1. The document presents an Internal Model Controller (IMC) based PID controller with a fractional filter for a nonlinear hopper tank process.
2. A hopper tank experimental setup is developed and linearized to obtain a first-order plus dead time model at different operating points.
3. An IMC based PID controller with a fractional filter is proposed for the linearized models, with two tuning factors: the filter time constant and fractional order. Controller settings are obtained and compared to another IMC based PID with fractional filter approach.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document compares the performance of PID, PI, and MPC controllers for controlling water level in a tank process. It describes modeling the first-order plus dead time process in MATLAB and tuning the PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results show that the MPC controller achieved better performance than the PID and PI controllers in terms of rise time, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, the MPC controller had the shortest rise time and settling time, as well as the lowest overshoot of the three controllers evaluated.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
The document presents a genetic algorithm tuned PID controller for temperature control in a shell and tube heat exchanger. It models the heat exchanger and develops a GA based PID control scheme to regulate the temperature of the output fluid. Simulation results show that the proposed controller achieves less settling time (65 sec) and peak overshoot (3.22%) compared to a conventional PID controller (74 sec and 3.54% overshoot).
Design of Controllers for Liquid Level ControlIJERA Editor
The liquid level control system is commonly used in many process control applications. The aim of the process
is to keep the liquid level in the tank at the desired value. The conventional proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller is simple, reliable and eliminates the error rate but it cannot handle complex problems. Fuzzy
logic controllers are rule based systems which simulates human behavior of the process. The fuzzy controller is
combined with the PID controller and then applied to the tank level control system. This paper proposes Inverse
fuzzy with fuzzy logic controller for controlling liquid level system for a plant. This paper also compares the
transient response as well as error indices of PID, Fuzzy logic controller, inverse fuzzy controllers. The
responses of the controllers are verified through simulation. From the simulation results, it is observed that
inverse fuzzy-PID controller gives the superior performance than the other controllers. The inverse fuzzy-PID
controller gives better performance than the PID and fuzzy controller in terms of overshoot and settling time.
Performance analysis is carried out with Liquid Flow Control System Design with Fuzzy logic controller.
Results are evaluated by comparing the response time of conventional PID, fuzzy logic and Inverse fuzzy
controller. Comparative analysis of the performance of different controllers is done in MATLAB and Simulink.
Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using...ijtsrd
An intelligent model is developed to control the water level in boiler drum. There are three different types of boiler control such as i Single element boiler drum level control, ii Two element boiler drum level control and iii Three element boiler drum level control. This paper provides the knowledge about the Fuzzy PID Controller and the various PID controller design methods such as Zeigler Nichols method, Tyreus Luyben method, Internal Model Control IMC . Comparative study is made on the performance of the PID and Fuzzy PID controller for better control system design. Sumit Patel | Vinit Sharma "Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using LabVIEW Simulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29704.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/29704/analysis-of-different-controllers-used-for-boiler-drum-level-control-by-using-labview-simulation/sumit-patel
Distributed Control System Applied in Temperatur Control by Coordinating Mult...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues
continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control
system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU’s controller parameters, both
analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified
to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired
response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason
in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master
controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature
controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method,
the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot,
193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from
experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but
has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be
successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can
be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence
of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document compares the performance of PID, PI, and MPC controllers for controlling water level in a tank process. It describes modeling the first-order plus dead time process in MATLAB and tuning the PID controller using Ziegler-Nichols method. Simulation results show that the MPC controller achieved better performance than the PID and PI controllers in terms of rise time, settling time, and overshoot. Specifically, the MPC controller had the shortest rise time and settling time, as well as the lowest overshoot of the three controllers evaluated.
Optimised control using Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller tuned usi...IJECEIAES
Time delays are generally unavoidable in the designing frameworks for mechanical and electrical systems and so on. In both continuous and discrete schemes, the existence of delay creates undesirable impacts on the underthought which forces exacting constraints on attainable execution. The presence of delay confounds the design structure procedure also. It makes continuous systems boundless dimensional and also extends the readings in discrete systems fundamentally. As the Proportional-IntegralDerivative (PID) controller based on internal model control is essential and strong to address the vulnerabilities and aggravations of the model. But for an real industry process, they are less susceptible to noise than the PID controller.It results in just one tuning parameter which is the time constant of the closed-loop system λ, the internal model control filter factor. It additionally gives a decent answer for the procedure with huge time delays. The design of the PID controller based on the internal model control, with approximation of time delay using Pade’ and Taylor’s series is depicted in this paper. The first order filter used in the design provides good set-point tracking along with disturbance rejection.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
The document presents a genetic algorithm tuned PID controller for temperature control in a shell and tube heat exchanger. It models the heat exchanger and develops a GA based PID control scheme to regulate the temperature of the output fluid. Simulation results show that the proposed controller achieves less settling time (65 sec) and peak overshoot (3.22%) compared to a conventional PID controller (74 sec and 3.54% overshoot).
Design of Controllers for Liquid Level ControlIJERA Editor
The liquid level control system is commonly used in many process control applications. The aim of the process
is to keep the liquid level in the tank at the desired value. The conventional proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller is simple, reliable and eliminates the error rate but it cannot handle complex problems. Fuzzy
logic controllers are rule based systems which simulates human behavior of the process. The fuzzy controller is
combined with the PID controller and then applied to the tank level control system. This paper proposes Inverse
fuzzy with fuzzy logic controller for controlling liquid level system for a plant. This paper also compares the
transient response as well as error indices of PID, Fuzzy logic controller, inverse fuzzy controllers. The
responses of the controllers are verified through simulation. From the simulation results, it is observed that
inverse fuzzy-PID controller gives the superior performance than the other controllers. The inverse fuzzy-PID
controller gives better performance than the PID and fuzzy controller in terms of overshoot and settling time.
Performance analysis is carried out with Liquid Flow Control System Design with Fuzzy logic controller.
Results are evaluated by comparing the response time of conventional PID, fuzzy logic and Inverse fuzzy
controller. Comparative analysis of the performance of different controllers is done in MATLAB and Simulink.
Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using...ijtsrd
An intelligent model is developed to control the water level in boiler drum. There are three different types of boiler control such as i Single element boiler drum level control, ii Two element boiler drum level control and iii Three element boiler drum level control. This paper provides the knowledge about the Fuzzy PID Controller and the various PID controller design methods such as Zeigler Nichols method, Tyreus Luyben method, Internal Model Control IMC . Comparative study is made on the performance of the PID and Fuzzy PID controller for better control system design. Sumit Patel | Vinit Sharma "Analysis of Different Controllers used for Boiler Drum Level Control by using LabVIEW Simulation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29704.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/industrial-engineering/29704/analysis-of-different-controllers-used-for-boiler-drum-level-control-by-using-labview-simulation/sumit-patel
Distributed Control System Applied in Temperatur Control by Coordinating Mult...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues
continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control
system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU’s controller parameters, both
analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified
to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired
response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason
in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master
controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature
controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method,
the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot,
193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from
experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but
has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be
successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can
be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence
of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments.
Soft Computing Technique and Conventional Controller for Conical Tank Level C...ijeei-iaes
In many process industries the control of liquid level is mandatory. But the control of nonlinear process is difficult. Many process industries use conical tanks because of its non linear shape contributes better drainage for solid mixtures, slurries and viscous liquids. So, control of conical tank level is a challenging task due to its non-linearity and continually varying cross-section. This is due to relationship between controlled variable level and manipulated variable flow rate, which has a square root relationship. The main objective is to execute the suitable controller for conical tank system to maintain the desired level. System identification of the non-linear process is done using black box modelling and found to be first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model. In this paper it is proposed to obtain the mathematical modelling of a conical tank system and to study the system using block diagram after that soft computing technique like fuzzy and conventional controller is also used for the comparison.
Design and Analysis of Air Conditioning System for An IT Office Buildingvivatechijri
The research is about the design and analysis of air conditioning system for comfort application in
an I.T. Office Building located in Mumbai. The different types of air conditioning systems have been studied
initially. The problem statement is provided by ISHRAE, that is; floor plans of the building. This is a new project,
and so building envelope design is also left to the researchers. Air conditioning or HVAC systems are a major
source of energy consumption in the building. So, it is necessary to design the right system of air conditioning
and install energy efficient equipment. Initially the building envelope has been researched and selected, then
cooling load calculations have been done. Based on the cooling demand a suitable air conditioning system is
being researched, after which the equipment selection is done. Energy calculations and life cycle cost analysis
has been done for the systems, and a suitable system has been selected for energy efficiency. Based on the research
and analysis, VRF system is recommended for air conditioning of this IT office building.
1) The document discusses quality maintenance and provides definitions and implementation strategies for maintenance quality policies and objectives. It discusses preventing defects through quality control and quality assurance.
2) HVAC systems are described as important to provide healthy, comfortable conditions for occupants while reducing environmental impact. Different HVAC system types like air cooled and water cooled are outlined.
3) Components of air handling systems like fans, ducts, and pumps are explained in detail to understand their functions and potential problems. Maintaining quality is key to running operations with minimal breakdowns.
Process control involves using computers or microprocessors to control industrial processes. There are three main types of process control: batch process control which combines specific amounts of raw materials together for a set time like making prepackaged meals; continuous process control which regulates uninterrupted processes like fuel production; and discrete process control which produces specific items through manufacturing applications like robotic assembly lines. Process control is used across many industries like oil refining, chemicals, food production, and automotive manufacturing.
This document presents the design of a PID controller using VHDL on an FPGA. PID controllers are widely used in industrial control systems due to their simplicity, robustness and effectiveness. The author implements a digital PID controller architecture on a Xilinx FPGA using VHDL. Simulation results show the real time logic schematic and timing diagram of the PID control system designed on the FPGA, demonstrating its functionality. FPGA implementation of PID controllers provides benefits over other technologies such as low power, high speed, and flexibility.
1. Process control is important for modern food processing industries to improve economics, ensure safety, reduce variation, waste, and maximize efficiency.
2. Accurate measurement of process parameters like temperature, pressure, and material levels is critical for control. Sensors can be penetrating, sampling, or nonpenetrating.
3. Control systems can be manual or automatic using control loops with sensors, controllers, and final control elements. The most common automatic controllers are on/off, proportional, proportional integral, and proportional integral derivative controllers.
The experiment aimed to monitor energy and gas consumption on an aircraft parts production line. Sensors were installed to measure consumption of autoclaves and machines. Apache Flink processed streaming data and Orion stored it. Knowage visualized trends and provided indicators. The system identified optimization rules, applying a new recipe reducing energy 11.12%, gases 12.92%, and production time 8%, meeting KPI targets. COVID-19 impacted sensor installation but rules still provided decision support.
Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
Tuning of IMC-based PID controllers for integrating systems with time delayISA Interchange
Design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on IMC principles for various types of integrating systems with time delay is proposed. PID parameters are given in terms of process model parameters and a tuning parameter. The tuning parameter is IMC filter time constant. In the present work, the IMC filter (Q) is chosen in such a manner that the order of the denominator of IMC controller is one less than the order of the numerator. The IMC filter time constant (λ) is tuned in such a way that a good compromise is made between performance and robustness for both servo and regulatory problems. To improve servo response of the controller a set point filter is designed such that the closed loop response is similar to that of first order plus time delay system. The proposed controller design method is applied to various transfer function models and to the non-linear model equations of jacketed CSTR to demonstrate its applicability and effectiveness. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with the recently reported methods in terms of IAE and ITAE. The smooth functioning of the controller is determined in terms of total variation and compared with recently reported methods. Simulation studies are carried out on various integrating systems with time delay to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controllers.
IRJET - Liquid Level Control Strategy using Fractional Order PID Controlle...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing different controller strategies for liquid level control in a process tank. It designs proportional-integral-derivative (PID), tilted-integral-derivative (TID), and fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. A mathematical model of the liquid tank process is developed. The controllers are implemented and tuned in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the FOPID controller optimized with GA has the best performance in terms of settling time, rise time, steady state error, ITAE, IAE, and ISE. In conclusion, the fractional-order PID controller provides superior liquid level control compared to the classical
Practical Advanced Process Control for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
In today's environment, the processing, refining and petrochemical business is becoming more and more competitive and every plant manager is looking for the best quality products at minimum operating and investment costs. The traditional PID loop is used frequently for much of the process control requirements of a typical plant. However there are many drawbacks in using these, including excessive dead time which can make the PID loop very difficult (or indeed impossible) to apply.
Advanced Process Control (APC) is thus essential today in the modern plant. Small differences in process parameters can have large effects on profitability; get it right and profits continue to grow; get it wrong and there are major losses. Many applications of APC have pay back times well below one year. APC does require a detailed knowledge of the plant to design a working system and continual follow up along the life of the plant to ensure it is working optimally. Considerable attention also needs to be given to the interface to the operators to ensure that they can apply these new technologies effectively as well.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Automation engineers
Chemical engineers
Chemical plant technologists
Electrical engineers
Instrumentation and control engineers
Process control engineers
Process engineers
Senior technicians
System integrators
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-advanced-process-control-engineers-and-technicians-26
Calibration, preventative maintenance, Asset Management in Bio-Med Applications. How to comply the FDA validation and Part 11 requirements? computer software for calibration/PM and asset management processes.
To learn about more details, please check out this article.
https://www.qualcy.com/blog/calibration-management-software-asset-management/
A Development of Hybrid Temperature Recorder Monitoring Systemkuku001
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hybrid temperature recorder monitoring system to improve the calibration process for burn-in chambers used in HDD production lines. The system receives temperature data wirelessly from hybrid recorders in burn-in chambers. An engineer can then centrally monitor the temperatures in real-time from an office server. If errors occur, an alert will be sent. The system was developed using OOADM and displays temperature plots similar to the hybrid recorders. A prototype was implemented with a SQL database, web interface, and alert notifications by email and SMS.
The Biomedical Engineering department will provide full services for medical devices and systems, excluding major radiation equipment. Services include acceptance testing of new equipment, installation, maintenance, training, and a risk management program. The department needs office and workshop space with durable surfaces, task lighting, and connections for gases and electricity at workstations. Staff will include 7 technicians, a manager, and clerk.
This document provides an overview of different approaches for tuning PID controllers. It first introduces PID controllers and their proportional, integral and derivative terms. It then describes several common methods for tuning PID controllers, including manual tuning on-site, Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method, Ziegler-Nichols oscillation method, and Cohen-Coon method. These tuning methods are compared based on their performance and applicability to different process control systems.
Industrial automation for roto moulding plant usingMehul Joshie
Automation systems have been used in almost all
industries of food, automotive, textile, machinery manufacturing,
agriculture and etc. In this research paper, we are presenting a
process loop which can be used in roto moulding process. That has
made the process automatic. Because human interruptions can lead
to wastage of material, lower quality and increase chances of
accidents. PLC based programming can be useful for making process
in a sequence and time base.
Process control systems involve controlling a physical system using feedback loops. They have controlled variables, input variables, manipulated variables, and set points. Closed loop control is preferred over open loop when external perturbations could affect the system. When choosing a control architecture, consider closed loop control if the task requires continuing action to maintain a state. For example, a cruise control system uses a controller, sensors for speed/acceleration, and manipulates the throttle setting based on a desired speed set point.
This document provides a summary of an advanced process control final project. It includes sections on what-if scenario analysis, move suppression tuning, and a literature review of various model predictive control technologies. The what-if scenario analysis examines the effects of changing variables like fuel gas costs and feed rates. The move suppression tuning section details tuning the controller to suppress large manipulated variable moves. The literature review provides overviews of several commercial MPC systems, including descriptions of their capabilities and benefits.
This document discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers for speed control of a DC motor. PSO is a bio-inspired optimization technique that can automatically tune controller parameters online. The document presents the mathematical model of a DC motor and compares tuning PID and FOPID controllers with PSO. PSO is shown to find optimal controller parameters that improve the dynamic and static performance of the closed-loop speed control system.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijcisjournal
This document discusses PID controller design methods for integrating processes with time delay. It proposes designing PID controllers using three methods: internal model control (IMC), direct synthesis, and stability analysis. It evaluates the performance of controllers designed with these methods by applying them to models of various chemical processes that can be represented by integrating processes with time delay. These include level control systems, distillation columns, and continuous stirred-tank reactors. The robustness of the proposed controllers is analyzed considering parameter uncertainty using Kharitonov's theorem. Simulation results show the proposed IMC method provides superior performance over other existing tuning methods. An experimental setup is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design methods.
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for compressor systemsIJECEIAES
The automatic control system plays a crucial role in industries for controlling the process operations. The automatic control system provides a safe and proper controlling mechanism to avoid environmental and quality problems. The control system controls pressure flow, mass flow, speed control, and other process metrics and solves robustness and stability issues. In this manuscript, The Hybrid controller approach like proportional integral (PI) and proportional derivative (PD) based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using with and without gain scheduling approach is modeled for the compressor to improve the robustness and error response control mechanism. The PI/PD-based FLC system includes step input function, the PI/PD controller, FLC with a closed-loop mechanism, and gain scheduler. The error signals and control response outputs are analyzed in detail for PI/PD-based FLC’s and compared with conventional PD/PID controllers. The PD-based FLC with the Gain scheduling approach consumes less overshoot time of 74% than the PD-based FLC without gain scheduling approach. The PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach produces less error response in terms of 7.9% in integral time absolute error (ITAE), 7.4% in integral absolute error (IAE), and 16% in integral square error (ISE) than PD based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
Soft Computing Technique and Conventional Controller for Conical Tank Level C...ijeei-iaes
In many process industries the control of liquid level is mandatory. But the control of nonlinear process is difficult. Many process industries use conical tanks because of its non linear shape contributes better drainage for solid mixtures, slurries and viscous liquids. So, control of conical tank level is a challenging task due to its non-linearity and continually varying cross-section. This is due to relationship between controlled variable level and manipulated variable flow rate, which has a square root relationship. The main objective is to execute the suitable controller for conical tank system to maintain the desired level. System identification of the non-linear process is done using black box modelling and found to be first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model. In this paper it is proposed to obtain the mathematical modelling of a conical tank system and to study the system using block diagram after that soft computing technique like fuzzy and conventional controller is also used for the comparison.
Design and Analysis of Air Conditioning System for An IT Office Buildingvivatechijri
The research is about the design and analysis of air conditioning system for comfort application in
an I.T. Office Building located in Mumbai. The different types of air conditioning systems have been studied
initially. The problem statement is provided by ISHRAE, that is; floor plans of the building. This is a new project,
and so building envelope design is also left to the researchers. Air conditioning or HVAC systems are a major
source of energy consumption in the building. So, it is necessary to design the right system of air conditioning
and install energy efficient equipment. Initially the building envelope has been researched and selected, then
cooling load calculations have been done. Based on the cooling demand a suitable air conditioning system is
being researched, after which the equipment selection is done. Energy calculations and life cycle cost analysis
has been done for the systems, and a suitable system has been selected for energy efficiency. Based on the research
and analysis, VRF system is recommended for air conditioning of this IT office building.
1) The document discusses quality maintenance and provides definitions and implementation strategies for maintenance quality policies and objectives. It discusses preventing defects through quality control and quality assurance.
2) HVAC systems are described as important to provide healthy, comfortable conditions for occupants while reducing environmental impact. Different HVAC system types like air cooled and water cooled are outlined.
3) Components of air handling systems like fans, ducts, and pumps are explained in detail to understand their functions and potential problems. Maintaining quality is key to running operations with minimal breakdowns.
Process control involves using computers or microprocessors to control industrial processes. There are three main types of process control: batch process control which combines specific amounts of raw materials together for a set time like making prepackaged meals; continuous process control which regulates uninterrupted processes like fuel production; and discrete process control which produces specific items through manufacturing applications like robotic assembly lines. Process control is used across many industries like oil refining, chemicals, food production, and automotive manufacturing.
This document presents the design of a PID controller using VHDL on an FPGA. PID controllers are widely used in industrial control systems due to their simplicity, robustness and effectiveness. The author implements a digital PID controller architecture on a Xilinx FPGA using VHDL. Simulation results show the real time logic schematic and timing diagram of the PID control system designed on the FPGA, demonstrating its functionality. FPGA implementation of PID controllers provides benefits over other technologies such as low power, high speed, and flexibility.
1. Process control is important for modern food processing industries to improve economics, ensure safety, reduce variation, waste, and maximize efficiency.
2. Accurate measurement of process parameters like temperature, pressure, and material levels is critical for control. Sensors can be penetrating, sampling, or nonpenetrating.
3. Control systems can be manual or automatic using control loops with sensors, controllers, and final control elements. The most common automatic controllers are on/off, proportional, proportional integral, and proportional integral derivative controllers.
The experiment aimed to monitor energy and gas consumption on an aircraft parts production line. Sensors were installed to measure consumption of autoclaves and machines. Apache Flink processed streaming data and Orion stored it. Knowage visualized trends and provided indicators. The system identified optimization rules, applying a new recipe reducing energy 11.12%, gases 12.92%, and production time 8%, meeting KPI targets. COVID-19 impacted sensor installation but rules still provided decision support.
Fuzzy based control using lab view for miso temperature processeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
Tuning of IMC-based PID controllers for integrating systems with time delayISA Interchange
Design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on IMC principles for various types of integrating systems with time delay is proposed. PID parameters are given in terms of process model parameters and a tuning parameter. The tuning parameter is IMC filter time constant. In the present work, the IMC filter (Q) is chosen in such a manner that the order of the denominator of IMC controller is one less than the order of the numerator. The IMC filter time constant (λ) is tuned in such a way that a good compromise is made between performance and robustness for both servo and regulatory problems. To improve servo response of the controller a set point filter is designed such that the closed loop response is similar to that of first order plus time delay system. The proposed controller design method is applied to various transfer function models and to the non-linear model equations of jacketed CSTR to demonstrate its applicability and effectiveness. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with the recently reported methods in terms of IAE and ITAE. The smooth functioning of the controller is determined in terms of total variation and compared with recently reported methods. Simulation studies are carried out on various integrating systems with time delay to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed controllers.
IRJET - Liquid Level Control Strategy using Fractional Order PID Controlle...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study comparing different controller strategies for liquid level control in a process tank. It designs proportional-integral-derivative (PID), tilted-integral-derivative (TID), and fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) techniques. A mathematical model of the liquid tank process is developed. The controllers are implemented and tuned in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the FOPID controller optimized with GA has the best performance in terms of settling time, rise time, steady state error, ITAE, IAE, and ISE. In conclusion, the fractional-order PID controller provides superior liquid level control compared to the classical
Practical Advanced Process Control for Engineers and TechniciansLiving Online
In today's environment, the processing, refining and petrochemical business is becoming more and more competitive and every plant manager is looking for the best quality products at minimum operating and investment costs. The traditional PID loop is used frequently for much of the process control requirements of a typical plant. However there are many drawbacks in using these, including excessive dead time which can make the PID loop very difficult (or indeed impossible) to apply.
Advanced Process Control (APC) is thus essential today in the modern plant. Small differences in process parameters can have large effects on profitability; get it right and profits continue to grow; get it wrong and there are major losses. Many applications of APC have pay back times well below one year. APC does require a detailed knowledge of the plant to design a working system and continual follow up along the life of the plant to ensure it is working optimally. Considerable attention also needs to be given to the interface to the operators to ensure that they can apply these new technologies effectively as well.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Automation engineers
Chemical engineers
Chemical plant technologists
Electrical engineers
Instrumentation and control engineers
Process control engineers
Process engineers
Senior technicians
System integrators
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-advanced-process-control-engineers-and-technicians-26
Calibration, preventative maintenance, Asset Management in Bio-Med Applications. How to comply the FDA validation and Part 11 requirements? computer software for calibration/PM and asset management processes.
To learn about more details, please check out this article.
https://www.qualcy.com/blog/calibration-management-software-asset-management/
A Development of Hybrid Temperature Recorder Monitoring Systemkuku001
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a hybrid temperature recorder monitoring system to improve the calibration process for burn-in chambers used in HDD production lines. The system receives temperature data wirelessly from hybrid recorders in burn-in chambers. An engineer can then centrally monitor the temperatures in real-time from an office server. If errors occur, an alert will be sent. The system was developed using OOADM and displays temperature plots similar to the hybrid recorders. A prototype was implemented with a SQL database, web interface, and alert notifications by email and SMS.
The Biomedical Engineering department will provide full services for medical devices and systems, excluding major radiation equipment. Services include acceptance testing of new equipment, installation, maintenance, training, and a risk management program. The department needs office and workshop space with durable surfaces, task lighting, and connections for gases and electricity at workstations. Staff will include 7 technicians, a manager, and clerk.
This document provides an overview of different approaches for tuning PID controllers. It first introduces PID controllers and their proportional, integral and derivative terms. It then describes several common methods for tuning PID controllers, including manual tuning on-site, Ziegler-Nichols reaction curve method, Ziegler-Nichols oscillation method, and Cohen-Coon method. These tuning methods are compared based on their performance and applicability to different process control systems.
Industrial automation for roto moulding plant usingMehul Joshie
Automation systems have been used in almost all
industries of food, automotive, textile, machinery manufacturing,
agriculture and etc. In this research paper, we are presenting a
process loop which can be used in roto moulding process. That has
made the process automatic. Because human interruptions can lead
to wastage of material, lower quality and increase chances of
accidents. PLC based programming can be useful for making process
in a sequence and time base.
Process control systems involve controlling a physical system using feedback loops. They have controlled variables, input variables, manipulated variables, and set points. Closed loop control is preferred over open loop when external perturbations could affect the system. When choosing a control architecture, consider closed loop control if the task requires continuing action to maintain a state. For example, a cruise control system uses a controller, sensors for speed/acceleration, and manipulates the throttle setting based on a desired speed set point.
This document provides a summary of an advanced process control final project. It includes sections on what-if scenario analysis, move suppression tuning, and a literature review of various model predictive control technologies. The what-if scenario analysis examines the effects of changing variables like fuel gas costs and feed rates. The move suppression tuning section details tuning the controller to suppress large manipulated variable moves. The literature review provides overviews of several commercial MPC systems, including descriptions of their capabilities and benefits.
This document discusses using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) and fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers for speed control of a DC motor. PSO is a bio-inspired optimization technique that can automatically tune controller parameters online. The document presents the mathematical model of a DC motor and compares tuning PID and FOPID controllers with PSO. PSO is shown to find optimal controller parameters that improve the dynamic and static performance of the closed-loop speed control system.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijcisjournal
This document discusses PID controller design methods for integrating processes with time delay. It proposes designing PID controllers using three methods: internal model control (IMC), direct synthesis, and stability analysis. It evaluates the performance of controllers designed with these methods by applying them to models of various chemical processes that can be represented by integrating processes with time delay. These include level control systems, distillation columns, and continuous stirred-tank reactors. The robustness of the proposed controllers is analyzed considering parameter uncertainty using Kharitonov's theorem. Simulation results show the proposed IMC method provides superior performance over other existing tuning methods. An experimental setup is used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design methods.
Hybrid controller design using gain scheduling approach for compressor systemsIJECEIAES
The automatic control system plays a crucial role in industries for controlling the process operations. The automatic control system provides a safe and proper controlling mechanism to avoid environmental and quality problems. The control system controls pressure flow, mass flow, speed control, and other process metrics and solves robustness and stability issues. In this manuscript, The Hybrid controller approach like proportional integral (PI) and proportional derivative (PD) based fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using with and without gain scheduling approach is modeled for the compressor to improve the robustness and error response control mechanism. The PI/PD-based FLC system includes step input function, the PI/PD controller, FLC with a closed-loop mechanism, and gain scheduler. The error signals and control response outputs are analyzed in detail for PI/PD-based FLC’s and compared with conventional PD/PID controllers. The PD-based FLC with the Gain scheduling approach consumes less overshoot time of 74% than the PD-based FLC without gain scheduling approach. The PD-based FLC with the gain scheduling approach produces less error response in terms of 7.9% in integral time absolute error (ITAE), 7.4% in integral absolute error (IAE), and 16% in integral square error (ISE) than PD based FLC without gain scheduling approach.
Model predictive controller for a retrofitted heat exchanger temperature cont...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper aims to demonstrate the practical aspects of process control theory for undergraduate students at the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bahrain. Both, the ubiquitous proportional integral derivative (PID) as well as model predictive control (MPC) and their auxiliaries were designed and implemented in a real-time framework. The latter was realized through retrofitting an existing plate-and-frame heat exchanger unit that has been operated using an analog PID temperature controller. The upgraded control system consists of a personal computer (PC), low-cost signal conditioning circuit, national instruments USB 6008 data acquisition card, and LabVIEW software. LabVIEW control design and simulation modules were used to design and implement the PID and MPC controllers. The performance of the designed controllers was evaluated while controlling the outlet temperature of the retrofitted plate-and-frame heat exchanger. The distinguished feature of the MPC controller in handling input and output constraints was perceived in real-time. From a pedagogical point of view, realizing the theory of process control through practical implementation was substantial in enhancing the student’s learning and the instructor’s teaching experience.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the performance of tuned PID controllers for speed control of a DC motor. The researchers developed linear and nonlinear mathematical models of a DC motor and represented the system using state space equations. They then simulated four different PID controllers using MATLAB/Simulink to control the motor speed in response to a step input signal. The system responses under each controller were analyzed and discussed in terms of their performance.
Design of IMC-PID controller with fractional-order filter for steam distillat...nooriasukmaningtyas
Essential oils are one of the industry's major compounds, particularly in the
pharmaceutical, perfume and food sectors. They were acquired using several
methods such as steam distillation. In this method, heat from the steam will
release the aromatic molecule at their specific boiling points. Thus, it is
important to regulate the steam temperature at the correct level to get the
perfect composition of the yield. Many studies have shown that essential oil
is volatile and sensitive to excess heat. In order to maintain the desired steam
temperature, this study proposed an internal model control (IMC) based PID
with fractional-order filter as a controller for this system. IMC is a modelbased control structure that can handle parameter variations and load
disturbance very well. With the inverse model imposed in the loop, IMC can
gain a perfect tracking control as well. The implementation of a fractionalorder filter cascaded to the PID controller may enhance the system
robustness to process gain with its iso-damping properties. This study was
conducted by simulation using MATLAB R2018. The step response of the
closed-loop system has been evaluated with varying filter parameters
depending on the desired phase margin of the open-loop reference model.
This document describes a PID controller with self-tuning capabilities using fuzzy logic. It replaces the conventional PID controller in a chopper-fed DC motor drive system to improve performance. The PID gains (KP, KI, KD) are automatically tuned online by a fuzzy logic controller based on the error and change in error. This allows the PID gains to adapt as needed for different operating conditions. Simulation results showed the proposed self-tuning PID controller performed better than a conventional PID controller.
IRJET- Performance Analysis of ACO based PID Controller in AVR System: A ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique to tune the parameters of a PID controller for an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) system. ACO is inspired by how real ants find the shortest path between their nest and food sources. It has been applied to determine optimal proportional, integral and derivative gains for the PID controller in order to improve the dynamic performance of the AVR system and maintain the generator terminal voltage following disturbances. The document discusses ACO-PID controller design and compares results to traditional PID tuning through MATLAB simulation. A literature review is also presented covering previous research that has applied optimization techniques like ACO, PSO and GA to tune PID controllers for AVR systems.
IRJET- Analysis of 3-Phase Induction Motor with High Step-Up PWM DC-DC Conver...IRJET Journal
This document discusses control methods for STATCOMs using fuzzy logic controllers and genetic algorithm-tuned PID controllers. STATCOMs are shunt FACTS devices that help solve power quality issues through fast reactive power control. Conventionally, PID controllers are used but require trial and error to tune parameters. The document proposes using fuzzy logic controllers and genetic algorithms to optimize PID parameters to improve STATCOM current control response. It describes STATCOM modeling, fuzzy logic controller design including fuzzification, inference, and defuzzification. Genetic algorithms are used to find optimal PID parameters. Simulation results in MATLAB show the proposed methods improve current control response over conventional PID control.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Fuzzy and GA-PID Controllers for Optimized Perf...IRJET Journal
This document describes research into using different controller types, including fuzzy logic controllers and genetic algorithm optimized PID controllers, to control a STATCOM device for improved reactive power compensation performance. A STATCOM is a shunt Flexible AC Transmission System device that can help solve power quality issues. Conventionally, PID controllers are used but require trial and error to tune parameters. The document models a STATCOM system and explores using fuzzy logic control or genetic algorithms to automatically determine optimal PID parameters to achieve faster response compared to conventional PID control. Simulation results in MATLAB show that both fuzzy logic control and genetic algorithm optimized PID control improve the STATCOM current control response compared to manually tuned PID controllers.
Comparison Analysis of Model Predictive Controller with Classical PID Control...ijeei-iaes
pH control plays a important role in any chemical plant and process industries. For the past four decades the classical PID controller has been occupied by the industries. Due to the faster computing technology in the industry demands a tighter advanced control strategy. To fulfill the needs and requirements Model Predictive Control (MPC) is the best among all the advanced control algorithms available in the present scenario. The study and analysis has been done for First Order plus Delay Time (FOPDT) model controlled by Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and MPC using the Matlab software. This paper explores the capability of the MPC strategy, analyze and compare the control effects with conventional control strategy in pH control. A comparison results between the PID and MPC is plotted using the software. The results clearly show that MPC provide better performance than the classical controller.
Tuning of PID controllers for integrating systems using direct synthesis methodISA Interchange
A PID controller is designed for various forms of integrating systems with time delay using direct synthesis method. The method is based on comparing the characteristic equation of the integrating system and PID controller with a filter with the desired characteristic equation. The desired characteristic equation comprises of multiple poles which are placed at the same desired location. The tuning parameter is adjusted so as to achieve the desired robustness. Tuning rules in terms of process parameters are given for various forms of integrating systems. The tuning parameter can be selected for the desired robustness by specifying Ms value. The proposed controller design method is applied to various transfer function models and to the nonlinear model equations of jacketed CSTR to show its effectiveness and applicability.
Experimental evaluation of control performance of MPC as a regulatory controllerISA Interchange
Proportional integral derivative (PID) control is widely practiced as the base layer controller in the industry due to its robustness and design simplicity. However, a supervisory control layer over the base layer, namely a model predictive controller (MPC), is becoming increasingly popular with the advent of computer process control. The use of a supervisory layer has led to different control structures. In this study, we perform an objective investigation of several commonly used control structures such as “Cascaded PI controller,” “DMC cascaded to PI” and “Direct DMC.” Performance of these control structures are compared on a pilot-scale continuous stirred tank heater (CSTH) system. We used dynamic matrix control (DMC) algorithm as a representative of MPC. In the DMC cascaded to PI structure, the flow-loops are regulated by the PI controller. On top of that a DMC manipulates the set-points of the flow-loops to control the temperature and the level of water in the tank. The “Direct DMC” structure, as its name suggests, uses DMC to manipulate the valves directly. Performance of all control structures were evaluated based on the integrated squared error (ISE) values. In this empirical study, the “Direct DMC” structure showed a promise to act as regulatory controller. The selection of control frequency is critical for this structure. The effect of control frequency on controller performance of the “Direct DMC” structure was also studied.
In this paper, we propose a new technique for implementing optimum controller for a conical tank. The objective of the controller is to maintain the level inside the process tank in a desired value. Hence an attempt is made in this paper as Internal Model Based PID controller design for conical tank level control. For each stable operating point, a first order process model was identified using process reaction curve method. The real time implementation is done in Simulink using MATLAB. The experimental results shows that proposed control scheme have good set point tracking and disturbance rejection capability.
Comparison of pid and mpc controllers for continuous stirred tank reactor (cs...Mustefa Jibril
This document compares PID and MPC controllers for concentration control of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Simulation results show that the CSTR with MPC controller has better performance than with PID controller. Specifically, the MPC controller is able to minimize overshoot and better track desired concentrations, both without and with input disturbances, where it exhibits only small fluctuations from the disturbances. The MPC controller provides more effective concentration control of the CSTR system compared to the PID controller.
Comparison of pid and mpc controllers for continuous stirred tank reactor (cs...Mustefa Jibril
This document compares PID and MPC controllers for concentration control of a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). Simulation results show that the CSTR with an MPC controller better tracks the desired concentration output with less overshoot than the PID controller, both without and with input disturbances. Specifically:
1) Without disturbances, the MPC controller almost exactly follows random and step concentration references while the PID controller has more error.
2) With a flow rate disturbance, the MPC controller output exhibits only small fluctuations around the references compared to the PID controller.
3) Overall, the simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of using an MPC rather than PID controller for concentration control of a CSTR.
Enhanced self-regulation nonlinear PID for industrial pneumatic actuatorIJECEIAES
The present article describes the improvement of Self-regulation Nonlinear PID (SN-PID) controller. A new function is introduced to improve the system performance in terms of transient without affecting the steady state performance. It is used to optimize the nonlinear function available on this controller. The signal error is reprocessed through this function, and the result is used to tune the nonlinear function of the controller. Furthermore, the presence of the dead zone on the proportional valve is solved using Dead Zone Compensator (DZC). Simulations and experiments were carried out on the pneumatic positioning system. Comparisons between the existing methods were examined and successfully demonstrated.
FRACTIONAL ORDER PID CONTROLLER TUNING BASED ON IMC IJITCA Journal
In this work, a class of fractional order controller (FOPID) is tuned based on internal model control
(IMC). This tuning rule has been obtained without any approximation of time delay. Moreover to show
usefulness of fractional order controller in comparison with classical integer order controllers, an
industrial PID controller tuned in a similar way, is compared with FOPID and then robust stability of both
controllers is investigated. Robust stability analysis has been done to find maximum delayed time
uncertainty interval which results in a stable closed loop control system. For a typical system, robust
stability has been done to find maximum time constant uncertainty interval of system. Two clarify the
proposed control system design procedure, three examples have been given.
Controller Tuning for Integrator Plus Delay Processes.theijes
A design method for PID controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. Analytical expressions for PID controllers are derived for several common types of process models, including first order and second-order plus time delay models and an integrator plus time delay model. Here in this paper, a simple controller design rule and tuning procedure for unstable processes with delay time is discussed. Simulation examples are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed method
Fuzzy gain scheduling control apply to an RC Hovercraft IJECEIAES
The Fuzzy Gain Scheduling (FGS) methodology for tuning the ProportionalIntegral-Derivative (PID) traditional controller parameters by scheduling controlled gains in different phases, is a simple and effective application both in industries and real-time complex models while assuring the high achievements over pass decades, is proposed in this article. The Fuzzy logic rules of the triangular membership functions are exploited on-line to verify the Gain Scheduling of the Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller gains in different stages because it can minimize the tracking control error and utilize the Integral of Time Absolute Error (ITAE) minima criterion of the controller design process. For that reason, the controller design could tune the system model in the whole operation time to display the efficiency in tracking error. It is then implemented in a novel Remote Controlled (RC) Hovercraft motion models to demonstrate better control performance in comparison with the PID conventional controller.
Similar to Internal model controller based PID with fractional filter design for a nonlinear process (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
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negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
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system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
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grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
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particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
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, the results show that the proposed
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to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
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atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
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challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
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article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
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errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
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Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
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Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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The development of fractional calculus in the control field lead to design of non-integer PID
controller [5-9] and non-integer models [10, 11]. Tuning of fractional controllers for FOPDT systems using
analytical methods [12], non-linear systems [13], time delay systems [14, 15], optimization
techniques [16-18] are reported in literatures. The Flexibility of FOPID controller is increased by
the additional parameters such as fractional order derivative and integrator, but it also increases the
complexity of the controller tuning. Many researchers attempted to develop a simplified method for tuning
FOPID controller. The IMC based controller strategy provides the additional information of controllers
which reduces the tuning efforts. IMC based tuning of FOPID using analytical method attracted few
researchers due to its simplified structure [19]. Instead of tuning five parameters in the FOPID controller,
the IMC based FOPID controller design procedure reduce the controller tuning parameter into two such as
filter time constant and order of filter [20]. Ranganayakulu R et. al (2017) proposed a direct synthesis method
for designing IMC based fractional order Controller for the second order system with frequency domain
tuning approach [21]. Fractional filter based on IMC is discussed along with the robustness analysis and
using optimization technique, the filter and reduction of model for Load frequency control of single area non-
reheated thermal power system modeled was done [22].
Tavakoli-Kakhki and M. Haeri in (2010) reported IMC based fractional order PI and PID controller
structure. The analytical controller tuning is proposed for the reduced order fractional order model [23].
Pachauri N et. al proposed modified fractional order IMC based PID controller for nonlinear Bioreactor
temperature control application, where the controller tuning parameter such as proportional gain and
fractional order filter are tuned using water cycle optimization algorithm [24]. Heydarpoor, S. and
Tabatabaei, M., presented the practical applicability of fractional order PI and fractional order IMC based
controller for DC motor velocity control application [25]. Bettayeb M, and Mansouri R, a Proposed a IMC
based fractional order PID controller for the integer order model. The controller resulted in integer order PID
controller with simple fractional filter [26].
Problem Statement: The integer order control like PI and PID is as yet ruled in the industries with
consistent control performance. Recently, the fractional calculus based controller got broad attention and
interest from the research and industry community due its promising performance. There has been potential
literature is available to proving that fractional order controller outperforms than integer order control.
However, there is very few tuning methods are presented compared to PI/PID controller. Few researchers
attempted Internal Model Controller (IMC) based Fractional order controller where the PI and PID
controllers are casted with the fractional order filter. The problem taken for this research work is very clear
that the challenges in the designing IMC based controller for time delay process has to be simplified.
Contribution: The main contribution of this paper is that the model based fractional order controller
is designed. In this work, a simple IMC based PID with fractional filter is proposed for first order plus dead
time process and is employed for the linearized model of non-linear hopper tank process. A simple IMC
(Internal model Controller) based PID is proposed for a first order plus time delay process. The proposed
controller has two parts, one is integer PID controller part cascaded with fractional filter. The proposed
controller has two tuning factors λ, filter time constant and α, fractional order of the filter. The tuning
guidelines have been given in straight forward way for the proposed controller. Addition to that, the real time
laboratory prototype is developed with hopper tank. This experimental setup will help student community to
understand the nonlinear dynamics of real time systems. The proposed controller is implemented in the real
time to show the practical applicability.
Highlights:
a. Firstly, the control of hopper tank process is difficult since it is a combination of cylindrical and conical
structure. Very few researchers worked in control of hopper tank process.
b. Secondly, though Batteyeb et al designed IMC based PID with fractional filter, the design procedure
which we followed is different which resulted in a structure as shown in (17) and good closed loop
performance will result if proper control parameters are chosen.
c. The proposed IMC based Fractional order Controller is implemented in the proposed laboratory
experimental setup.
2. PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The set up consists of a pump, reservoir, process tank (Hopper tank), rotameter, orifice plate, control
valve, DPT, air regulator, data acquisition card and personal computer. The setup is shown in Figure 1.
The water from the reservoir is discharged through the pump and the process tank viarotameter and control
valve. The differential pressure transmitter senses the differential pressure developed across the orifice plate
and gives an output current range of 4 - 20 mA to the data acquisition system. The personal computer acts as
error detector and controller. According to the error signal, corresponding manipulated input signal is given
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to the control valve through current to pressure converter which controlsthe input flow of the liquid to
the level system. The detailed technical description of the process set up is given in Table 1. The schematic
closed loop experimental setup is shown in Figure 2.
The laboratory setup is interfaced to personnel computer using ADuC841 micro controller based
data acquisition (DAQ) card of transmitter is 4 - 20 mA current signals, which is converted into 0 to 5V
range for interfacing with ADuC841. Data are generated in the single hopper tank by determining open loop
response of the system set at manual mode. It is taken from the level process setup by setting the control
valve opening as 75% and 90%. Process variable readings are obtained for each time interval.
The input – output characteristics for different operating regions are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1. Process setup
Table 1.Technical description
Component Specification
Differential Pressure Transmitter Source - Rose mount.
Built-in sensor - Piezo-electric
Input - (0-4000) mm H2O
Output -(4-20) mA at 24Vdc/2wire system
Orifice plate Upstream distance - 25 ×D
Down stream distance - 5 × D
Tapping - Flange type.
Rotameter Range - (10-100) Litre / Hour, Body -Acrylic
End connection -1/4 (F) BSP
Pneumatic Control Valve Type - Globe valve
Flow rate - (500/1000) Litre / Hour
Characteristics - Equal 5%
Valve action - Air to open
Level Transmitter Type - Dual RF capacitance
Input range - (0-300) mm
Measuring range - (0-250) mm
Output - (4-20) mA at 24Vdc/2-wire system
Electro-pneumatic converter Input pneumatic signal - 20psi constant
Input current signal -(4-20) mA at 24V DC
Output pneumatic pressure - (3-15) psi
Pump Voltage - 230V AC, 50Hz.
Discharge - 1200 LPH
Process tank Body Material –Acrylic
Dimension - 250 × 120mm
Reservoir tank Capacity - 15 liter, Body- MS material
Air regulator Input - 10.6 Kg/cm2
Output - 2.1 Kg /cm2
Special feature - Air regulator cum filter
Flow meter Input - (0-100) Liter/hour
Output - (4-20) mA at 24 Vdc / 3 wire system
Medium - Water
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Figure 2. Closed loop experimental setup
Figure 3. I/O Characteristics
The First Order PlusDead Time (FOPDT) transfer function model for the different operating region
is obtained using process reaction curve method. From the Figure 2, the transfer function is obtained around
the operating region are given below:
Transfer function for the 1st
operating range (0 – 10) cm is obtained as (1):
G1(s) = (1)
Transfer function for the 2nd
operating range (10 – 25) cm is obtained as (2):
G2(s) = (2)
3. CONTROLLER DESIGN
The conventional feedback control system is designed, and controller settings are obtained from
analytical expression which is the resultant of IMC method with assumed process models. If the parameters
are specified steadily, these two methods produce similar controllers. An advantage of the IMC approach is
that, it can reject the disturbances faster than the PID control and it provides a tradeoff among performance
and robustness.
The IMC control scheme is illustrated in the Figure 4. The approximated model (Gm(s)) response ym,
is obtained by applying the manipulated controller output ‗u‘. The difference between process model (G(s))
output y and approximated model output (ym(s)) is given as a feedback signal to the IMC controller. Mostly,
the model output y and approximated model output will not be equal because of the modeling and
approximation error, also due to the external disturbance.
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Figure 4. General internal model control structure
The feedback closed loop control system is shown in the Figure 5. The diagrams shown in Figure 4
and Figure 5 are equal if the controller Gc(s) and GIMC(s) satisfies the relation:
( )
( )
( )̃( )
(3)
Thus, it can be concluded that any IMC controller, GIMC(s) is comparable to a standard feedback controller
Gc(s), and vice versa.
Figure 5.Conventional feedback control
The PID controller Gc(s) is given as,
( ) ( ) (4)
Where, Kp is a Proportional gain, τi is the Integral time constant and τd is the derivative time constant.
Proposed IMC – PID Controller with Fractional Filter Design
Consider the FOPDT model (5),
( ) ̃( ) (5)
where, k = Process gain, = Time constant, = dead time
The fractional IMC filter (6) considered is
( ) (6)
where, λ = filter time constant and a = fractional order of the filter time constant
̃( ) ̃ ( )̃ ( ) (7)
Where, ̃ ( ) is the invertible part of the model and ̃ ( ) is the non- invertible part of the model.
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248
̃ ( )
(8)
̃ ( ) (9)
( )
( )
̃ ( )
(10)
Substitute (6) & (8), we get
( ) (11)
The controller Gc(s) is derived by substituting (11) & (5) in (3), we get
(15)
( )
*( ) +
(16)
Finally, the IMC-PID controller with fractional filter is obtained by substituting (15) in (14), we get
( ) { [
( )
( ) ]} (17)
Thus the proposed controller has the structure,
( ) ( ) [ ( )] (18)
Comparing (18) with (17), we have
Filter transfer function, H(s) =
Kc = ; τi= ;
Using the same procedure as above, IMC based PID controller with integer filter (i.e. ( ) ) is
obtained as given in (19),
( )
( )
{
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
}
(19)
Where, Filter transfer function, H(s) =
( )
; Kc =
( )
( )
; τi= ;
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Simulation study
The IMC based PID controller and IMC based PID with fractional filter (Proposed method) is
designed for the two linear regions of the hopper tank process. The proposed method is compared with
Bettayeb et al [26]. The controller settings for region 1 obtained using the (19), Bettayeb et al method
and by (17) respectively are tabulated in Table 2.
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For region 1: The transfer function for region 1 is given by G1(s),
G1 (s) =
Table 2. Controller settings for region 1
Controller kp ki kd Filter transfer function
IMC based PID 0.706 107.73 12.91
IMC based PID with fractional filter (Bettayeb et al) [26] 1.576 107.73 12.91
IMC based PID with fractional filter (Proposed method) 23.65 107.73 12.91
The filter transfer function for the IMC based PID with fractional filter (Bettayeb et al) is designed
by choosing and (where, ωc = 0.028). For the proposed method, the λ value is chosen to
be 15.2 and a as 1.02 respectively. The closed loop step response of the process for the 1st
operating range is
shown in Figure 6. The set value is given to be 5 cm and it is observed that the proposed controller has
minimum overshoot and settling time. Figure 7 & Figure 8 shows the closed loop response of the process for
variations in time constant and gain respectively in order to analyse the controller robustness.
Figure 6. Closed loop step response for region 1
Figure 7. Closed loop response with variations in time constant, T
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (sec)
Height(cm)
set input
IMC-PID
Bettayeb et al
Proposed method
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Time (sec)
Height(cm)
Step responses for T = 82.73, 92.73 and 102.73
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Figure 8. Closed loop response with variations in gain, K
The setpoint tracking performance of the proposed controller for region 1 is verified by changing
the set values and its response is shown in Figure 9. The proposed controller can able to track the set point
changes efficiently than the other controllers.
Figure 9. Closed loop response for region 1 with set point tracking
For region 2: The transfer function for region 2,
G2(s) =
The controller settings found for region 2 using the (19), Bettayeb et al method and by (17) are tabulated
in Table 3.
Table 3. Controller settings for region 2
Controller Kp τi τd Filter transfer function
IMC based PID 0.532 142.5 6.203
IMC based PID with fractional filter(Bettayeb et al) [26] 1.23 142.5 6.203
IMC based PID with fractional filter(Proposed method) 7.97 142.5 6.203
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Time (sec)
Height(cm)
Step responses for k= 3.556, 4.556 and 5.556
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time (sec)
Height(cm)
set input
IMC - PID
Bettayeb et al
Proposed method
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The filter transfer function for the IMC based PID with fractional filter is designed by choosing
α and (where, ωc = 0.052). For the proposed method, the λ value is chosen to be 6.5 and
a as 1.02 respectively. The setpoint tracking behaviour of the designed controller is shown in Figure 10 and it
is evident that the proposed method has the ability to adapt to set point changes faster than the other methods.
Figure 10. Closed loop step response for region 2 with set point tracking
4.2. Real time implementation of the proposed controller
Using the concept of fractional calculus, a toolbox has been developed by AlekseiTepliakov named
as FOMCON [27]. The tool is developed for designing fractional model and controller. Fractional integrator,
fractional differentiator, fractional order transfer function and fractional PID controller are available as
simulink block set in FOMCON toolbox. The real time interfacing between the transmitter (capacitive type
level transmitter) & controller (Personal computer) is done using the DAQ card. The DAQ card and Matlab
are operated in same windows/2000/XP platform.
Figure 11 shows the real time implementation of PID controller with fractional filter using
Matlab/simulink. The ―Query instrument block‖ is used to acquire input from the level transmitter as digital
bit of data in which the sampling time and interacting information are selected with its block itself.
The controller output is sent to the DAQ card through the ―To instrument block‖. The output from DAQ card
is used to actuate the final control element (Control valve). The real time implementation of proposed
controller with Matlab/ Simulink real time query instrument tool box. The real time implementation of
proposed controller is shown in the Figure 12.
The time domain performance indices are calculated for the IMC based PID with integer filter and
for fractional filter (Bettayeb et al and proposed method) and tabulated in Table 4. It is observed from
the tabulated results in Table 4 is that, the IMC based PID controller with fractional filter has less overshoot
and fast settling time compared with the other.
Figure 11. Real time implementation of PID controller with fractional filter using Matlab/Simulink
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
0
5
10
15
20
25
Time (sec)
Height(cm)
Set input
IMC-PID
Bettayeb et al
Proposed method
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252
Figure 12. Real time implementation of proposed controller.
Table 4. Time domain performance indices
Controller
Region 1 Region 2
PO
Settling
time, (ts)
ITAE
ISE ITAEsp PO
Settling
time, (ts)
ITAE
ISE ITAEsp
IMC based PID 7.09 634.5 3.386x104
1272 1.79x106
19.5 250.3 1.79x104
4349 5.225x105
IMC based PID with
fractional filter
(Bettayeb et al) [19]
6.65 305.7 7982 845.3 9.45x105
15.72 240.2 4018 2886 2.87x105
IMC based PID with
fractional filter
(Proposed method)
5.3 216.7 6883 960.9 9.20x105
14.82 138.8 3846 3279 2.68x105
5. CONCLUSION
A simple IMC based PID controller with fractional filter for a FOPDT process is proposed.
The proposed design is applied to the non-linear hopper tank process modeled linearized as FOPDT process.
The simulation result shows the effectiveness of the designed controller. The performance indices of
the proposed controllerare compared with IMC based PID with fractional filter (Bettayeb et al) and IMC
based PID and results are tabulated. From the tabulation, it is clear that the proposed controller has minimum
overshoot, settling time and improved robustness. The proposed controller is implemented practically with
the laboratory hopper tank prototype inorder to control the level of the tank.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
P. R. Hemavathy completed her BE degree in Instrumentation and control Engineering from
Madras University, Chennai, India, in 2003. She received her Post Graduate degree in Control
and Instrumentation Engineering in the year 2007 from Anna University, Chennai. She is
currently working as assistant professor in the department of Electronics and Instrumentation and
pursuing her PhD degree in design of fractional controllers in the Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation. Her area of interest includes intelligent control, fractional order control, model
based control and Industrial automation.
12. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2020 : 243 - 254
254
Y. Mohamed Shuiab completed his bachelor‘s degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
in the year 1994 from Madras University, Chennai. He received his M.E. degree in Power system
engineering in the year 2002 from Annamalai University. He has been awarded his doctoral
degree from JNT University, Hyderabad in power system engineering in the year 2015.
S. K. Lakshmanaprabu received his BE degree in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
from Anna University, Chennai, India, in 2009. He completed his Post Graduate degree in
Industrial Engineering in the year 2011 from Anna University, Trichy. He is currently pursuing
his PhD degree in Multivariable Optimal Control in the Department of Electronics and
Instrumentation. He is currently working as senior research fellow in B.S. Abdur Rahman
Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.