from common static polynomial pool. Communication gets established from mobile sink to access point then from access point to sensor node that shows three tier architecture Authentication is the main aspect of the system, that is achieved by pairwise key predistribution methods and authentication of the nodes with the use of polynomial keys. Here, Mobile sink replication attack is implemented against the network. The malicious node, it is blocked. If it wants to communicate within the network then it needs to capture large no of keys from both the pools for authentication. But as the sufficient keys are not available with it, it cannot communicate with the other nodes in the network
Security Attacks and its Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have come to the forefront of the scientific community recently. Present WSNs typically communicate directly with a centralized controller or satellite. Going on the other hand, a smart WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication ability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. This paper surveyed the different types of attacks, security related issues, and it’s Countermeasures with the complete comparison between Layer based Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
CROSS LAYER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
The wireless sensor networks (WSN) are particularly vulnerable to various attacks at different layers of the protocol stack. Many intrusion detection system (IDS) have been proposed to secure WSNs. But all these systems operate in a single layer of the OSI model, or do not consider the interaction and collaboration between these layers. Consequently these systems are mostly inefficient and would drain out the WSN. In this paper we propose a new intrusion detection system based on cross layer interaction between the network, Mac and physical layers. Indeed we have addressed the problem of intrusion detection in a different way in which the concept of cross layer is widely used leading to the birth of a new type of IDS. We have experimentally evaluated our system using the NS simulator to demonstrate its effectiveness in detecting different types of attacks at multiple layers of the OSI model.
This document summarizes key aspects of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including common threats, operational paradigms, and key distribution techniques. It discusses the main operational paradigms of WSNs: simple collection and transmittal, forwarding, receive and process commands, self-organization, and data aggregation. For each, it outlines vulnerabilities and potential solutions. It also summarizes three common key distribution schemes: using a single network-wide key, asymmetric cryptography, and pairwise keys. For each it discusses properties and drawbacks regarding resilience, scalability, and memory requirements.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
Secure and efficient data transmission for cluster based wireless sensor netw...IEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
To Get any Project for CSE, IT ECE, EEE Contact Me @ 09849539085, 09966235788 or mail us - ieeefinalsemprojects@gmail.co¬m-Visit Our Website: www.finalyearprojects.org
ENHANCED THREE TIER SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR WSN AGAINST MOBILE SINK REPLI...ijwmn
Recent developments on Wireless Sensor Networks have made their application in a wide range
such as military sensing and tracking, health monitoring, traffic monitoring, video surveillance and so on.
Wireless sensor nodes are restricted to computational resources, and are always deployed in a harsh,
unattended or unfriendly environment. Therefore, network security becomes a tough task and it involves
the authorization of admittance to data in a network. The problem of authentication and pair wise key
establishment in sensor networks with mobile sink is still not solved in the mobile sink replication attacks.
In q-composite key pre distribution scheme, a large number of keys are compromised by capturing a
small fraction of sensor nodes by the attacker. The attacker can easily take a control of the entire network
by deploying a replicated mobile sinks. Those mobile sinks which are preloaded with compromised keys
are used authenticate and initiate data communication with sensor node. To determine the above problem
the system adduces the three-tier security framework for authentication and pair wise key establishment
between mobile sinks and sensor nodes. The previous system used the polynomial key pre distribution
scheme for the sensor networks which handles sink mobility and continuous data delivery to the
neighbouring nodes and sinks, but this scheme makes high computational cost and reduces the life time of
sensors. In order to overcome this problem a random pair wise key pre distribution scheme is suggested
and further it helps to improve the network resilience. In addition to this an Identity Based Encryption is
used to encrypt the data and Mutual authentication scheme is proposed for the identification and
isolation of replicated mobile sink from the network.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
A Top-down Hierarchical Multi-hop Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor...ijasuc
This paper proposes a new top-down hierarchical, multi-hop, secure routing protocol for the wireless
sensor network, which is resilient to report fabrication attack. The report fabrication attack tries to
generate bogus reports by compromising the sensor nodes to mislead the environment monitoring
application executed by randomly deployed wireless sensor nodes. The proposed protocol relies on
symmetric key mechanism which is appropriate for random deployment of wireless sensor nodes. In the
proposed protocol, base station initiates the synthesis of secure hierarchical topology using top down
approach. The enquiry phase of the protocol provides assurance for the participation of all the cluster
heads in secure hierarchical topology formation. Further, this methodology takes care of failure of head
node or member node of a cluster. This protocol ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the
final report of the monitoring application. The simulation results demonstrate the scalability of the
proposed protocol.
Security and privacy in Wireless Sensor NetworksImran Khan
This document discusses security and privacy issues in emerging wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. It identifies several factors that make wireless networks more vulnerable than wired networks, such as broadcast communication enabling eavesdropping, mobility revealing user location, and resource constraints opening doors to denial of service attacks. The document examines challenges for unattended wireless sensor networks that operate without a continuous sink presence, and discusses potential solutions like data protection through encryption and authentication. It concludes that new security challenges arise from features like intermittent connectivity, and that infrastructure-independent and new cryptographic techniques are needed to address issues in emerging wireless networks.
This document summarizes a research paper on a Secure Adaptive Distributed Topology Control Algorithm (SADTCA) for mobile ad hoc networks. The SADTCA aims to organize nodes into clusters, distribute keys, and dynamically determine quarantine regions to mitigate spam attacks. It operates in four phases: 1) detecting malicious nodes, 2) forming clusters headed by cluster leaders, 3) distributing keys to secure communication, and 4) renewing keys periodically. The SADTCA analyzes energy consumption and communication overhead. It also introduces the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm to generate highly secure keys with small sizes for authentication. Simulation results show the approach effectively defends against spam attacks while remaining feasible and cost-effective for mobile
IEEE 2014 DOTNET PARALLEL DISTRIBUTED PROJECTS Secure and efficient data tran...IEEEMEMTECHSTUDENTPROJECTS
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This document discusses sensor networks, including their architecture, applications, and challenges. It describes how sensor networks can become separated into multiple components due to node failures, known as "cuts". It then presents a distributed cut detection algorithm that allows nodes to detect when they become disconnected from the source node or when a cut occurs elsewhere in the network. The algorithm models the sensor network as an electrical circuit and uses iterative computation of node potentials to detect these cut events in a distributed manner without centralized control.
With the popularity of laptops, cell phones, PDAs, GPS devices, RFID, and intelligent electronics in the post-PC era, computing devices have become cheaper, more mobile, more distributed, and more pervasive in daily life. It is now possible to construct, from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, a wallet size embedded system with the equivalent capability of a 90’s PC. Such embedded systems can be supported with scaled down Windows or Linux operating systems. From this perspective, the emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essentially the latest trend of Moore’s Law toward the miniaturization and ubiquity of computing devices. Typically, a wireless sensor node (or simply sensor node) consists of sensing, computing, communication, actuation, and power components. These components are integrated on a single or multiple boards, and packaged in a few cubic inches. With state-of-the-art, low-power circuit and networking technologies, a sensor node powered by 2 AA batteries can last for up to three years with a 1% low duty cycle working mode. A WSN usually consists of tens to thousands of such nodes that communicate through wireless channels for information sharing and cooperative processing. WSNs can be deployed on a global scale for environmental monitoring and habitat study, over a battle field for military surveillance and reconnaissance, in emergent environments for search and rescue, in factories for condition based maintenance, in buildings for infrastructure health monitoring, in homes to realize smart homes, or even in bodies for patient monitoring [60; 76; 124; 142]. After the initial deployment (typically ad hoc), sensor nodes are responsible for self-organizing an appropriate network infrastructure, often with multi-hop connections between sensor nodes. The onboard sensors then start collecting acoustic, seismic, infrared or magnetic information about the environment, using either continuous or event driven working modes. Location and positioning information can also be obtained through the global positioning system (GPS) or local positioning algorithms. This information can be gathered from across the network and appropriately processed to construct a global view of the monitoring phenomena or objects. The basic philosophy behind WSNs is that, while the capability of each individual sensor node is limited, the aggregate power of the entire network is sufficient for the required mission. In a typical scenario, users can retrieve information of interest
from a WSN by injecting queries and gathering results from the so-called base stations (or sink nodes), which behave as an interface between users and the network. In this way, WSNs can be considered as a distributed database. It is also envisioned that sensor networks will ultimately be connected to the Internet, through which global information sharing becomes feasible. The era of WSNs is highly anticipated in the near future. In September 1999, WSNs w
This document discusses security challenges in wireless sensor networks. It covers several topics: why security is needed in WSNs given their mission-critical applications; why security is more complicated in WSNs due to resource constraints of sensor nodes; common security requirements like confidentiality, integrity, and availability; guiding principles for securing WSNs like decentralized management and adaptive security; common attacks against WSNs at different layers of the protocol stack; and open research issues regarding cryptography, key management, secure data aggregation, and other high-level security mechanisms for WSNs.
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are networks of distributed autonomous sensors that monitor environmental or physical conditions. A WSN consists of sensor nodes that collect data and transmit it wirelessly to gateways or base stations. Key components of sensor nodes include processors, transceivers, memory, power sources, and sensors. The design of WSNs aims to minimize node size, power consumption, and maximize diversity, robustness, security, connectivity, and scalability. Common routing protocols for WSNs include flat, hierarchical, location-based, and QoS-based protocols. Security challenges in WSNs include physical tampering, jamming, spoofing, and Sybil attacks. Defenses utilize techniques like encryption, authentication,
This document discusses security threats and challenges in wireless sensor networks. It outlines various threats including passive information gathering, node subversion, false nodes, node malfunctions, message corruption and denial of service attacks. It also describes different key distribution techniques for sensor networks such as single network keys, asymmetric cryptography, pairwise keys, and base station based key distribution. Random key predistribution schemes are explained where sensors are loaded with random keys before deployment. The document also discusses watermarking techniques that can be used to authenticate data collected by sensor networks through modulating sensor parameters or embedding signatures during data processing.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
WSN security faces many challenges due to limited sensor resources and operating in hostile environments. It requires high security levels to protect sensitive data while maintaining energy efficiency. However, current research has not fully addressed the conflict between security and limited resources. WSNs are vulnerable to various attacks like jamming, eavesdropping, and false routing. Providing security introduces additional processing and power demands on sensors. Many open research problems remain in developing scalable and dynamic security solutions for wireless sensor networks.
Enhancing the Security in WSN using Three Tier Security ArchitectureAM Publications,India
Security is the main issue while setting up the WSN network for node communication. This report describes the efficient mechanism for achieving the security between node communications by creating three tier security architecture. This system implements three tier architecture with the use of two polynomial pools having sensor nodes, mobile sinks and some access points that are also sensor nodes, to get better security. Two pools are common mobile polynomial pool and common static polynomial pool. Mobile sinks and access point carries keys from common mobile polynomial pool were as, access points and sensor nodes carries keys from common static polynomial pool. Communication gets established from mobile sink to access point then from access point to sensor node that shows three tier architecture Authentication is the main aspect of the system, that is achieved by pairwise key predistribution methods and authentication of the nodes with the use of polynomial keys. Here, Mobile sink replication attack is implemented against the network. The malicious node, it is blocked. If it wants to communicate within the network then it needs to capture large no of keys from both the pools for authentication. But as the sufficient keys are not available with it, it cannot communicate with the other nodes in the network
Security Attacks and its Countermeasures in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERA Editor
Wireless Sensor Networks have come to the forefront of the scientific community recently. Present WSNs typically communicate directly with a centralized controller or satellite. Going on the other hand, a smart WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication ability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. This paper surveyed the different types of attacks, security related issues, and it’s Countermeasures with the complete comparison between Layer based Attacks in Wireless Sensor Networks
CROSS LAYER INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
The wireless sensor networks (WSN) are particularly vulnerable to various attacks at different layers of the protocol stack. Many intrusion detection system (IDS) have been proposed to secure WSNs. But all these systems operate in a single layer of the OSI model, or do not consider the interaction and collaboration between these layers. Consequently these systems are mostly inefficient and would drain out the WSN. In this paper we propose a new intrusion detection system based on cross layer interaction between the network, Mac and physical layers. Indeed we have addressed the problem of intrusion detection in a different way in which the concept of cross layer is widely used leading to the birth of a new type of IDS. We have experimentally evaluated our system using the NS simulator to demonstrate its effectiveness in detecting different types of attacks at multiple layers of the OSI model.
This document summarizes key aspects of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) including common threats, operational paradigms, and key distribution techniques. It discusses the main operational paradigms of WSNs: simple collection and transmittal, forwarding, receive and process commands, self-organization, and data aggregation. For each, it outlines vulnerabilities and potential solutions. It also summarizes three common key distribution schemes: using a single network-wide key, asymmetric cryptography, and pairwise keys. For each it discusses properties and drawbacks regarding resilience, scalability, and memory requirements.
Analysis of security threats in wireless sensor networkijwmn
Wireless Sensor Network(WSN) is an emerging technology and explored field of researchers worldwide
in the past few years, so does the need for effective security mechanisms. The sensing technology
combined with processing power and wireless communication makes it lucrative for being exploited in
abundance in future. The inclusion of wireless communication technology also incurs various types of
security threats due to unattended installation of sensor nodes as sensor networks may interact with
sensitive data and /or operate in hostile unattended environments. These security concerns be addressed
from the beginning of the system design. The intent of this paper is to investigate the security related
issues in wireless sensor networks. In this paper we have explored general security threats in wireless
sensor network with extensive study.
Secure and efficient data transmission for cluster based wireless sensor netw...IEEEFINALYEARPROJECTS
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ENHANCED THREE TIER SECURITY ARCHITECTURE FOR WSN AGAINST MOBILE SINK REPLI...ijwmn
Recent developments on Wireless Sensor Networks have made their application in a wide range
such as military sensing and tracking, health monitoring, traffic monitoring, video surveillance and so on.
Wireless sensor nodes are restricted to computational resources, and are always deployed in a harsh,
unattended or unfriendly environment. Therefore, network security becomes a tough task and it involves
the authorization of admittance to data in a network. The problem of authentication and pair wise key
establishment in sensor networks with mobile sink is still not solved in the mobile sink replication attacks.
In q-composite key pre distribution scheme, a large number of keys are compromised by capturing a
small fraction of sensor nodes by the attacker. The attacker can easily take a control of the entire network
by deploying a replicated mobile sinks. Those mobile sinks which are preloaded with compromised keys
are used authenticate and initiate data communication with sensor node. To determine the above problem
the system adduces the three-tier security framework for authentication and pair wise key establishment
between mobile sinks and sensor nodes. The previous system used the polynomial key pre distribution
scheme for the sensor networks which handles sink mobility and continuous data delivery to the
neighbouring nodes and sinks, but this scheme makes high computational cost and reduces the life time of
sensors. In order to overcome this problem a random pair wise key pre distribution scheme is suggested
and further it helps to improve the network resilience. In addition to this an Identity Based Encryption is
used to encrypt the data and Mutual authentication scheme is proposed for the identification and
isolation of replicated mobile sink from the network.
Overview on security and privacy issues in wireless sensor networks-2014Tarek Gaber
Lecture Outlines
Why Security is Important for WSN
WSNs have many applications e.g.:
military, homeland security
assessing disaster zones
Others.
This means that such sensor networks have mission-critical tasks.
Security is crucial for such WSNs deployed in these hostile environments.
Why Security is Important for WSN
Moreover, wireless communication employed by WSN facilitates
eavesdropping and
packet injection by an adversary.
These mentioned factors require security for WSN during the design stage to ensure operation safety, secrecy of sensitive data, and privacy for people in sensor environments.
Algorithms to achieve security services
Symmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
Hash Function/Algorithm
Digital Signature
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
Anti-jamming and physical temper proofing are impossible
greater design complexity and energy consumption
Denial-of-service (DoS) attack is difficult
Sensor node constraints
Sensor nodes are susceptible to physical capture
Deploying in hostile environment.
eavesdropping and injecting malicious message are easy
Using wireless communication
Why Security is Complex in WSN
Because of WSNs Characteristics:
maximization of security level is challenging
Resource consumption
asymmetric cryptography is often too expensive
Node constraints
centralized security solutions are big issue
no central control and constraints, e.g. small memory capacity.
Cost Issues
Overall cost of WSN should be as low as possible.
Typical Attacks to WSN
Physical Attacks
Environmental
Permanently destroy the node, e.g., crashing or stealing a node.
Attacks at the Physical Layer
Jamming: transmission of a radio signal to interfere with WSN radio frequencies.
Constant jamming: No message are able to be sent or received.
Intermittent jamming: Nodes are able to exchange messages periodically
Jamming Attack Countermeasure
Physical Attacks
Node Capture Attacks
routing functionalities
Countermeasure
tamper-proof features
Expensive solution
Self-Protection
disable device when attack detected
Attacks on Routing
Sinkhole attack
attacker tries to attract the traffic from a particular region through it
Solution:
Watchdog Nodes can start to trace the source of false routing information
Attacks on Routing
Sybil attack (Identity Spoofing)
attacker claims to have multiple identities or locations
provide wrong information for routing to launch false routing attacks
Solutions:
Misbehavior Detection.
Identity Protection
Privacy Attacks
Attempts to obtain sensitive information collected and communicated in WSNs
Eavesdropping
made easy by broadcast nature of wireless networks
Traffic analysis
used to identify sensor nodes of interest (data of interest),
WSN Privacy Issues Cont.
WSN Privacy Issues Attack
Trust and reputation in WSN
WSN Traditional Security Techniques
Cryptographic primitive
A SURVEY ON SECURITY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) can be considered one of the most important
revolutions in the field of information and communications technology (ICT). Recently, there has been a
dramatic increase in the use of WSN applications such as surveillance systems, battleground applications,
object tracking, habitat monitoring, forest fire detection and patient monitoring. Due to limitations of
sensor nodes in terms of energy, storage and computational ability, many security issues have arisen in
such applications. As a result, many solutions and approaches have been proposed for different attacks and
vulnerabilities to achieve security requirements. This paper surveys different security approaches for
WSNs, examining various types of attacks and corresponding techniques for tackling these. The strengths
and weaknesses for each technique are also discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
A Top-down Hierarchical Multi-hop Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor...ijasuc
This paper proposes a new top-down hierarchical, multi-hop, secure routing protocol for the wireless
sensor network, which is resilient to report fabrication attack. The report fabrication attack tries to
generate bogus reports by compromising the sensor nodes to mislead the environment monitoring
application executed by randomly deployed wireless sensor nodes. The proposed protocol relies on
symmetric key mechanism which is appropriate for random deployment of wireless sensor nodes. In the
proposed protocol, base station initiates the synthesis of secure hierarchical topology using top down
approach. The enquiry phase of the protocol provides assurance for the participation of all the cluster
heads in secure hierarchical topology formation. Further, this methodology takes care of failure of head
node or member node of a cluster. This protocol ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the
final report of the monitoring application. The simulation results demonstrate the scalability of the
proposed protocol.
Security and privacy in Wireless Sensor NetworksImran Khan
This document discusses security and privacy issues in emerging wireless networks such as wireless sensor networks and vehicular ad hoc networks. It identifies several factors that make wireless networks more vulnerable than wired networks, such as broadcast communication enabling eavesdropping, mobility revealing user location, and resource constraints opening doors to denial of service attacks. The document examines challenges for unattended wireless sensor networks that operate without a continuous sink presence, and discusses potential solutions like data protection through encryption and authentication. It concludes that new security challenges arise from features like intermittent connectivity, and that infrastructure-independent and new cryptographic techniques are needed to address issues in emerging wireless networks.
This document summarizes a research paper on a Secure Adaptive Distributed Topology Control Algorithm (SADTCA) for mobile ad hoc networks. The SADTCA aims to organize nodes into clusters, distribute keys, and dynamically determine quarantine regions to mitigate spam attacks. It operates in four phases: 1) detecting malicious nodes, 2) forming clusters headed by cluster leaders, 3) distributing keys to secure communication, and 4) renewing keys periodically. The SADTCA analyzes energy consumption and communication overhead. It also introduces the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm to generate highly secure keys with small sizes for authentication. Simulation results show the approach effectively defends against spam attacks while remaining feasible and cost-effective for mobile
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This document discusses sensor networks, including their architecture, applications, and challenges. It describes how sensor networks can become separated into multiple components due to node failures, known as "cuts". It then presents a distributed cut detection algorithm that allows nodes to detect when they become disconnected from the source node or when a cut occurs elsewhere in the network. The algorithm models the sensor network as an electrical circuit and uses iterative computation of node potentials to detect these cut events in a distributed manner without centralized control.
With the popularity of laptops, cell phones, PDAs, GPS devices, RFID, and intelligent electronics in the post-PC era, computing devices have become cheaper, more mobile, more distributed, and more pervasive in daily life. It is now possible to construct, from commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, a wallet size embedded system with the equivalent capability of a 90’s PC. Such embedded systems can be supported with scaled down Windows or Linux operating systems. From this perspective, the emergence of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essentially the latest trend of Moore’s Law toward the miniaturization and ubiquity of computing devices. Typically, a wireless sensor node (or simply sensor node) consists of sensing, computing, communication, actuation, and power components. These components are integrated on a single or multiple boards, and packaged in a few cubic inches. With state-of-the-art, low-power circuit and networking technologies, a sensor node powered by 2 AA batteries can last for up to three years with a 1% low duty cycle working mode. A WSN usually consists of tens to thousands of such nodes that communicate through wireless channels for information sharing and cooperative processing. WSNs can be deployed on a global scale for environmental monitoring and habitat study, over a battle field for military surveillance and reconnaissance, in emergent environments for search and rescue, in factories for condition based maintenance, in buildings for infrastructure health monitoring, in homes to realize smart homes, or even in bodies for patient monitoring [60; 76; 124; 142]. After the initial deployment (typically ad hoc), sensor nodes are responsible for self-organizing an appropriate network infrastructure, often with multi-hop connections between sensor nodes. The onboard sensors then start collecting acoustic, seismic, infrared or magnetic information about the environment, using either continuous or event driven working modes. Location and positioning information can also be obtained through the global positioning system (GPS) or local positioning algorithms. This information can be gathered from across the network and appropriately processed to construct a global view of the monitoring phenomena or objects. The basic philosophy behind WSNs is that, while the capability of each individual sensor node is limited, the aggregate power of the entire network is sufficient for the required mission. In a typical scenario, users can retrieve information of interest
from a WSN by injecting queries and gathering results from the so-called base stations (or sink nodes), which behave as an interface between users and the network. In this way, WSNs can be considered as a distributed database. It is also envisioned that sensor networks will ultimately be connected to the Internet, through which global information sharing becomes feasible. The era of WSNs is highly anticipated in the near future. In September 1999, WSNs w
Wireless sensor Network using Zero Knowledge Protocol pptsofiakhatoon
This document proposes a security model for wireless sensor networks that addresses cloning attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and replay attacks. It divides sensor nodes into base stations, cluster heads, and member nodes. Each node knows its cluster head, and base stations store information on all nodes. The model uses a "social fingerprint" based on neighboring nodes and zero knowledge protocols to detect cloned nodes and verify sender authenticity without transmitting sensitive information. Screenshots demonstrate implementation and the model is analyzed for various attack scenarios, performance, and cryptographic strength.
Detection of Distributed Clone Attacks for Safety Transactions in WSNIJTET Journal
Abstract - Wireless sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually deployed in hostile environments wherever associate degree person will physically capture a number of the nodes, first will reprogram, and then, will replicate them in an exceedingly sizable amount of clones, simply taking management over the network. Some distributed solutions to handle this basic drawback are recently projected. However, these solutions don't seem to be satisfactory. First, they are energy and memory demanding: a significant downside for any protocol to be employed in the WSN- resource strained surroundings. Further, they are risk of the particular person models introduced during this paper. The contributions of this work are threefold. First, the desirable properties of a distributed mechanism for the detection of node duplication attacks are examined. Second, the far-famed solutions for this drawback is shown and don't fully meet the required needs. Third, a replacement self-healing, Randomized, Efficient, and Distributed (RED) protocol for the detection of node replication attacks is projected, and it's shown that it satisfies the introduced needs. The novel Implementation specifies that the user can specify its ID, Location ID (LID), Random range (RN), Destination ID (DID) alongside Destination LID, to the Witness Node (WN). The witness can verify the internally finite user ID with the user given ID. If the verification is success, the packets are sent to the destination. A changed RED theme (MRED) is projected to spot biological research attacks within the network.
Intrusion detection in wireless sensor networkVinayak Raja
• Is a software application that monitors network or system activities for malicious activities policy violations and produces reports to a management station.
• OBJECTIVE: An Intrusion detection system (IDS) is software designed to detect unwanted attempts at accessing, manipulating, and/or disabling of computer mainly through a network, such as the Internet.
• PROBLEM SOLVED: Several types of malicious behaviors that can compromise the security and trust of a computer system. This includes network attacks against vulnerable services, data driven attacks on applications, host based attacks such as privilege escalation, unauthorized logins and access to sensitive files, and viruses. IDS solved this problem.
This document presents a fault management mechanism for wireless sensor networks. It discusses fault detection and diagnosis through self-detection by sensor nodes and active detection by cell managers. It also discusses fault recovery through waking sleeping nodes, moving mobile nodes, or selecting a secondary cell manager. The document then describes the network and fault models, and presents an algorithm for faulty sensor detection based on sensor measurements and designating sensor statuses as good, low quality, faulty, or good detected.
paper presentation _ survey of wireless sensor netwrokejbyun77
The document discusses recent trends in wireless sensor network research, including an overview of different wireless sensor network technologies and applications. It also examines the role of middleware in supporting wireless sensor networks by providing common communication mechanisms and processing sensed data to abstract high-level information. Several existing middleware platforms and programming models are described that aim to achieve scalability, low power consumption, and efficient data aggregation and querying in wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It outlines their applications such as environmental monitoring, health care, and military uses. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, production costs, and power consumption. The communication architecture of sensor networks is presented, including the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Sensor networks have the potential to be widely used in many applications due to their flexibility and fault tolerance.
A Key Management Approach For Wireless Sensor NetworksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
A Key Management Approach For Wireless Sensor NetworksZac Darcy
In this paper we presenta key management approach for wireless sensor networks. This approach
facilitating an efficient scalable post-distribution key establishment that provides different security services.
We have developed and tested this approach under TinyOs. Result shows that this approach provides
acceptable resistance against node capture attacks and replay attacks. The provision of security services is
completely transparent to the user of the WSNs. Furthermore, being highly scalable and lightweight, this
approach is appropriate to be used in a wireless sensor network of hundreds of nodes.
Hierarchical Key Agreement Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networksidescitation
This document proposes a hierarchical key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks that uses both symmetric and asymmetric cryptographic techniques. Specifically, it uses probabilistic key pre-distribution for sensor nodes within clusters to establish secure communication with low computational overhead. It uses identity-based asymmetric key distribution between cluster heads and the base station to achieve secure communication with low communication overhead. The goal is to balance security, resilience, and resource overhead of the key management protocol for the constrained sensor nodes. It provides mathematical background on bilinear pairings and elliptic curves needed to implement the identity-based cryptographic techniques.
Energy Efficient Key Management Analysis using AVL Trees in Wireless Sensor N...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research on key predistribution scheme of wireless sensor networksIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper on a novel key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of key management in wireless sensor networks. It then describes the proposed scheme which has three phases: setup, direct key establishment, and path key establishment. The setup phase generates a large key pool and distributes keys to each sensor node. Direct key establishment allows sensor nodes to discover if they share keys directly. Path key establishment establishes keys through intermediate nodes if direct sharing fails. Performance analysis shows the scheme has higher local connectivity and stronger resilience against node capture attacks compared to previous schemes.
Significant Storage on Sensor Storage Space, Energy Consumption and Better Se...ijasuc
This document presents a routing-driven key establishment scheme for hybrid sensor networks that aims to significantly reduce storage space, energy consumption, and improve security. The scheme utilizes elliptic curve cryptography to efficiently establish shared keys only between sensor nodes that communicate with each other, based on the routing pattern. It is argued that previous key establishment schemes required storing keys for all neighbor pairs, regardless of actual communication, wasting resources. The proposed scheme clusters the network with high-end sensors as heads, and generates keys based on intra-cluster and inter-cluster routing to optimize key usage and management. Analysis shows the new scheme provides better security with reduced overhead compared to other approaches.
Secure and Efficient DiDrip Protocol for Improving Performance of WSNsINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
1. The document proposes a new distributed data discovery and dissemination protocol called DiDrip for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) that aims to improve security and performance over existing protocols.
2. Existing protocols primarily use a centralized approach where a single node distributes data, which is not suitable for multiple owners and users, and they do not focus on security.
3. DiDrip allows for a distributed approach where multiple owners can authorize different users simultaneously to access sensor data with different priorities, while improving security.
This document discusses security challenges in wireless sensor networks. It outlines key challenges like limited energy and communication capabilities as sensors are often deployed in accessible areas. It discusses approaches for secure key establishment, privacy concerns around surveillance, threats like denial of service attacks, and the need for secure routing, intrusion detection, and data aggregation given the resource constraints of sensor networks. Research is still needed to address security challenges posed by the unique aspects of sensor network environments and applications.
Concealed Data Aggregation with Dynamic Intrusion Detection System to Remove ...csandit
Data Aggregation is a vital aspect in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) and this is because it
reduces the quantity of data to be transmitted over the complex network. In earlier studies
authors used homomorphic encryption properties for concealing statement during aggregation
such that encrypted data can be aggregated algebraically without decrypting them. These
schemes are not applicable for multi applications which lead to proposal of Concealed Data
Aggregation for Multi Applications (CDAMA). It is designed for multi applications, as it
provides secure counting ability. In wireless sensor networks SN are unarmed and are
susceptible to attacks. Considering the defence aspect of wireless environment we have used
DYDOG (Dynamic Intrusion Detection Protocol Model) and a customized key generation
procedure that uses Digital Signatures and also Two Fish Algorithms along with CDAMA for
augmentation of security and throughput. To prove our proposed scheme’s robustness and
effectiveness, we conducted the simulations, inclusive analysis and comparisons at the ending.
CONCEALED DATA AGGREGATION WITH DYNAMIC INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM TO REMOVE ...cscpconf
Data Aggregation is a vital aspect in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks) and this is because it
reduces the quantity of data to be transmitted over the complex network. In earlier studies
authors used homomorphic encryption properties for concealing statement during aggregation
such that encrypted data can be aggregated algebraically without decrypting them. These
schemes are not applicable for multi applications which lead to proposal of Concealed Data
Aggregation for Multi Applications (CDAMA). It is designed for multi applications, as it
provides secure counting ability. In wireless sensor networks SN are unarmed and are
susceptible to attacks. Considering the defence aspect of wireless environment we have used
DYDOG (Dynamic Intrusion Detection Protocol Model) and a customized key generation
procedure that uses Digital Signatures and also Two Fish Algorithms along with CDAMA for
augmentation of security and throughput. To prove our proposed scheme’s robustness and
effectiveness, we conducted the simulations, inclusive analysis and comparisons at the ending.
The document describes a pairwise key establishment scheme for ad hoc networks. It proposes using cellular automata rules to dynamically establish shared keys between two nodes. Each node sends either a cellular automata rule or the initialization parameters to the other node. The receiving node then uses the rule and parameters along with cellular automata computations to independently derive the shared key. This allows keys to be established dynamically without transmitting the actual keys or requiring an online server. The scheme aims to provide secure communication through pairwise key establishment while being computationally efficient and not relying on predistributed keys.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a promising field for research. As the use of this field increases, it is
required to give proper security to this field. So to ensure the security of communication of data or messages and to
control the use of data in WSN is of great importance. As sensor networks interact with responsive data and operate
in unfriendly unattended area, from the time of system design these security concerns should be addressed. The paper,
presents a modified Motesec security protocol which is a security mechanism for Wireless sensor network. In this
protocol a hash function based approach is used to detect replay attacks. For data access control key lock matching
method i.e. memory data access control policy is used to prevent unauthorized data access. Encoding and
reconstruction scheme is used to find out attacker. Flooding attack detection by comparing data rate. There is currently
massive research is present in the area of wireless sensor network security..Keywords: GPS,GCM,LBS Android.
Keywords: secure communication architecture, wireless Sensor network security.
A Security Framework for Replication Attacks in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A NEW KEY ESTABLISHMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Traditional key management techniques, such as public key cryptography or key distribution center (e.g., Kerberos), are often not effective for wireless sensor networks for the serious limitations in terms of computational power, energy supply, network bandwidth. In order to balance the security and efficiency, we propose a new scheme by employing LU Composition techniques for mutual authenticated pairwise key establishment and integrating LU Matrix with Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman for anonymous pathkey establishment. At the meantime, it is able to achieve efficient group key agreement and management. Analysis shows that the new scheme has better performance and provides authenticity and anonymity for sensor to establish multiple kinds of keys, compared with previous related works.
An Energy Efficient Data Secrecy Scheme For Wireless Body Sensor NetworksCSEIJJournal
Data secrecy is one of the key concerns for wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs). Usually, a data
secrecy scheme should accomplish two tasks: key establishment and encryption. WBSNs generally face
more serious limitations than general wireless networks in terms of energy supply. To address this, in this
paper, we propose an energy efficient data secrecy scheme for WBSNs. On one hand, the proposed key
establishment protocol integrates node IDs, seed value and nonce seamlessly for security, then
establishes a session key between two nodes based on one-way hash algorithm SHA-1. On the other hand,
a low-complexity threshold selective encryption technology is proposed. Also, we design a security
selection patter exchange method with low-complexity for the threshold selection encryption. Then, we
evaluate the energy consumption of the proposed scheme. Our scheme shows the great advantage over
the other existing schemes in terms of low energy consumption.
SEAD: Source Encrypted Authentic Data for Wireless Sensor NetworksIJERD Editor
One of the critical issues in WSNs is providing security for the secret data in military applications. It is necessary to ensure data integrity and authentication for the source data and secure end-to-end path for data transmission. Mobile sinks are suitable for data collection and localization. Mobile sinks and sensor nodes communicate with each other using their public identity, which is prone to security attacks like sink replication and node replication attack. In this work, we have proposed Source Encrypted Authentic Data algorithm (SEAD) that hides the location of mobile sink from malicious nodes. The sensed data is encrypted utilizing symmetric encryption ---Advanced Encryption Standards (AES) and tracks the location of the mobile sink. When data encounters a malicious node in a path, then data transmission path is diverted through a secure path. SEAD uses public encryption ---Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) to verify the authenticity of the data. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm ensures data integrity and node authenticity against malicious nodes. Double encryption in the proposed algorithm produces better results in comparison with the existing algorithms.
KEY MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
The document summarizes key phases of key management techniques in wireless sensor networks. It discusses three techniques that focus on pre-distribution, pair-wise key establishment, and key renovation phases. The first technique discussed uses key-chains, where base station pre-loads sensors with key identifiers and initial keys, and cluster heads with functions to generate pair-wise and cluster keys for authentication and communication. It allows detecting compromised nodes by re-keying pairs or clusters.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
IMPLEMENTATION OF SECURITY PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSORijcsa
Intrusion Detection is one of the methods of defending against these attacks. In the proposed a security protocol for homogeneous wireless sensor network; network with all nodes are of same type. Clustering is used to improve the energy efficiency. Zone-Based Cluster Protocol (ZBCA) is used for selection of cluster head which is effective in scalability and energy consumption. Single hop technique is used for
communication within normal nodes and cluster head to base station. Simulation of proposed algorithm is performed in MATLAB. Sleep Deprivation Attack has been analyzed where attacker changes the environmental values by an artificial event. Attacker produces an event in environment due to which nodes have to sense the environment more than once in the same round that increase the power consumption of
the node. This interrupt reduces the network life time as nodes are not allowed to go in sleep mode and they are not able to perform their function of data collection and reporting to Cluster head and Base Station properly. Proposed protocol identifies this attack and prevents it from happening by solating the attacker node.
Random Key Pre-distribution Schemes using Multi-Path in Wireless Sensor Networksijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new key pre-distribution and multi-path routing scheme for wireless sensor networks. The paper begins with an introduction that describes the importance of security in wireless sensor networks and challenges with key management. It then reviews existing key pre-distribution and routing schemes. The document proposes a new hexagon-based multi-path routing algorithm combined with a key pre-distribution scheme. It describes the details of the algorithm and compares its performance to other schemes through simulations. The results show the proposed scheme achieves better security, efficiency and message delivery compared to previous works.
Similar to AN ANTI-CLONE ATTACK KEY MANAGEMENT SCHEME FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (20)
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Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
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Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
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High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
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Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
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* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
* Don't miss this chance to gain practical knowledge from an industry expert and stay updated on the latest open-source database trends.
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Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Essentials of Automations: Exploring Attributes & Automation ParametersSafe Software
Building automations in FME Flow can save time, money, and help businesses scale by eliminating data silos and providing data to stakeholders in real-time. One essential component to orchestrating complex automations is the use of attributes & automation parameters (both formerly known as “keys”). In fact, it’s unlikely you’ll ever build an Automation without using these components, but what exactly are they?
Attributes & automation parameters enable the automation author to pass data values from one automation component to the next. During this webinar, our FME Flow Specialists will cover leveraging the three types of these output attributes & parameters in FME Flow: Event, Custom, and Automation. As a bonus, they’ll also be making use of the Split-Merge Block functionality.
You’ll leave this webinar with a better understanding of how to maximize the potential of automations by making use of attributes & automation parameters, with the ultimate goal of setting your enterprise integration workflows up on autopilot.
What is an RPA CoE? Session 1 – CoE VisionDianaGray10
In the first session, we will review the organization's vision and how this has an impact on the COE Structure.
Topics covered:
• The role of a steering committee
• How do the organization’s priorities determine CoE Structure?
Speaker:
Chris Bolin, Senior Intelligent Automation Architect Anika Systems
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
2. 180 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
computational power of sensor nodes are limited. In this paper, some of the challenges facing the
key management schemes in WSNs are discussed in attempting to evaluate them and propose a
based security solution against cloning attacks, and hence securing the communication channel.
Furthermore, utilizing the existing security protocols in wireless sensor networks has led us to
propose a secure framework which incorporates Kerberos authentication protocol [1] in a way
that reduce the communication overhead especially over low bandwidth networks.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In the following sections different types of cloning
attacks will be reviewed with respect to the existing pairwise key setup schemes and their
vulnerabilities. Then, the case with which sensor nodes can be compromised using regular off the
shelf technology and readily available free software will be demonstrated, thereby examining the
vulnerability of the existing key pre-distribution schemes. Following that, additional issues
associated with cloning attacks focusing on preventive techniques rather than detective
approaches will be described, for example, several possible approaches are suggested to improve
the effectiveness of key management in WSNs and to avoid the problem of cloning. Finally, the
last section gathers everything together; the implementation discussed along with all the
simulation results obtained and a comparison of the results is presented.
2. RELATED WORK
Several possible approaches are proposed in the literature to improve the security, authentication
protocols, and key management schemes in WSNs. Indeed, most existing key management
schemes in sensor networks are designed to establish a pairwise key among the nodes, no matter
whether these nodes communicate with each other or not, and this cause the network to suffer
from many attacks and vulnerabilities [2].
These vulnerabilities allow remote attackers to sniff the network, easily create clones in the
compromised nodes and inject them in several locations on the network trying to launch other
types of attacks. In fact, the simplicity and low-cost of these sensor nodes can make cloning
attacks more likely, especially during the maintenance phase, where some of the network nodes
are replaced with new ones to prolong the battery's lifetime.
Recently, several solutions have been presented to defend a WSN against these attacks. Most of
these solutions have been proposed based on the use of strong cryptographic techniques and
robust key management schemes that control access among sensor nodes [ ].
To control access and secure the communication channels between nodes, each of the proposed
schemes try to establish a symmetric key between every pair of neighboring nodes. The use of
strong symmetric cryptography system, however, requires a robust key management scheme to
handle, distribute and when needed, revoke and refresh the symmetric shared keys used for
securing the communications between nodes. These established keys are often used to ensure the
integrity of the overall traffic exchanged between the network nodes.
However, the establishment of pairwise keys between communicating neighbor nodes is a
challenging problem due to the dense deployment and randomness nature of sensor networks.
Hence, in most key management schemes, the problem of joining new node and discovering its
direct neighbors in order to establish a proper pairwise keys, may remain a difficult task since the
3. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 181
nodes are randomly scattered across large geographical area, causing non uniform distribution of
the nodes. Yet, there are many other issues that affect the design of robust and secure key
management schemes. For example, the design of energy efficient protocols pushed researches to
develop lightweight authentication protocols that can be used to validate the legitimate nodes in
WSNs [4]. Many of these proposed protocols were presented, but none of which employs
asymmetric cryptography schemes due to the limited resources of the sensor nodes.
Moreover, the lack of hardware memory protection may allow the attackers to extract sensitive
information from the physical memory of the nodes. Even with well hardware protection, nodes
in W|SNs are prone to failure due to hardware malfunction caused by their dense deployment of
sensor nodes, thereby exposing the information stored in nodes [5]. All of these vulnerabilities
may allow the attacker to reproduce new clones and inject them in several locations of the
network. These clones can be easily project themselves as legitimate nodes to the network and
explore other types of attacks [6]. Therefore, the detection of clone attacks is another major
challenge in securing wireless networks, and will be discussed further in the following sections.
Analysis of current master key based schemes in WSNs
3. CLONNING ATTACK AND KEY MANAGEMENT
To minimize the impact of cloning attacks in WSNs, a variety of key management schemes have
been proposed over the past few years. These schemes can be classified into three main
categories: (1) Time based schemes; (2) Geographic location based schemes; and (3) Third party
based schemes. These three basic schemes are analyzed for their defense against cloning attacks,
where, for example, the sensor nodes are subject to physical compromise that is hard to defend
against. However, in order to analyze these schemes, it is useful to consider some assumptions
which permit us to generalize the protection scope against cloning attacks. First, it is assumed that
all nodes' locations are fixed and there are no mobile nodes. Secondly, all sensor nodes are
deployed in a two dimensional area and each node has the knowledge of its own position and its
own ID. Thirdly, it is assumed that there is a time limit Tmin to compromise the node, and the
attacker can successfully compromise the node within that time limit and obtain all the stored
keys. Finally, it is assumed that every node has a setup time Tset, where Tset is the maximum time
a newly deployed node needed to discover its immediate neighbors in order to establish a trusted
pairwise keys with them.
Meanwhile, the base station (BS) maintains the record of IDs, master key, and positions of all
sensor nodes. All the data mentioned above can be acquired during either the initial deployment
of the sensor nodes or during maintenance phases of WSN.
A. Time based schemes
In this key management schemes, a master key (Km) is preloaded into each sensor node. A sensor
node uses this key to set up a pairwise key with each of its neighbors. After completion the key
setup phase, each node erases the key Km from its memory. Localized Encryption and
Authentication Protocol (LEAP) is one of the most popular example of this schemes [7]. In
LEAP, every node is preloaded with a master key Km (sometimes called the primary key) under
the assumption that this master key will be removed when the network is deployed.
4. 182 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
In a network of N nodes, each node is assigned with an ID from 0 to N-1, where a node with IDu
and its key Km can establish a secure one way hash function Ku = f Km (IDu). Then, in the
neighbor discovery stage, node u broadcasts a message containing its identity IDu and set a timer,
which will be triggered when the elapsed time of neighbor discovery is greater than Tmin. The
response message from a neighbor node v contains its identity and message authentication code
(MAC) will be used later for verifying node v's identity. In general, the following example shows
how the conversation is established to generate a pairwise key between any two adjacent nodes:
u →∗ ; Broadcast to all neighbors (1)
v → u : v | MAC (Kv , u|v) ; Response message (2)
Ku,v,_ = f(f(km , v) , u) ; Computed pairwise key (3)
Therefore, by exchanging ID numbers, each node can set up a shared key with its neighbor nodes.
Once Tmin is expired, every node, such as node v, will erase the master key Km from its memory,
while keeping its own individual key (Kv). However, in case of a cloning attack, a number of
security breaches can be introduced in this keying scheme. Most important, if the initial master
key becomes known to the attacker at any time less than Tmin, then the attacker can easily forge
any pairwise key between two adjacent nodes. In this case, the attacker will not only be able to
compromise all previously established pairwise keys in the network, but will also be able to
compromise all future pairwise keys. Moreover, even if the master key is not compromised, the
attacker can inject any number of malicious nodes during the maintenance operation phase of the
network. In case of hardware failure of node components, the node keeps the initial master key in
memory without erasing it and hence the key will be captured easily. The chance of hardware
failure is more likely to increase if a deployment method uses an airplane to deploy sensor nodes.
To overcome these vulnerabilities in the basic LEAP scheme, S. Zhu et al. further proposed the
extended scheme to LEAP, which was named as LEAP++ [8]. In this scheme, authors assume
that the attacker is capable of recovering Km before Test. They propose a solution to this problem
by having time slots for the distributed keys. Therefore, every master key is only valid for a
certain time slot T, and every new joining node in the network is preloaded with a master key and
a set of individual keys for all other time periods t , where t > T. In this scenario, if the master key
is compromised, the attacker can only know the pairwise keys setup within that time T, and the
pairwise keys setup in other time periods are still secure.
However, this solution introduces other potential problems, which make LEAP++ less attractive
in terms of timing, control, and process. For example, one key question is how to calculate the
length of time slot. If the length of time slot is too long and there are many nodes required to set
up keys during this time, the approach is not relatively new compared to the LEAP protocol. On
the other hand, by reducing the length of time slot, then the number of compromised pairwise
keys will be also reduced. Clearly that shorter time duration will also increase the difficulty of
management and deployment.
Another problem with this approach is that it does not offer support for backward authentication.
So, encrypted data recorded earlier can be easily decrypted including key exchanging data
between neighboring nodes. Therefore, the vulnerability of cloning attacks remains high due to
the lack of backward authentication between nodes. Additionally, the attacker can add malicious
nodes to the network if he in possession of the initial master key [9]. The open broadcast nature
of radio communications also makes it possible for any faulty node to be impersonated without
knowing it, and hence revealing the stored keys [10].
5. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 183
B. Geographic Location Based Schemes
In localization based schemes, each sensor node knows the coordinates of its location using either
global positioning system (GPS) or any other localized methods.
For example, in case of deterministic deployment, the position of the node is calculated according
to its relative distance to neighbors, and in which any pair of nodes comes under transmission
range of the WSNs are considered neighbor nodes.
Generally, all localization schemes are based on Eschenauer and Gligor's random key pre-
distribution (RKP) [11]. RKP scheme is a probabilistic key management scheme where each node
is preloaded with a number of keys that are randomly selected from a large key pool. Neighboring
nodes use these preloaded keys to set up their pairwise keys. All communication will then use this
pairwise keys to authenticate and verify the integrity of the exchanged messages. In addition,
based on the location of nodes, the confidentiality is maintained by assigning an index for each
key, and the index of keys is exchanged between nodes and their neighbors to determine their
shared pairwise keys. Therefore, information about the position of the node can be used to ensure
confidentiality between neighbor nodes and hence preventing cloning attacks.
However, compromising one node will reveal its keys and any established pairwise keys,
although the attacker cannot inject malicious nodes elsewhere into the network. This is because of
the location of the nodes which were deployed on predefined regions of the network. Another
problem with the location based schemes is that they consume more memory than other key
management schemes of WSNs since each node needs to store the coordinates of its neighbors,
and the relative amount of memory in WSN is very limited. However, in such schemes, the
energy consumption will be balanced among all the sensor nodes and hence the network lifetime
can last longer.
C. Third parity based schemes
These types of schemes depend on a trusted third party (e.g. the base station) or a server that acts
as a key distribution center (KDC) where a pairwise key is generated upon request of any two
sensor nodes in the SN wishing to communicate. The KDC normally sends this key in encrypted
form to the communicating nodes. An example of this scheme is Kerberos, which was built on
the Needham- Schroeder protocol. Kerberos was originally designed to enable two parties to
exchange secret information across an otherwise open network [12,13,14].
In this key management scheme, each sensor node of the network shares a different secret key
with the KDC, which enables the nodes to verify the received message originated from the base
station. The Kerberos server itself provides a centralized server whose function is to validate
sensor nodes by providing them with ticket to grant request to the base station. Actually, both
uthentication server and a ticket granting server, the main two components of Kerberos, work
together as a trusted third party (TTP), and the authentication server knows all the nodes'
passwords and stores them in a centralized place.
Actually, both authentication server and a ticket granting server, the main two components of
Kerberos, work together as a trusted third party (TTP), and the authentication server knows all the
nodes' passwords and stores them in a centralized place.
6. 184 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
On the other hand, the purpose of the ticket granting server is to certify to the server/Base station
in the network and to ensure that a node is really what it claims to be. In this way, both the
authentication and authorization servers are used to authenticate node to each other in WSN.
Figure 1 describes how the node and the base station are jointly configured to verify each other's
identity via the Kerberos server. In this flat connection protocol, the Kerberos key exchange
mechanism specifies three exchanges: the Kerberos authentication exchange, the key granting
service exchange and base station to node service exchange. In this way the connection is
established between the nodes and the servers to enable them to exchange the keys and
certificates. However, the deficiency with these protocols is that they use what is known as
"hierarchical authentication protocols" where each sensor node in network has only one
authentication provider, which is Kerberos in this case. When the network density is high, all the
sensor nodes have to wait for a long time to be authenticated and establish a semi SSL connection
with the base station. From energy consumption perspective, most amount of energy is consumed
in such authentication and authorization process. In order to avoid energy consumption and
unnecessary traffic, which in turn may increase the average delay and cause a cloning attack, an
alternative practical approach that uses the envelope model is presented and described in section 3
of this paper, but with some changes.
Figure 1. Flat Connection Model
In this model, the network is divided into clusters and a set of Kerberos controllers as shown in
Figure 2. Each controller works as an authentication authority and a key management for one
cluster in the control group of the WSN. On the other hand, all the nodes inside each cluster will
communicate with the CH node using AES encryption Algorithm.
The CHs themselves will authenticate and communicate securely with each other using Kerberos.
The effectiveness of this model is that it distributes the keys among the upper hierarchy of CHs
using Kerberos authentication, and strong symmetric cryptosystem among cluster nodes, making
it impossible for cloning attacks to take place. Even if the attacker succeeded to compromise one
cluster, the other clusters are still protected.
The proposed Hierarchical model uses multiple Kerberos controller as apposed to the Flat model.
7. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 185
Clearly, because of the constraints imposed on WSNs, such as energy limitation, the cost of
having many Kerberos controllers tend to be quite complex and usually defy analytical methods
that have been proved to be fairly effective for Flat connection model.
Figure 2. Hierarchical Connection Model
Another advantage of Hierarchical model over Flat is the minmized overhead as there is no
common master key shared between the nodes across the network to help each node realize its
closest neighbor. Also the Flat model creates a single point of failure acting as a bottleneck in the
whole network. In addition, the model uses AES-128 encryption in the communication between
nodes of the same cluster which offered faster computation, thus minimizing energy dissipation in
these cluster nodes.
However, because of many constraints imposed in modeling Hierarchical networks, such as the
dependency measures of multiple Kerberos controllers, modeling of such networks tend to be
quite complex. Furthermore, few controllers have come into existence, for there are still many
research experiments that need to be considered.
4. DISCUSSION AND SIMULATION RESULTS
In this paper the cloning attack problem and its impact with respect to three categories of key
management schemes were presented. In time based scheme, the master key in basic LEAP
protocol is used to calculate all of its neighbor pairwise keys. We noticed that the node can be
compromised by reproducing clones which will allow the intruder to infiltrate the sensor network,
and then other types of attacks can be conducted. Therefore, the first type of key management
scheme exploits seriously degrades the resilience of such schemes.
To overcome the vulnerabilities in basic LEAP protocol, we showed how LEAP++ used a time
slots for the distribution of the pairwise keys. In this protocol, every master key is valid for
certain time slot T, and every new joining node is preloaded with a master key. However, we
found that LEAP++ did not offer advantages compared to LEAP in terms of timing, control, and
process. Besides, it is not easy to calculate the length of time slot. The analysis also showed that
8. 186 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
the vulnerability in time based schemes remains high due to the lack of backward authentication
between nodes, which make these schemes vulnerable to the cloning attacks.
We analyzed the localization based schemes, and found several constraints and limitations which
can limit the use of such schemes. We defined the problem of localization systems as estimating
the position or coordinated of sensor nodes. In localization schemes, nodes can be equipped with
a GPS system, but this is a costly solution in terms of memory and power consumption. We also
found that most of the deterministic deployment algorithms were not aware of range
measurement inaccuracy or had not considered the scaling problems in designing their
localization algorithms. However, one of the benefits of using localization ased schemes is their
ability to store all the information needed to determine the position of the nodes which can assist
in strengthening the process of key establishment and hence, in preventing cloning attack.
Then, we examined the schemes which involve the base station in the process of key
management. We presented the strengths and weaknesses and what are the possible attacks to
these management schemes in general. In these schemes, the base station plays a central role in
generating the pairwise keys and authenticating the nodes. Two authentication schemes were
discussed, one is Flat connection model and the other is Hierarchical connection model.
In Flat model, the connection is established between nodes and servers in a manner that is secure
and efficient in terms of authenticity. However, the performance of these schemes degrades
significantly when the number of sensor nodes increases. Clearly, a network that has only one
authentication provider will cause considerable routing overheads and longer authentication time.
In Hierarchical model, the cluster heads are selected according to their battery life time and in a
way similar to [15, 16]. In this scheme sensor nodes play the roles of cluster heads periodically.
Whenever a cluster head is elected in a cluster, the CH broadcasts a message to other member in
the cluster that it becomes a cluster head.
We evaluated the performance of Hierarchical compared with Flat structure in detail including
energy consumption and battery life time. We used OMNET [17] as a simulator to analyze the
performance of Flat and Hierarchical.
The basic assumptions used in performance analysis assumes that different energy consumption
values would be generated according the key management process performed by nodes and
servers, making a distinction between the distance among sensor nodes and the authentication
servers. The network size was simulated as a square area of 100 x 100 m3, and the performance
of algorithms was analyzed with respect to the lifetime of the network.
9. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 187
Table 1 Network variables
On the other hand, the amount of consumed energy was measured by considering the energy
consumption required for the replacement of cluster heads and the broadcasting messages
between all nodes and their servers. The model is implemented based on the assumptions listed in
table 1. As shown in the table, 100 sensor nodes were randomly deployed over an area of
100x100 m3 to be used in the simulation, and then we increased the number of sensor nodes to be
500 distributed over the same area.
All nodes are assumed to have fixed locations and no mobility feature. All nodes are
homogeneous and have the same initial energy of 10 J. The energy required by the radio to run
the transmitter or receiver circuitry = 50 nJ/bit/m3. For modeling the Kerberos authentication
server, we applied a four byte SHA-1 algorithm such that an intruder has to generate 231 packets
on average and the sensor nodes would be dead. The compressed data packet size in bytes = 16.
We plotted the average of 100 simulate experiments, and the compare results are shown in Figure
3 and Figure 4.
As illustrated in Figure 3, we can observe that Hierarchical is more energy efficient than Flat.
Based on these results, we noticed that more than 75% of the sensor nodes in the Hierarchical
model preserved their energy as the energy is consumed mostly around the cluster heads. On the
10. 188 Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT)
other hand, the Flat model introduces more energy consumption due to the longer paths to
Kerberos and consequently higher end-to-end packet transmission time. Therefore, based on these
results, we conclude that Hierarchical model is better than Flat in terms of balancing the energy
consumption in wireless sensor networks.
As illustrated in Figure 4, the average throughput measured over the Hierarchical model tends to
be higherthan the Flat model due the aggregation of all packets at the CHs. Clearly, the flat model
offers a higher end-to-end delay as the data travels a long distance before it reaches the
BS/Kerberos controllers.
Figure 4. Communication Overhead
On the other hand, the Hierarchical model offers a higher throughput, faster key management
scheme, and lower authentication delay than the Flat model. Therefore, we can finally conclude
that the Hierarchical model has achieved better simulation results than the traditional Flat model
in terms of energy, throughput performance, and network life time.
5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this paper, the challenges and the approaches for the security and routing protocols of WSNs
were surveyed. Then, a framework that secures the communications between the wireless nodes
was proposed. In the first experiment, a Hierarchical model that uses Kerberos controller along
with a cluster head in a hybrid manner to preserve the energy and increase the life time of WSN
was implemented. In the second experiment, the process of employing the base station to enhance
the authentication protocol of the sensing nodes was examined. To improve the performance of
the Flat model, the proposed Hierarchical architecture is implemented using two security layers,
one for establishing authenticity and one for generic trust that authenticates the distributed Cluster
Heads. The existing key management schemes were surveyed, and based on their response, a
11. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT) 189
Hierarchical model that uses multiple Kerberos controllers to improve the effectiveness of key
management in WSNs was proposed.
The analysis showed that the proposed Hierarchical model provides a significant increase in the
life of the entire network as more than 75% of the nodes reserved their energy while the
consumption is limited to the CHs. As for evaluating the effectiveness of employing a strong
authentication technique, the analysis showed that the distributed Kerberos controllers
experienced fewer losses by sending fewer instructions per packet and the resulting compressed
data rate was improved.
In the future, the scale of the network will be increased and more than one base station will be
examined, also we plan to make our protocols aware of data freshness by adding time stamp to
the authenticated packet. Additionally, we plan to study the performance of our model on
different motes and build a comparison over different architectures.
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